1968-05-10 — Page 22

真二第强六零

四四十月四年申戉腦護

WAH KIU YAT PO

1968英文中學會考試題預習專欄

五期墓 2. What were the min causes of the first Russian

Revolution of February, 19177

日十月五年八六九一闇公年七十五國民

1968

WA

歷史科 (一十八)

依帆

It has been said often that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was to a great extend due to the defeats Russia suffered in foreign Warn. Certainly.

中文中學會考試題到習書油

I

物理科

(廿八)

鄧炳思,

History (28)

1. What were tim nauses of the Russo-Japanese War,

1904-1905, and what were ita effects on the interna) affairs of Russia?

Just as Russten ambition in the Balkans had brought her into conflict with Eagland and France in the middle of the 19th century, so her constant expansion in the Far East now led to a clash with a new asiatic over. In 1858-1860, China had requested the aid of Russia in settling the peace terms of a treaty with England and France. As reward for her work, she was given a vast stretch of territory in the Trans-Ussuri region. At the base of this region and on the Pacific coast, Russia had built the val base of Vladivostock, the Queen of the Pacific. She also planned to connect Vladivostock with the raat of Russia through the Trans-Siberian Railway. This undertaking, which would cover a distance of five thousand miles and cost £100 million, would pass through Manchuria. This meant that Manchuria would come under the influence of Russia. This led to a violent collision with đápan, who was also determined to take advantage of the decaying Chinese Empire.

In 1894-1895, Japan had defeated unïna in a war and had gained control of Korea and the Liactung Periinsular, including Port Arthur, Russia cast covetous ayas on Port Arthur, which was a weird water port. It was then that she decided to put a stop to further Japanese development. In 1897, together with Fradice and Germany, she forced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China for an additional indemnity. The Japanese, not strong enough to resist as got, gave in, but she never forgave Russia for the part she had played in this Triple Intervention. She was even more furious when in 1898, Russia herself acquired a lease to Port Arthur from China, Having gained a foothold in the mainland of China, Japan was afraid that she would soon be forged out by Russia. The Japanese were determined to hold on to their valuable concessions, and in the years after 1898 she quietly prepared for war.

During the Boxer Rebellion, Russia invaded Manchuria, and in spite of repeated Japanese demands for her withdrawl, she held on tenaciously. She also interfered in the Japanese.administration of Korea, The general feeling in Russia was that she nag nothing to fear from a small ásiatic country like Japan, who, little more than fifty years ago, still a backward, feudal nation. Besides, the Czar Nicholas II actually looked forward to a conflict with Japan to take the minds of his people off polition 1 agitation at home and to revive his sagging popularity. The Czar had been assured by his ministers that Be would be successful in a war against Japan.

Waa

In 1902, Japan and England came to an agreement by which they would attempt to check Russian sxpansion in the Far East. In this Anglo-Japanese Alliance, it was decided that England would remiz - neutral in a conflict between Japan and Russia, but she would interfere actively if a third power (e.g. France) came to the help of Russia, Having secured the alliance of the greatest naval power in the world, Japan had nothing to fear. In February, 1904, Japan suddenly attacked the Russian garrison in Port Arthur before formally declaring war two days later. Japanese troops then occupied Korea, and they laid siege to Fort Arthur, The Russians decided to send

•thẻ Baltic Flest to relieve Port Arthur, and they išked permission for passage through the Suas Canal. But England, being and ally of Japan, naturally refused, and the Faltic Fleet had to take the long way; round the Cape of Good Hope. When the Fleet finally #rrived in the Sea of Japan, it was defeated by the Japanese, and Port Arthur was captured. The Russians therefore asked for peace, and the Treaty of Portsmouth was concluded in 1905. By this Treaty, Russia had to evacuate Manchuria, give up Port Arthur and the surrounding peninsula to Japan, and recognize Japanese influence as predominant in Korea, The effect of this humiliating defeat on

Russian internal affairs was naturally profound. As in the Crimean War, the corruption and ineficiency of Gsardom had been exposed. The demand for a parliament, backed everywhere by strikes, grew Irresistible. One of the Cears leading ministers VAKO ARSASSĪZated. In January, 1905, after the sapture of Port Arthur, an enormous procession of abrikara marched onto the Winter Palace of the Guar to present a petition for reform. When they refused to disperse, the Russian cavalry was sent against the strikers keeling in the mow, werp icilled. This dreadful masaɑre led to an intensification of the strike movement throughout Russia. There were mutinies in the army and navys peasants attacked local landlords. Industrial and agricultural workers, railway and telegrash workers and aveň teachers and students everywhere went on strike, The Gear had no alternative but to promise reforms. By the October Manifesto, the Czar promised freedom of speech and organisation and the calling of an elected parliament which would have effective control over the laws. Hicholas also agreed to widen the franchise and to life the consorship of the preza,*

+

and many

Accordingly, the first Russian elected Parliament, the Dunk, met in May, 1906. A majority of Liberals was returned and immediately a dispute with the Czar arose, The Duma wanted to control all affairs of state, including taxation. The Czar's reply was to dissolve the Duma and order fresh elections, The second Dums, however, proved an unwilling to obey the Czar as the first, in spite of government pressures during the elections. It was dissolved within 'three months Before the third Dhum met, considerable changes were made in the electoral law, so that only the rich business man and the great landlord were able to vote. Therefore, the third Dung was more to the government's taste, and it survived impotently until 1912.

Thus the first attempts at parliamo 12 ta ry government in Russia ended in failure, The Clar and his supporters were determined that none of their power should" "pass

mus into the banda of the people, and as a result, the government was ́stiži sutherntic. The mucamie of the towns increasingly placed.ti..

ays in the revolutionary overthrow of the Cra:

there is soms truth to this statement. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia had been defeated in numerous foreign wars which had altogether exposed the corruption and inefficiency of Czardon. In the Crizean War, she had been humiliated by England and France, and her ambitions in the Balkans had been checked, at least temporarily, She had therefore turned her eyes eastwards towards the decaying Chinese Empire, and ber expansion in that direction had led her into conflict with a newly modernized country of Japan. In the Russo- Japanese War, the dwarf had defeated the giant, and Russia was forced to abandon Manchuria and Liacting, and to acknowledge. Japan's supremacy over Korea, Even when she was victorious, har gains were snatched away from her, as in the Russo-Turkish and the Congress of Berlin in 1877-1878. But the final disaster had come in 1917, during the Great war. The Russian armies were defeated by the Germans at the battle of Tamenberg, and once again, this was caused by the inefficiency in government adminstration. The total Russian casualties in the War were about squal to the casualties of her allies put together. The great wheat growing belt of the Ukraine was invaded by the Central Powers, agriculture was destroyed over a large area, and fanžno van addha di to the other miseries of the war. Nesmchile, the Csar and Csarina vore in the grip of the evil monk Rasputin, and vben Raspirtin was murdered, the Czar put aside all important matters of state to try to Communicate with the soul of Rasputin in the grave.

But military defeat alone could not have caused

■ revolution in Russia. There were other social and political reasons. The lot of the Russian peasant had changed very little throughout the 19th century. Many were still no better than warfs, trying to eks out a meagre living from the soil. An attempt to get them free had been made during the retgr of 4jexander II, but this had not been

The lands they had been given as a roud of his fok were the worst or the nobles' lands. In addition, they bid to pay for this poor land over a period of years. And since they

ora løft on their cền to malos- a Xiving, they found

lives even more difficult than before the cipation. Dissatisfaction had been widespread, fargoriam the People's only answer to the government / mwillingness to reform. The Czar Alerander had been killed by a bomb thrown by i terrorist.

The Industrial Revolution had come to Russia st the end of the century, and with it the social svils which almost always followed this great change. Factory conditions were and upto the end of the century, worke Appeals for reforma government, The strikes had been

and strikers we

and the with trá

The ri siemente te Even before of loyal cit petition to

ip elected

the people.

petitioners' marès Czar, At first,

hours a day. the

but

“government. Pahip of the Süpervised- were busy

In 1904.

N.電流及歐姆定律填-

題題解

CLILELE, PB * 326 × 105 $274

st

2

R =

* 163 × 10

: 163×10

A

=326 × 10

A A d =

10

0.5% 0.017

(VER **)

765 × 10 歐爐

LV=

V V

2-7

=0.37.03

VA=

** R = P

L

0.37 100

·=213 × 10

= 0.0037 (cm*)

-7

A

0.0037

-

=765x108 (12*0)

30°C之電阻為542.50°C之電阻為共制风

解由

++

+ R1 = p2 = 1.11 × 10%

A

= 3.5+ (20)

= R(1+ α £)

10

0005

· 3×64 ( 1+ 0·0038 × 50)

=4-21 (*)

閹連接袷電路之電阻為「歐姆

*

B

同理

DRDC

亦串联其電阻

故AC間之電阻為

R=

2 x 2 Y 27 + RY

Y (2)

踪之電阻為丘心電池内阻每个几

導線之電阻,則

Y

=

=

- bing

I

I(PTR)

E

15

R =

= 4 (n)

I

64§£ ¤*G 25/3 7 4,8 £ 2 LAS 20 V.

公式

100

I *

=

R

9.672.4

(**) 点觸地故其電位為零,故B点之電位為

25 x 9.6 = 80 (« #4)

25

(**)

R**..

SBRARIES

*'a number jd sent s grant reforms and be responsible to

1905, the Inter Palace of the orderly demostration, and the people knelt in the snow in front of the palace. But wheń, they refused to disperse, the cavalry was sent against them, and may people ware rilled. This gold-blooded massacre angered the whole country, and the strike movement gained adming tum. «Railway and telegraph workers waked out. teachers and studente vezi on strike and there were "mutinies pin the army and pavy. The Cser was to agres to a Dum, which net in 1906, But t attempts at përl

government la Russia ware

failures,

the Duma.

** inability to work with

By now, there more may political parties in Russia. The most moderate were the Constitutional Democratic Party, representing chiefly the aduca teo professional and business classes. It hoped for a gradual transformation of the government” inf. something like the British system, with an elected perlisment, a responsible cabinet and a written constitution. The Social Revolutionary Party forma ite min support among the peasants, but was led by middle alasa 'men who promised to despoil the nobility and divide up their estates among the aotumi tallers of the soil. Then there was the Social Democratic Party, comprising of the bulk of the working men in factories and mines. It

accepted the principles of Karl Marx and accordingly stood for the confiscation of private property and the control of industry by the workingmen

Then came the Russian disaster in the Great War, Discontent spread alarmingly through the amydre. Nicholas turned a deaf war to entreaties for reforms, and preferred to listen to those who declared that autoorscy way the best for Russia. The Dam was sullen and numerous #strikes showed the temper of the working classes.

In March, 1917, the goverzumnit, made an attempt to stop one of these strikes, and the storm broke. A committee of soldiers and workingmen took over the government of Petrograd, The example of the capital was speedily followed by other cities, provinces and by the soldiers at the front. Nicholas [1, unable to enforce obedience, abdicated in favour of his brother Michael. The latter realized the days of the Czars were over and refused to occupy the shaky throne. The whole Romanov family thereupon retired into private life. The Revolution had arrived in Russia.

Questions for dext week:

1. What were the eternal and internal problems facing

the Bolsheviks in the years 1917 to 1924?

2. What were the aids and achievements of the fire

Year Plans?

R V

= IR

= 0.5′′ × 0.5L

/0.25 = 4 (*)

TEL15 0.73 £ 3. 8 ↑ å § 4 38 4*

公式:=

E/(R+ Y) = 8/1645) = 0.73 1# **)

V = I R = 0.73 x 6 ✰ v

= €

TA I =

IỶ = 8-0.73x5 = 4.35(代)

V/R

XY =

톺

10.若两電池

案

3.

=

4:38 (4£#;

(安培)

3

12

6 (2)

---

電動势方向相同,其電流為0.48

OĦA‚N It *$ 0.04**.

電池

J

2-4 (49)

N =

€ RTY

2.4

1+4

= 4.41 (★★4)

E

= 1-3-11 == 0·2 (49)

0.2

R+Y

1+ 4

= 0.04 (Ź*)

若方向相反則E

2.)

I'

N. 電流及歐姆定律問答計算題

封閉電路當電鑰S簡閉時電池E 電流為3安培電池之 阻去不計

pl Rs.

́S MAXE, BAC

杰間之電位差

8 C

R$

a £ £ g'u b £ 7, 1 E, BØ

两端子

a

8 r

池之内涵建以電阻為1几 電压為1伏特,较以電阻 几之尊線並联则买两端電 電池之

9 R

綠,其两端

主線與!