1968-04-19 — Page 14

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History (25)

1. To what extent the Fourteen Points of President Wilson were applied in the peaca Traatias?.

When the Germans finally capitulated in November, 1918, it was on the understanding that the peace treaties after the war were to be based on President Wilson's Pourteen Points. These points, issued as early as January, 1918, included sont, if not all, or the principles for which the allies had been fighting. Chief among these were› an and of secret diple ; redactior of armaments ( restoration of Alsac. reins to France; independence for the subjec

ces of Austria-Hungary; adjustment of tha frontiers in accordance with the ori nationality; oraation of an Independant Poland with socess to the sea; importial adjustment of colonial claim; «bsoluta frandom of the seÚ O in war and in pasce; evacuation of Baigium, Russia and Serbia: autonomy for non-Turkish parts of the Turkish Empire; and the formation of an international organization to sacure the political Independence of all states, large and small. Five treaties in all were concluded with the defeated countries, batween 1919 to 1923.

ian pls of

never

When the treaties were finally completed for the vanquished countries to sign, they cried, with justification, that the Fourteen Points had not, been applied. The idealism of Wilson Was o vera shadowed by Clemeanosen'e desire for revenge on Germany He represented the determination of Francimen "nwar to let it happen again" - again to let the Garmana invade the fair land of France. The representative of Great Britain, Lloyd George, had won the general election on dramatić promiset of revengeful action against Germany. It was wrong and foolish of France, forgetting that she had been generously dealt with in 1815. It was still more so with England, to ha hysterical in those months after the Armistice, but in both cases, it was understandable.

The territorial and national changes in Europe✨suggested by the Fourteen Pointa were mostly carried out. Alsace and Lorraine, were duly returned to France, and Germany agreed never again to raise this question: Independenos was granted to the subjent races of the Austro-Hungarian Empire with the result that Austria wa stripped of all of her non-German territories, and she became one- sixth her original size. Hungary was separalod from

the saw not allowed to enter inte än –

LOW MILAPU‡, the

were incorporated Independent Kingdom of Poland, which tated Upper $1lasis from Germany, and the of Posen, which was mainly Polish in de population. This area of Posen saa known as the *Polish Corridor" and gave Poland access to the Bea. The City of Danzig, at the head of the Corridor, was a free city under the control of the League of Nations, Austria also had to give Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the new state of Yugoslavia, which also included Serbia and Montenegro, Austria also gava, un Boheria and Maravia to the new independent states of Caschoslovakia, She restored the province of

brže co Italy, thi completing her nationa)

Türkisa Empire, the territories in divided among the Balkan countries. retained Constantinople and a sm1.1 territory in Europe north of the Sea o The whole of the Turkish territory of

given to Greece, while Rumania gaine zia, Bukowina and Besserabis Turkey uma ad to thone areas which were racially

the question of colonies, the Geraus

fin Afrion, the Far East and the Pacifio ever to the League who tried to rly among Great Britain, New Zealand and Japan. Some of

into mandates, to be by the fongne through an occupying SRPU-ARLEYrable for them to the is at least appeared battar than the

ism of grah, but only in some of the the real wishes of the inhabitanta uvacuation of Russia and Belgium ed out, but fo the former case, the Huompllnated by the outbreak of

Russia.

ough the peace treaties were imperfect and did not adhere to the Fourteen. they did at any rate contain one hope for future in the form of the League of Nations.

though not Wilson's own idea, was hip

t gårt to Europe. More than any statesman, ressed with the necessity of avoiding a he similar to the one just ended,

sat his insistenas," a" schém för an Lional body to safeguard the pesos 'of was incorporated into the peace. It was a device to increase international fop end avoid war. Its headquarters were

and it also set up a body of laws the obligations of each manbar, Bur very beginning of its establishmAT

serious illnesses in the League which Lure in the end: The United States

as Congress was fearful of pean &ffairs, Thus without the be: United Statas and the guiding

the

tion Wilson intended)

secret diplomacy was abandoned by the conferencs from the start. Lloyd George refused to adopt th freedom of the higà soss because it was against

the interests of Britain. The questionof-

disarmament was perhaps the most difficult, for whereas the defezted countries were forcibly disarmad, very little was done among the Groat

Powers the selves. Several disarmament conferencão

wara heid aftar the war, notably in Washington in 1721 and Gerava in 1932. At both those e cnferences the countries showed themselves spill mary, of

laying dom their arm, The bitter mamories of the war ware still too fresh in their ginds for them to trust each other totally.

The readiness of the victorioua powers to

adopt a policy of revengs as against « policy of generosity towards a defeated enemy was to cost them dearly in the years to acus, Germany, in particular, never reconciled herself to ber

defeat, and she resentad the faqt that she was made to bear the entire burden of war guilt, She was humiliated to the fullest extent, saddled with an enormous indemnity with absolutely no means to pay it off and stripped of all defences. The discontent in Germany becare a dangerous weapon in the hands of leaders like Adref Hitler, who ruthlessly exploited this fact

to their own advantage. The emergence of Hitler

in Germany, and his demands for the restoration

of Germany as a world power, threatened the

international situation in the 1930's and ultimately

led to a second life and death struggle among the European countries,

What were the offects of the war upon Europs between 1919 and 19397

The nonalusion of the Great European war found Europe exhausted and impoverished. Th passions aroused by four years of bitter conflict were slow to die down. A L problems pak szed

anaattled. It me uncertain, whether Germany would aankly submit to lose of territory and tha

Payment of an would

"favourable opportunity of repudiat We

þræðus lndemnity, whether she

of peace and renowing the war; The governments of some Europeangtountries were threatened by the activities bf communists. The

lations of Russia with the rest of Europe ware" mot yet settled. Some yoara`wers yet to slapse before the final terms of peace with Tulony ware avon- agread upon,

In Germany, the abdication of the Kaiser William II was due to the complete collapse of ais poligy. A republic had been set. consitution we drawn up for National Assembly at Weimar, president sleated by the_peop

"The end of the mar fou

navy. There were strikan in t these problema vää the allied"

reparations, which had been set at the fantastic sum of 67 million. It was to be paid là 66 yaazı in annual installmenta, The andunt was to be secured on customs revenues and: In other says The prospect of having to pay this enormous sum was viewed with dismay in Germány, and in view of greve financial difficulties, the German "-

over for dates of two years before the payments should begin. But the French declined to permit postponement, and they sent An-army lato the industrial region of the Ruby im 1923. Employers closed their flatories and workama want on strike in protest. It som became

ksár, however, to the crediton nations that it to thin intermat to have the reparationa question settled in such a way that trade and prosperity might return, la 1924, the Dawet plå was set up by which the currency of Germany - MI placed under the control of the Esparation! committen, which would deside the asa Germany ini abás to pay each year; Thin mag moon replaced by the Young Plan, which modified the terms of payment, while still mintaining the overall amount of the reparations. Following the German acceptance of the Toung Plan, the occum tion arm ms withdrawn,

In 1925, the German forsign sinister Strussemann paved the way towards better: relations with the powers through signing the Locatio Treaties which guaranteed the western frontiers st Germany, France, and Germany became friendlier. and Stressesann sepured the agceptance of Germany into the League of Nations in 1926. Thus the years of 1924 to 1929 were a period of recovery

for Germany sad better international relations all around..

In 1929, e-oplossal sponomic slump hát tho whole wärld. it began in the U.3.A. with the collapsing praces on the Wall Street Stødigt Embangs, followed by unemployment, falling off of production, declining magas and general santé, This economic blissard spread te Euran, ame Germany was the hardest kit. in 1933 there were nearly 6 million unemployed in Germany. In these circumstances, social discontent and violence developed rapidly. There arose among the Germane.. Adolf Hitler, a man with a strong policy and purpose, who preposed a plas för curing the ills or Germany, and her restoration to the statue of a world power, In the general election of 1932, Hitler and bio Hasi party were swept inte power, and he became Chancellor in 1933. His saugence darkened the International outlook, for he withdraw Germany from the Langue, troduced smscription, ordered the German a829 Rhineland ZONE, ATT set, un a VĒLOTONS.

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聘短期英語教師 新亞及聯合兩校

In Italy, a diotatorship had been ses up under

Mussolini, Italy had been disappointed with the

little she had gained at the peace treaties. In addition she had boon saddled with a war debt, Hey industries vero almost non-existent, and her agricultural methods dated back to Roman daYE, AN 1922, Mussolini and his Fascist party forand: thờ king to mãn hẳn the Prime Kinister, and he began to consolidate his power by destroying him politični enemies. "He then wrestled with the problems in Italy, and it ma to his aredit that he was able to restors Fons Bamblance of order and prosperity to the country. In 1935, be invaded Abyssinia. The League abodemned his action and applied sauction,

but both Britain & France hesitated to carry out the decision of the League, The upshot was that most of the powers tacitly recognized the Italia ş conquest of Abyssinia and Italy, angered at the

::left that body. In 1936.

The other countries in Europe were also plagued by disturbances. In Spain, sivil war broke out to 1936. In Russia, there we also civil war, which left the country in chaos, At the end of the war, the Bolsheviks were tariumpbane, and a sommeunist regime had been let up, Britain and France were suspicious of the new governmED TV 3, Hitler and Mussolini hated communiom, and refused to cooperate with it at first... But later, the western countries sacorded the gevOČAMONT grudging recognition.

Altogether the years after tho me ware not peaceful cries for Surape. The tension did not doaresse, The Langan proved impotent in settli the disputes that, arose among the powers. The desands of Hitler became more ana mora insistent, and Europe gradually

"Question for next west)

1. Axplain was rise of Hitler and the Hast Party Sa

Germany

2. How do you account for the rise of fasaimn. San