1968-04-26 — Page 14

襄二第張四第

日九廿月三年申戉麼重

WAH KIU YAT PO

日 僵 #

1968

五期星

英文中學會試題預習専欄

Case WLLA large numbers of the mumie 'C 1858-- professional people, tradessen, civil servanta

(廿六)

·依帆

Astory (26)

Explain the rise of Kitler and the Hard Party in Germany.

ine end of the Great War found Germany exhausted and imooverished. The bitter passions aroused by four long years of struggle were' slow to die down, and Gersary was made to bear full responsibility for the War. A huge indemnity me imposed on her, but it was uncertain whether she could pay. Her resources has either been destroyed or confiscated. For example, her important industrial areas of Alsace and Lorisine were an Franch hands; har colonies had been divided among ! the viators; her merchant navy impounded. When she asked that she be allowed to postpone the payments, for two years, her request was turned done, and France immediately occupied the Ruhr valley, Germany went on strike against the French action; the German mark fell alarmingly in valus. She wLS on the verge of bankruptcy, and only then did the ellies realize that it was to their interest to settle the repaulations problem quickly.

Between 1925-1929, better relations between] Germany agh has conquerors were established through the efforts of her foreign minister Stresssai, ap this period, she regained the friendship of France, and was admitted into the League of Nations in 1926. But this period did not last long, for the world was hit by the Great Depression in 1929, and Germany found herself once again facing economic ruini. Unemployment figuree leaped to six million. Communism spread and Wrightened the middle classes. This discontent, }

together with the political grievances in the country, provided an opportunity for the National} Socialist Party, the Naris, to rise to power.

¿

The Nazi Party was founded in 1921 by a manIL/ (group in Munich, 4×few.months after its establishment, Adolf Hitler became ita prunigent.] Hitler was an Austrian “of -middle class parents. He worked for a time as a sign-painter in Vienna, joined the German army in 1914, and rose to tha wank of corporal. By all accounts, he was obsesseɖ by a sense of him, om power and destiny, and at the same time, felt the iftanse frustrations. DI his mediocre lifpé- a tealing from which a fangtical power of hatred developed; {

and the 'white cöllarf workers who had been

ruined by the collapse of the Germany currency

in 1923, and were facing another economic disaster) in 1929. The middle class was also swayed by

Hitler's anti-Communism, for Comausias meant um distatorship of the working glass, the end of bapitalism and many of the rights of property. Hitler was also able to appeal to some of the unemployed, who found his promisks of joba for everyone very attractive. The big industrialista and capitalists of Germany also” saw, in Hitler the protection of their interasts against Communism

and Socialism. Argy leaders sympathized with his demands for a full rearmanent of Germany and the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles. It must also be borne in mind the Hitler was the most powerful orater the 20th century has produced. His effect on his listeners was hypnotie, and be exeraised this power over them their national feelings and exploit their, grievances.

to arouše

2. How do you account for the rise of Fascim da,

Italy?

Although italy was a member of the Triple! Alliance, yet she had deserted her allies and joined England and France in 1915 when she was promised Trentino, Trieste, Istria and North Jalmatia, During the war she had lost 600,000 men,) and had'accumulated a large war debt. But at the Peace Conference after the war, there was a general feeling among the Italians that their territorial elains had not been fully met. She received Trentino, Tresite, Istria and part of German Tyrol, but she did not receive Dalmatia, or coloniss in Africa and Asia. The important por: of Fiume on the Adriatic coast had been handed over to Yugoslavia to give her access to the sea. And Yugoslavia was understandably unwilling to give up Flume. In 1919, an Italian patriot, D'Annunzio, with 1,000 volunteers, seized Fiume, and the weak Italian government was unable to stop him. In the end, however, the two countries reached an agreement by which Fiume to becom an independent free city open to the trade of both nations. In 1920, Italian troops expelled D'Annumvio, and this set mde the "overnment, Éven_nöre unpopular./

The Italians directed” the peace settlement towa and for a time, Commuste progress, Strikes osci unsmoloyment in nört” depreciated in va The deplorabl

development of ti to the Co

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在感此理,属数,分法之基本前来。 市政局舉辦新潮舞會

行業貼費及衣青本貼贊等。將根撞成立之 SKREK-PE (NAS-N# -*

育教備亊

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日六廿月四年八六九一公年七十五國民中

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費用一百六十萬元 能播映試驗性節目 而於九月正始實施 預算每年須 辣班 將在龍翔道設立兩個電視播映台 明年六月盼 教署已開始招募節目主持人 並擬設立短期之海外訓

一切密鑼緊:

電視教育計劃

科之專門教師任教。 ,在明年六月時,希望能按眏試數之 【映會,並預算相於明年一月左右聽故啓用 一,中文,選科及公民,此等科目,將由各 「哦七百四十萬元,同時張年又需要一百六 一萬元經費。所數投之科目,包括有英文 VELLERBERANKERER 舞,並希望開护人戮之工作,可一併完成,

跳舞憨習 出反對 認爲將導致青年沉迷 聖若望英文書院校監梁挺生提

| 649K## 2 - §

就覺得問。 梁氏又稱;香消

「假定他「經問」,他 他們就走向途,你 引導他們走向岠姦!

一蒋倩類而已。他抵大運會過營,會使他的實少年是最早的 思莸爲新潮舞會瑗 (26) AGE,K- MUXEARS F#$*-4)

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之量與激育節自錄音帶將可全部長安,看完毛港 ·····。因為張重會的爭整而已,能心理

本港學界一項創舉

中學器械操比賽

[BESE. 可染上沉迷於跳领的主角還狂的狀熊適足會還女逼會,與書。 ALEKKERTEKES 400€ BES 以取得快樂,而新河災衫,而且像新潮興 纏舱引起者羊們的興發展來,熱,而生团

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ESENYNTER HE (C) TEENDAYAS. EGET, WHENER-CRPAZDEM EKSPOMENEX - KKK - BA • # KANAK CHENNAI 400-A*CAR-HEK-ENDREPARING PARKS SECR 組比賽日期鏗五月17日,時間在上午九時半,男子租爲三日上午做肉谍案的群體,但的邊緣? 此項中學生比賽係屬態後,以前舉辦者祇保小學生參加。新制育的活前,知 世不參加海驗活勵| |校布此團自已獲線 男子組及女子瓿之比賽項目各有不同,前者含雙核,跳,給文實,他無形的財維本機 紅管理,從媒雀頌賓一 承器校體操比賽,剛珽在九鸱然打老道中華基督教育年會,女子 生活, 行, 歇使青少年走遒危險,郊六臂地、多際助旅 (特)香荷及新界學照撞路,貴將於下月初琴辦第一屆中,要過為燒熱的正確安區,這幾點 花材、銀行、現多数 傷,鹺烈反射新幣無他們一 的校貌站在教育的立由市政局主辦,將於事。 _「我們需咕觀韓學生,是一條滿足自己的面多辦如防塵两性的 太,市政局舉辦這区 梁發生說:玆對學校或財需借用,讓一

會的再集行。他說這是他們的生活壇 夢再·辦潮舞會,

• 這位天主藏學校以潇足其嚇到,而且珦,這是多麼危險的 他建市政局不

*獲龍

桃青分

戰年男

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分男女組下月二日假

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九時半。

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ZITENES (@ZENAK IZREN**-E<<<N - Z · HERENTE

DUELKESKKN! · CE? DESE

In the troubled "stats"or

and his party was able to

stion of the Versailles

by which he ssant the Jawa, Socialists and others. During the

Kis career, he was constantly to harpin act that the above groups of people had

་་་

betr ed Germany, In the early years, Hitler and his party directed their efforts against Stresemary and his policy. The Maxis denomnaed StraussaIN ' a' negotiations with France and his willingness to j pay the indemnity. In 1923, Hitler attempted to

" the Republde, he brought out his follows:

Lunich and eroclaimed hissel?" the president, This attemst failed, and the lenient republis

orfhoned him. During his” incarceration, be beger) work on him 'Mein Kampf1. (My Struggle), while t became the Navi Bible. In the Kein Kampf, ke

his policy. He disavowed the Garm sibility for the War; he called for an end of)

Lone" paymorite; thì raarming of the German

recovery of the lost Derman solomies union with Germaný of all territories which were Lihabited by people of the d--the abrogation, in rast, 6f-svary of the Versaillan Treaty which might be

as in any way humiliating to Germany, ther with the fullest possible restoration of Kar itatur as a great power. Such a poliay at

such a tims in Germany ma irresistible'tô the "- untiys, and when the world saconie depression

Qerakry, Hitlar vas able to make full bas of discontent./

Stresemann died in 1929. In that year, the Wael party increased their membership in the Assembly. In 1932, Hitler stood against Hindenburg for the presidency, and he polled 11 million VOLEN KE AAainst Hindenburg's 18 million. After, further intenso Kari campaigns in the oduntry, Hindenburg agreed to make Hitler his Chancellor is 1933. The Nazis now prepared for another general sleation, and preparations included –

ign of terror against their opponents by Nasi

Troopers: When the Reishstag building suddenly down, the arine was blamed on the Gommuniste, nist loaders wire iamdiately arrested,

Communist papers were suppressed, i sttacks on the Jewa began. În these the elections were held, and the Nasia bare majority, Thay were dissatisfied

and stepped up their, dampaign of minst their opponentă. A HAYA89, Fur“ ge took plise in 1934, arter which rival parties

ntarily' dissolved themselves, Hitler ma Prull- powera” of the Chàngellorship and she... Hindenburg died in 1934, Hitler combined the offians of the president and the sbancellor in him person. After this, him suthority unu unchallenged,

The Nazi party gained power because they ruthlessly exploited the sufferings of the German people. But it must be remembered that their programma gained great support from a larg Beation of the nation. This was particularly the

Great

to enter

socialists, however 'and refused to sup

the party, Whan

· Mussolini sorved: KEN

the

socialists,

8. The

smo patriotism Mussolini left/ the war, Italian arzy,

but we discharged with sevi vounds, After the war, he founded the first Fascist Party in Milan, Fascism is derived from the Italian word fascio, moaning - bundles of rods that were carried before ansient Roman magistrates as a sign of their power Fascist party membera wore a uniform, from which osme „their name of Blackshifts. The aim of this party were to widen the political franchise, improve worker sonditions and have a more vigorous "foreign policy. Significantly, they aimed at the

revival of the ancient Roman Empire. In 1921. National Fascist Party was formed,

At that time, there was extreme confusion the Italian Parliament where a number of political parties were so evenly balanced za to make stablo

Fascists decided to government impossible. Th exploit this situation. By 1921 they had gained 22 seats in the Parliament and they demanded positions in the government. When this i mad wa refused, the Fascista from all parts of Italy took part in the "Narch on Bone' (1922) led by Mussolini. They seived all the key points ɗ Communication and publie services in the eity, thus paralysing it. King victor Ramanuel III and the army refused to oppose them, and the King eveR - asked Mussolini to form a ministry."

1

At first, Mussolini so-operated with the other_parties, but the campaign against the Socialists continued. In 1924, the leader of the Socialist party, Matteotti, was murdered by Fascists. These events led to a tremendous autory, against the government of Mussolini, but he refused to resign. Instead, the increased the intensity of his campaign against the opposition. Opposition newspapers were alosed down, anti- Fasciate were arrested and sent to exile. University professors were forced to swaar an oath of allegiance to the Fascist government and to promise thất" they would teach according to Fascist prinsiples, Thoisands more were terrorised into submission. The result was that in the 1929 elections, an all-Fascist pärliament. was returned. Hussolini's distatorship was now complete.

Oson secure in their power, the Fascista developed the theory of totalitarianism Under a tétálitarian regime, the interests of the individual were made subordinate to those of the state.The relationship of workers and employerm was established on a new basis. The old trade uniome which had waged independent struggles against the employers for the improvemmat of aonditions were no abolished. In their place, a system of corporations was set up in which workers and employers were represented. The worker- am.lorer corporations were to settle, with the

participation of the government and representatives":

of the Fascist Party, all matters relating to

wages, hours of work and other conditions in industry, The Fascista attempted to persude then to put the state before everything else, and therefore strikes by workers and lockouts by employers were now illegal. In. 1938 representatives of 22 new industrial and professional corporations replaced parliament ▾ altogether, and Italy was governed by an Assembly of Corporations. Mussolini bodame the leader Duce), and he employed all the old weapons of absolutism--secret police and censorship of the press. Textbooks, the radio anc cinema, also became means to indoctrinate the people of Italy to Mussolini's way of thinking.

But Mussolini's dietatorship was in some repeats beneficial. The adminstration was made more efficient. Marshes were drained and turged into farm landa. Public worka were undertaken on a great seals and this reduced unemployment. Brigandage in Naples and Sicily was suppresseʊ. £ These reforms, together with Mussolimi's reorganization of government and society, undoubtedly saved Italy from bankruptey", and "set) her on the road to a sound seonomy. In 1929, Mussolini supeosded to heal the breach between the State and the Church through completion of the Lateran Treaty. The state recognised the Vatican City as being a sovereign state under the Pope; Roman Catholician was to be the state religion of Italy, and the Pepe was compensated,. in sash and in bonds, for the loss of his temporal power in areas outside the Fatican City. This was a very great mahiavament on the part af Mussolini fer he put an end to a dispute which hac marred the unification of Italy. The survival of his dictatorship for twenty one yearề căn to Home extent be attribútad to this reconciliation with the. Pope.

Questions for next wasKI »

1. La what directions did German aggression

suoosad in the yezra 1933 to 19397

2. Show how the Pases of Varavillas sompleted the

esbythrow of the arrangawants made at the Congress of Vienna,