1968-11-23 — Page 23

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百三第張六第 日四初月十年南虎廉赏

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[数中學會考試題預習

劉玉镇

地理科

GEOGRAPHY (3)

Rice, wheat, ntllet are the important crops grown in the subcontinent of India. Show how the distribution of these crops is related to climatic conditions.

Hice is the chier crop where there is a high temperature of over 70°F throughout the growing period and an armial rainfall of at least 40 inches or its equalivant in irrigation. The climtic. conditions in the lower tanges Valley and the coastal plains of the Indian reninsula are ideally suitable for its growth. The average temperature of these areas is above 70°F throughout the year, so it is the annual amount of rainfall that influences most the distribution of this crop. Rainfall is haavy in the Ganges Delta in summer and it is brought by the >,, monsoon, with an average amount of 60 inches. Whereas in the valley of Middle Ganges where rainfall is about 40 Inches, rice becomes not so important, Facing the S.N. Monsoon, the western coastal pleins of peninsula india receive heavy rainfall too. The eastern coastal plains, however, receive rainfall mainly in summer, and some in winter brought by the M.E. monsoon blowing across the Bay of Bengal,

wheat requires a lower temperature with more than 500 for three months, and an annual rainfall between 15 and 35 Inches some of which must fall in the growing season, wheat therefore is mainly grown in the drier regions of India. The Punjab and the Upper uanges Valley are the chief wheatlands. In Punjab, the winter temperature with an average of 550F and an annual amount of rainfall of about 20 inches are suitable for the growth of wheat, In the Upper vanges, similar conditions axist - annual rainfall is from 25 to 40 inches and the winter temperature is 55°F. As rainfall in these two regions is low and unreliable, over half or the wheatlands is irrigated.

Millet grain sorgnum) is mainly grown an tropical and sub-tropical lands where the climate is too dry for rice or the soil too poor for wheat. The conditions in the Punjab, the Indus Valley, the...... Upper Ganges Valley and the Deccan are most suitable for this crop. In the Deccan where rainfall is between 20 to 40 inches a year, jowar sorghum is grown as the summer crop while bajra millet is planted on poor soils, Haggee millet which requires 40 inches of rain is grown on the poorer soils in southern Deccan. In Punjab, the Indus Valley and the Upper Ganges Valley where rainfall is not enough for rice, millet is widely grown as the summer crop."

DISTIBUTION OF RICE, WHEAT And Millet in India:

.

LRIU YAT PO

The methods of irrigation used are 17

Canal Irrigation

(1) Perennial canal In18 method, providing irrigation water all the year round, is the most important and elaborate one. a concrete dam is built across a river so as to store surplus water during flood-time for pericas or drought. Thus annually water can be drawn from this artificial lake and then distributed by numerous canals to the farms. The most important works are the Sukkar Dam' on the Lower Indus and the Sutlejscheme on the Uoner ind us.

(12) inundation canal - This is the older method of irrigation. Canals are cut from the river so that flood water will overflow into these channels which carry it to the fields. The disadvantages of this method are that the canals cannot hold all the flood water and

that when water is most needed during the dry season they dry up. In the past they have beer. important, especially in the Sind area and the Upper Ganges Valley but they have been replaced by perennial canals. Pane irrigation

In myderabad, Hysore and Madras provinces in india, unere åre temporary ponds, of various 312es made by buzading mud walls acrosa small stream valleys so that water is stored during the wet season. The arsadvantages of this method are 117 the banks dry up in the hot season,

111) in any years they may never be filled and vi11) they may Decome silted after a long period of use.

Be irriga 1001

at

Underground water is available mainly in regions lying at the foot of mountains and plateaux wells may be sunk into the saturated rocks below the water-taple. The supply of water from such wells is usually perennial but the construction of wells involves much labour. and is expensive. This method is practised in the Upper Manges -Valley, Punjab. Bombay and Mares.

Another method to tap underground water le by digging long underground tunnala called Karez which lead to the ground water at the foot of hills and uring the water out onto the alluvial plains. This is practised ju Baluchistan.

IRRIGATION

CANALS

TANKS

WELLS

INDIA

日三七月一十年八六九一膺公年七十五國中

Gombay is the principal centre for cotton.

industry. situated on an island on the western

coast of india, Bombay has a rich hinterland which

is the great cotton growing land of the Deccan," where the cotton is grown on the fertile, volcanic soil, Raw material for the cotton industry is therefore easily available in dombay, with an annual amount of 70 inches of rain, the moist climate is suitable for the development of its cotton spinning and weaving industries. The heavy precipitation also allows H.E.P. to be developed on the nearby western Ghats, so that the cotton mills obtain power from these hydro- electric stations. The dense population not only provides labour force for industrial use but also forms a ready market for the manufactured products. Communication in bombay is convenient since it is served by railways going eastwards through the two gaps in the Western Ghats. After the opening of the Suez Canal, Bombay became the nearest Indian port to Europe. It also has a deep and natural harbour, sheltered from the south-west mons con, Lying on the international trade route and with convenient internal communication, there is no difficulty in exporting their products and distributing the products to other parts of the country. In addition to the manufacture of cotton textile, engineering is also a chief industry. But printing and manufacturing of medicines and chemicals are a leo important.

Jansnsdpur is the most woportant centre of the manufacture of iron and steel. The iron and Steel works here are the largest in India and among the largest in non-Soviet asia. Jamshedpur is 150 miles west of Calcutta and is uitated at the confluence of Subarnarekha and Karkhari rivers. Its position is very favourable for collecting raw materials, coking coal is brought from Bokaro, naniganj and other fields in the Damodar Valley, about 10 miles in the north. Iron ore (namefite). 19 brought from Jinghbhum area, about 60 miles to the west. Limestone is brought from nearby, from wangpur," about 40 miles away. Manganese, used to rémové sulphur, from irun is also obtainable nearby Transportation costs of these raw materials are low, less than half of those in the United States or ungland, together, with the available cheap. labour from the dense population, the big iron

produced is among the whaînest, in the world.

Calcutta is the inost. Important centre of the Jute industry. The hot wet climate and the wes soils favour the growth of this crop in the wanges Lelta Which is responsible for over 90% of the world's jute. Thus for this industry. Calcutta can ootain the raw material very easily, wice which is another important crop in the

vanges Delta forms the raw material for the rice milling industry, Iron and coal can also be brought from the west, 150 miles away, for the engineering industry. The dense population: provides "cheap labour for various industries, our About half the factory workers are employed in Jute industry which produces gunny sacks, ropes, cords and coarse carpets, lying on the outside of a bend on the eastern bank of the mooghly nive Calcutta can be accessed by ships during spring tides the city is also well connected by railways with the Gangetic Plain, Central Ind ia and northern India. Compared with uonbay which has the advantage of proximity to Lurope, Calcutta 19 nearer to domestic markets.

on

"JAMSHEDPUR-

III WREAT

Why dà irrigation nétèssary in India and 'Pakistan?

What are tne metnõda or irrization name in thèse mountedas?

Eriefly describe now irrigation has improved thi agriculture in the indus Basing

mrigation is necessary in india and rakistán

ng to the following reasonati

Firstly, rainfall in these countrimile not evenly distributed and there are about eight dry menahs annually, it is therefore desirable to store water in the rainy season so that water wsed for irrigating erope is obtainable when dre period arrives.

"Secondly, the 20 rnaurala in some parts 21 Inadequate for growing two crops a year. The Deccan has 20 to 40 inches of rain and the Indús Valley has less than 20 inches. To bring these areas under cultivation in the dry season. Irrigation is practised.

Thirdly, the high Yarisukakty or rainrall implies that there are possibilities for partial or complete crop failures. To avoid these risks- farmers endeavour topirrigate their fields.

Lastly, the alluvial soil on the Indo- Gangetic plain is 'iporous and does hot retain water for a lon^ time. I♬ irrigation is not practised, the soil will become dry, and tho= less fertilia.”

Tha Indus Basin is a hot and dry region. Both in the Punjab and the Sind, temperature in summer is very high, over 90°F while the annual amount of rainfall in the Punjab is less than 20. inches and in the Sind, it is less than 10 inches. Thus climatic conditions are very unfavourable for agriculture before the Introduction of irrigation particularly in the wind which, fithout irrigation, would have remained a niece of waste land.:

The arable lands of the Punjab, except in the north where there is adequate rainfall, are Irrigated by perennial canals, till there are large areas of waste land partly due to the scarcity of irrigation water. As many large projects have been carried out to improve irrigation, more land za brought under cultivation eig, the úzkmile rajasthan Canal in the northwestern part of the wepublic of India Including the 5 million of acres of land which are irrigated by the Sutlej, project, al together, the area of irrigated land has been expanded to more than 20 million acres, the largest strotch of irrigated land in the world, Hare, wheat 18, the chief winter crop and millet the summer crop. uthers include maize, barley, cotton, sugar cane.

Laing, the completion of the 1-mile Jukkur). dam na u brought 51 million acres of land under irrigation. The Koiri darrage, also built on the indus, adds a further 22 million acres of land under cultivation. sdcs, millet wheat and cOLLEE are the chief crops of this region,

fart of the irrigated land, unfortunately, suffers from being waterlogged and when the water evaporates, 4 layer of salt is left behind on the soil surface so that nothing can grow, This has become a serious problem in West Pakistan and 15 million acres of land have already been ruined.

Tutline the "industrial development of abuba

Jamshedpur and Calcutta.

b. explain briefly why progrese in Industrial. development is generally slow in India.......

GIRARD

RANISANI

·FROM OFE

COMFIELD)

FROM

LIMESTONE

JAMSHEDPUR

Industrial development is generally slow in india because: 5

(i) bconomie activities are largely agricultural

as the increase of agricultural production. has been barely sufficient to keep bace with the rapid population growth, 111) Vast da jority remain poor, underfed. uneducated and many unemployed.

(1) It needs more capital and technologisal

change so that cheap is hour can be trained to become skilful

(iv) Goncentration of coal in the north-east has

one disadvantage – industrial towns in the west have to import coal from South Africa. The manufactured products have to overcome. "the competition of goods from dritain and other countries with a long traditiam in

Questions for next week,

Describe the differences between fast and West Pakistan in (as positim. (b) välief, fel climata). i) land use.

Compare and contrast ens geograph1041 Ceylon and Mizon.