1968-05-31 — Page 15

育備機

頂三药張四第

日五初月五年申戊周夏

大中霫考歷史(=)答案

(續)

EX L

Suggested Answers

HISTORY II

H.K. Certificate of Education Examination 1968 (Continued)

Explain how Napoleon III had last support at home and abroad by 1870

Napoleon III rose to the height of his power by *1859. He had achieved successes in the Balkans in

the Crimean War in 1856, which had ended with French victory over the despotic government of Russia. He also gained certain advantages in Syria and the Far East. His Italian policy had resulted in the acquisition of Nice and Savoy, and he had satisfied liberal desires everywhere by helping actively in the unification of Italy.

But within the next decade, Napoleon somehow managed to lose support both at home and abroad. This can be partly attributed to the fact that he tried to please everybody, but ended with pleasing nobody. His Italian policy, which seemed so successful at first, later involved him in a number of domplications, To gain liberal support, he had helped Cavour in driving the Austrians out of Italy. But he had backed out before the end of the Austro-Sardinian War in 1859, afraid that a united Italy might after all prove a danger to France. Without consulting Cavour, he concluded a separate peace of Villafranca with Austria, thus betraying the Italians. This sot naturally made him no friends among the Italiane or the Liberals, although later he was instrumental in bringing about the union of the Central Duohies with Piedmont and Lombardy, for which he received Nier and Savay. But the general feeling was that Napoleon had not fulfilled his obligations sufficiently to merit his reward. He had also kept a French ́Army Lu Rome to protect the Pope all the while helping Cavour to undermine the Pope's authority. So his Italian policy on closer observation was a series of contradictions, and he satisfied nobody.

After 1859, Napoleon made a series of mistakes, Firstly, true to his promise of granting greater

iberty as time went on, he allowed political exiles to return in a general amnesty in 1859. In so doing, He laid himself wide open to attack from a number of man who feared nothing,. In 1860, he provoked great criticism by concluding a commercial treaty with England. By this Cobden Treaty, French duties on English textiles, iron, steel and hardware goodę wę lowered considerably in return for English reductions on French wines, silks and luxury goods. This exposed French manufacturers to the fall blast of English competition, and Napoleon's popularity suffered accordingly.

In 1861, he tried to revive his cagging · popularity with the elepical òlaskes over the Italian policy. In that year, Kežico défunited on debts, and France, England and Spain decided to mount an expedition-to Mexico to anforos payment - When Mexico finally paid up, England and Spain

withdrew, but Napoleon had other plans for Maxico He aimed at setting up a Catholic Empire there under the brother of the Austrian Emperor, Maximilian. After a long and costly war, Maximilian was duly installed as ruler of Mexico in 1864. Bat in 1865, the United States enforced the Monroe Doctrine, and” warned Napoleon that unless he was prepared to fight the United States, he must withdraw, Napoleon, already tried of the "costly venture, welcomed the excuse and withdrew, The result was that Maximilian was captured by the Mexicans and shot, and Nepoleon

WAH KIU YAT PO

1963

CITY HÄLL

Philippe, France "häd "settled in Algeria. Even "tiny" Belgium had acquired valuable sources of wealth in the Congo. Meanwhile, England had continued her : expansion, gaining Backusnaland and Rhodesia, ana enlarging her, influence in Egypt. In the last two decades of the 19th century, two newly formed. European countries, Italy and Germany, had also entered anta the rade for colonies in Africa.

The early colonization of Africa had been peacefully carried out, but as more and more.. territories were seallowed up, the powers 'were bound to come into conflict. Britain and, France quarrelled over Egypt and Morocco.,In 1881, when.. France', occupied Tunis, Italy had been offended and had joined Germany and Austria in the Tripte Aliande directed, against France. (1882) Germany herself also joined in the scramble for, Afriça in 1884, and maple off with the territories known as Sputh-west Africa, the Cameroone, Togpland and Tanganyika. But her entry into the colonial race arpused the enmity of Britain and had the unfortuna tej result of drawing Britain and France' together against: bar

But as late as 1898, Britain and France were still on very bad) terms, notably over, the Sudan. In that year, French and British forces, faced eac:

thep at Fashoda, on the Upper Nile, both countries” trying to gain control of that all-ipportant river. For some time it seemed that the two countries were on the verfe of war, when France backed down and the situation was saved. France decided that in fece of the enmity of Germany, the Friendship of England was more valuable than several million square miles of Budanese territory

England and Germany were also drifting apart When the Boer Wars broke put at the turn of the centery), Germany had supported the Boèrs against England. It, was at this, juncture that England realized the danger of her friendless position, while on the continent, the European Countries were now involved a series of opposing alliances. In- 1904, she 'decided to end her isolation, and

France for amicable settlement of the fr approaches differenovever

er Bgypt andstorocco The result of the Anglo-Frunch negotiations was an Eneste 'Cordiale, By its Term England Was to have a free hand 12 Egypt and the Sudan, hile rance trouid enjoy. sinlarivileges in Morgago. No sooner had thi

greement' been made public then Germany raased ede try. She objected to the Franch cacupation of Morocco, which she had regarded as per particular sphere of influence. In 1905, the Maisir demandag that the question of Morocgoi þe settled at an international conference, jhiok duly net-at Algeciras. But Algeciras wie a defeat for Genmaniy as France was supported strongly by both Britain' and Russia.

Germany, however, 'was not prepared to sea Morocco swallowed up by Frinos so sasily., When in 1911, French troops were' ilvited to Morgado to quell a rebellion there, Germany sent two warships to Agadir "to protect Cezman interesta." Britain; took a very serious sign o

of these proceedings, and openly threatened war of Germany, did not withdraw. Germany was as yet unprepared for war, and once more, she had to climb down and consent to the establishment of a French protectorate over Morocco. Thus twice the question of North Africa had almost caused a war among the European powera.

NOK

was made to look particularly mean. The unfortunate episode angered the liberals because he had interfered in the affairs of Mexico in the first place, and the clerical party was disgusted becaus he had failed to set up the Catholic Empire. This lowered the Emperor's prestige seriously both at home and abroad.

In France, Napoleon was now meeting with considerable critiqism. There was an incressing demand for greater political liberty, and Napoleon was forced to agree. He granted greater freedom to the press, more power to the parliament, and in 1870, he appointed a ministry which was responsible) to the parliament. Thus he had turned himself from a dictator to a constitutional monarch, but even then he failed to regain any of his popularity,

The end of the pire came in a war with Prussia. Prussia under Bismarck was crowing in power, and in 1866, Prussia had defeated Austria; within six weeks. Before the war, Napoleon had agreed to remain neutral, thinking that it would be a long drawn out struggle between Austria and Prussia, at the end of which both countries would be exhausted, France would emerge even stronger, but the war had ended too quickly for Napoleon to gain any advantages, and he began to demand hysterically for "compensation" for his neutrality from Pruseli. But Napoleon had been out - manoeuvred by Bismarck, who used hie demands for territories to turn the southern German states against him, War broke out!

and Napoleon was› defested by the Prussians at Sedan and taken) priñoner. In Paris, there was a revolution:egainst him, he was deposed” and France, declaredia irapublic,

HOWɣdiaɣ001onial rivalry*in?Northfafrioa"{inālūdsh☎" the Sudan), affect relations among the European Powers between 1870 and 19247;

In the latter half of the 19th century, opean countries embarked on a race to acquire onies, especially in Africa. Thege imperialistic tions were due to the great changes on methodu roduation wrought by the Industrial Revolution. Xfirst European country to build up en overazan

Teria:the, 19th century was giant, who had quábai vart stretches `of third tory, in the Ceps of solt: Kopi i in 1815. Soon, piñfer European countries

reitingland's„example. In the time, of, Louis

The colonial question as further aggravated by the attitude of Italy. Unsucessful in acquiring Tunis for her own, Italy planned to absorb Abyssinia. In 1896, an Italian army infaded Abyssinia, but it was defeated by the nativesjat Adowa, In 1911, taking advantage of the tension caused by Noracao, Italy, suddenly declared war on the Turkish Empire and wrested Tripoli from het in 1912. This action. also affected European relations, for Germany had "began to regard Tripoli us à suitable acquisition

and the Turkish Jupire "as al centre of German patronage. The result was that the Triple alliance was shaken, while the Angloß French- Entente bad been strengthened over the Morookan Crises,

五期

日一卅月五年八六九一媵公年七十五國民事中

接第四張第二百

英中會考地理(二)答案

+

劉五領。

on Tue nature of the region from which the wind blows. However, large and lofty mountain ranges may block the passage o. vinds, result- ing in uneven distribution of rainfall- und variations in temperature on the two sides of the ranges.

(c) On Fig. 2, colour in red the cool temperate

belts of liort and South America.

(a) Also on Fig. 2, insuyt iinos in ink to show!

climatic sub-divisions in to cool temperate lands to justify your answer in (3), Label your sub-divisions clearly.

Limit of Climatic Bolt...

Cool temperate pelto

Climatic sub-divisions:

E

Vestern marga

Alpine climate

• Prairie

Eastern margin

Peuperate de sort

Dawes Plan, was made with Germany in 1724. The German economy was bolstered by loans from Great Britain, and the United States, and German currency skan placed under the control of a Reparations Committee, This Committee would also decidê on the amount of the annual reparations payments.

Having settled the reparations problem, derman-* sought reconciliation with her" conquerors, in 1925, the German Foreign Minister Stresemann, together- with his French and English counterparts, Briand and Chamberlain, concluded the Locarno Treaties. Germany promised never again to raise the question of Alsace Lorraine, while Britain and Italy undertook to defend France againet German, aggression and Germany against French aggression. The sequel to this was "Gezmany's admission into the League of Nationa in

1926.

LABRA

This was the state of affaire among the European Countries on the ple of the Great/ War.

What arrangementë, were gade concoming Germany in the Versailles Conference of 1919? How did the general attitude of Germany towards these arrangements change between 1919 and 19397

The prevailing feeling among the victors of Germany in 1919 was to make her pay for all the bitter suffering of the war years. The resuiting treaty reflected this attitude, and it surely must be one of the harshest treaties ever impoвed on a defeated nation. By the terms, Germany was obliged to submit to disarmament. Her army was reduced to 100,000 men; her navy to a skeleton fleet of a few. coastal vessels. She was forbidden. to introduce conscription, and her common border with France, the Rhineland was demilitarized. Her merchant navy was confiscated as compensation for the allied shipping destroyed by her U-boats. Her colonies were taken away from her, to be divided between Great Britain, France, Japan and Australia. She also. lost ber best industrial districts, notably Silesia to Poland, and the Saar Valley to the League of Nations. She also

Burnandered Alsace and Lorraine to France, "In" addition, she had to bear the whole burden of war guilt, and was called upon a pay an indemnity amounting to seven thousand million pounds. She had to admit an allied army of occupation on her soil until the indemnity was paid.

It was this enormous indemnity and her inability to pay it, which orushed Germany. In 1923, she defaulted on her reparationa þayments, whereupon France immediately ordered the French argy into th Ruhr Valley and seized the German coal mines as a guarantee. The Frenoh action resulted in the total collapse of the German economt, and the mark becane - valueless almost overnight. It was clear to the European powers that they could not allow Germany to go bankrupt, and a milder reparations agreement, the

·

It seemed that' with Germany onos hore friends” with Britain and Franas, better days were in eight. The reparations question was simplified by the Youn Plan of 1929, by which Germaný undertook to complet paying the indemnity within a period of sixty-nine years. But this period of optinian was shortlived, for in 1929, the economio alump hit the world, and Germany found herself facing bankruptcy again. In the country, there were six million unemployed people, Communiom spread in the midst of this economic and political discontent, and frightened the middle classes. It was during this period of extreme dissatisfaction that idolf Hitler, rose, to power.

Hitlar blamed all of Germany'a sufferings on ' the makers of the Treaty of Versailles, and called upon the German nation to 'unite under him and seek revenge. He called for the re-unification of all

dermans living abroad, and the re-instatement of Germany as a world power, He promised to solve the problem of unemployment in Germany by setting up huge armament programmes. He denounced the Treaty of Versailles, withdrew, Germany from the League of Nations (1933) re-introduced conscription (1935) ordered the German army into the Rhineland sone, and set up a vigorous campaign for the restoration of German colonies. Within six years, from 1933 when he first came into power, to 1939, he had..

of

succeeded in tearing up the terme the Versailles ) Treaty one by one. In 1938, he forcibly took over Austria, and announced it incorporated into the German Reich, thus repudiating one of the most important terms of the peace settlement. At the end i of the same year, he demanded the return of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, where there was number of Germans. Within six months, he had swallowed up the remainder of Czechoslovakia, and also seized Hemel from Lithuania.

As the year 1939 wore on, it became apparent that Hitler would not be satisfied with what he had gained so far. He had never reconciled himself to the loss of Posen to Poland, nor had he recognized the status of Dapsig as a Free City under the League of Nations. In August, 1939, Hitler suddenly demanded -the return of the Polish. Corridor and Danzig, and despatched an ultimatum to Poland. When no answer azzived from Poland, Hitler invaded that country, and again plunged Exrape, inta K&TU

'' ,

Page 15Page 16

that