1968-03-29 — Page 21

CITY

青裝備墾

頁一第張六第

日一初月三年申戊歷

WAH KIU YAT PC

#

B

fik

HALL

日九廿月三年八六九一公年七十五國民華中

英文中

文中學會考試題預習專欄

surope, and the growing compeCILION or Vermany. She folly realised the danger of having no allies.. Early in the reign of Edward VII definite

attempt was made to eattle matters on which

育華僑華

friction still existed between England and France. In 1904, they arrived at an understanding over

歴史科(廿二 ) 依帆。

History (22)

1. Describe the cricumstances that led to the forms tion

of the Alliances in Europe between 1870 to 1907.

The Franco-Prussian War left bitter memori as in France, and it seemed probable that at no distant date she would embark on a war of revenge, Bismarck regarded this as the greatest danger facing the new German Empire. He had no reason to fear France alone, but the thought of a possible alliance of this enemy with another powerful state gave him nightmares. Hence the principal aim of his diplomcy was to prevent such an alliance and to find allies for himself strong anough to meat any possible combination. It may be observed that Bismarck was entirely successful in his efforts to isolate France, and the system of alliances was upset only after his retirement in 1890.

Bismarck raised no objections to the establish➡ ment of the Third Republic in France, realizing that Austria and Russia vere less likely to ally with a republic than a monarchy, Austria and Russia ware alarmed by the excesses of the Paris Commune in 1871 and Bismarck had no diffienlty in drawine them together. In 1872, an understanding was arrived et among the 3 monarchs known as "The Three Emperors League”' (Dréi taiper Bond). The three emperors undertook to maintain the status quo Lo Europe, to settle problems arising out of the Eastern Question, and to oppose revolutionary

movements. But this arrangement could not be lasting as the aims of Austria and Russia towargs the Turkish Empire were conflicting. In 1878, a crisis was reached when Russia defeated Turkey and made colossal gains at San Stephano. But Russis was forced to submit to a revision of San Stephano at Berlin, and although Bismarck professed to have no direct interest in the matters at issue, he supported Austria's demand for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria bad taken no part

war, yet she had gained valuable areas.

ad gained practically nothing. Naturally

lt that Bismarck had not treated her fairly riekaiserbund was seriously weakened. uard against any Russian hostility concluded a formal alliance with Austria His choice of Austria instead of Russia

y was a wise one, as too close friendship

fa would arouse the enxity of England. by was at first a secret, but when

later it was found to contain pledges of issistance against Russia, and a. promise rolent neutrality on the part of Austría in le war between Germany and France should be

North Africa. This Entente Cordiale accorded c

England & free hand in Egypt and the Sudan while France was to enjoy similar privileges in Morocco The Entente was not an alliance, neither country was bound to assist the other in the event af attack. But it substituted priendship for and ty. strengthened the position of France in curope, and England was no longer in utter isolation.

The next step was obviously to iron out էրը 1ifferences between the two allies of France, England and Russia. This was not too difficult as Russia'e defeat in the Russo-Japanese war had thwarted her designs in the Far East. And her ambitione in the Balkans seemed to be checked. I any case, the danger there was no longer Russia but Germany. So friendship with Russia su last pawe to England and the Triple Entente war

concluded among England, France and Russia in 1907. Thus the Triple alliance was poised against the Triple Entents. What Bismarck feared most - that Germany might be engaged in war on two fronto Bast and west had been brought about. Dead by 1898, he might well nave turned in bis gravý as such fatal developments for Germany.

❤

2. What attempts were made to prevent war and

improve international relations before 19147

From the and of the Napoleonio waru, COTTAIN) efforts had been made among the European powers to preserve the peace of Europe and promote international understanding. The Congress System was an example of such efforts, and although 1. failed in the end, yet there was no general Buropean war until 1854. This is not to say that there were no quarrejs among the powers during this period, but wars that broke out were mainly localized ones rarely involving more than twe countries. In 1878 when ar fever against R

Russia ran nigh friengland, this cejastrophe had beer. averted by peaneful settlement at the Congress of Berlin. But after this congrass, aventa vera or quickly moving towards the day when dibiéna cyand Carbitration were no longer effective and

untries must resort to "c3» last argument or

whe

1968 中學入學試試題預習專欄

算術科

(十九)單比例

(#)

+

會若圎·

一個比和另一個所成的比例,叫做單比例,例如2元買4斤榮,6元可買 12 茂 ・可列成單比例式:

2元:6元 4斤;12 斤

難比例式的解決,可把未須列在第4項,和未知數同名做的列電第3項,再根據 暫意,把鋪餘两已斷判別,如題問是來多的,用以多數傳銷2項,求少以少數富翔 2 項,所餘一款,當然列第1項了。

(#)# 1786 150 &#27 ? MTEZT? ( 1967 )

解:題問是來7 斤 8 遲的價值,故4元8爲第3項,所求應比1斤B 武的價值爲

莎,做7斤8 你應列儒第2項口

X

1.5 :7.5 - 4.8 *: X ♬

7.5 x 4.8

1.5

24元

1

(例二)工人榮路,15天完成工程的......,間所餘路可我未完成?

2

3

1

2

解:所餘工程遊~

→題問是求時間,琊末 15 天應列爲第3項」 工程

3

3

2

鸭 15 沃 工程便不止 15 天還是求多,故 一曬冷 2 口

3

2 X **

3

15 炭: X 天

3

3

2

1

X-

x

15

- 30 52

3

3

(二十)複比例

把满個或两個以上舉比的前項環項,每項的建築卻做後項,所成的比,叫做 褪比口

例如2:3

5: 61

- (2 × 5): (36) - 5 : 9

-階實比和一個單比所構成的比例式,叫做撿比例。

Fik 34)

2 5 12; 70

4 2

樵比例的解算方法,是把前項數的連乘工作前項,後項各數的連乘积作後項,然物 依照單比例的計算法去次缺項。

(例)6:5

the end of the 13the century, diplomatLE activity in Europe had resulted in the formation of two groups, armed to the teeth and mutually – antagonistic. The policies of these groups soon clashed and a series of incidents kept the Anternational scene in a state of chronic

disturbance. The spectre of war loomed large over Europe, with the result that the countries

10 3 15 : X

5 x 3 x 32 x 15

- 20

6 x 10 x 26

工人参路,20人每天工作8小時,則15 天可成;今增加10人,每天工作装爲6小

competed with one another in the race for arus MUTIES. Every one of the five great continental powers

驛3增加 30人訂20+10,30人,人數加多,完成期應縮少,求少,故20人

列在第2項。

Pendum tauous effugis to trudite its military ve

forces and to provide themack the idequate and efficient equipment. Alvarla kral armaments developed at the same time, Germany and England were trying to outdo each other'in the building of dreadnoughts, a new type of battleship which carried heavy armaments. Much attention was given, especially on the German side, to experimenta) work upon aircraft.

HONG

Bismarck, however, did hốt give up all hope of Friendship with Russia. Beset by the constant fear that Russia might drift into an alliance with france, he used all his skill in averting this calamity, in 1881 the Driskaiserbund was reneweo, and the three ammerors promised to remain neutral in case any one of them should become involved tr a war with a four power,

Bismarck also schemed to prevent an alliance between Italy and France. In order to promote misunderstanding between the two countries so that Italy would be driven lato the German caup, Bismarck secretly encouraged France to occupy Tunis, which she did in 1881, Italy bad also hoped to secure Tunis, and was thus forestalled by France. In her disappointment italy joined Germany and Austria in the Triple alliance in 1882. Germany and Italy promised mutual assistance if France should attack

sither. Moreover, if one of the three should be attacked by two or more powers, the othere were to land ́active help, Thid Triple sllianes lasted until the Great War in 1914.

Altogether, Bismarck had reason to be pleased with his handiwork. France was isolated England was neutral, but more disposed towards Germany as she had disputes with France in North Africa and with Russia over the Balkana. The only danger MƐL tr

if France should come to an agreement with nusaja, but Bismarck had taken great care te maintain the friendshir of Russia by renewing the Drieksíðarbuna. in 1884 and again in 1887,

But Bismarck was dianiased by the new BudeFor William 17 in 1890, and the latter brought about ☐ reversal of Bismarck'e policy. He allowed che treaty with Kuasia to lapse, and determined to sae - Germany, not Russia, dominant in the baliana. He antared to colonial race with a vengeance, built up a large fleet, and these actions quickly antagonized England. It was not long before Bismarck'e aims were violated and England and Russia became potential enemies of Germany. it did not take long for France and russis to realize the dangers of their isolated positions in Europe. Sc naturally the two countries combined together in 1895 in the Dual Alliance, and stood opposed to the Triple alliance of Germany, Austria ano italy. Bismarck's fear of France gaining an ally hacf finally materialized,

So far, England had ramg ineo 81001 from these continental, entanglemente. In fact, she was at first more friendly with Germany, for as late as 1898, she and France had almost come to blows over the Fashoda Incident She was traditionally suspicious of Rungis designe in the Balkans and the Far. East `and 1m-1902 she had conclvieu an alliance with

Jamn against Russia. But by the beginning of the 20the century her a ttitude was gradually changing ad she witnessed the system of alliances in

سم

C

2然天工作8小時,15天可成,如每天工作然露6小時,則完成日凿不止15天,

是處,故8小时晒列品 2骒口

X X

30 A:20 A}

- 15 A: X^.

·

8/

20 × 8 × 15

1

13

*

30 x 6

3

麗

+

原子筵一打,價值 15 元,琥置 8 棟,幣付多少元?

學生 120人,每天吃米 75 斤,如增加學生 30%,每天食米發斤? 一群一件,16人做 30天完成,如磨加工人 4 名,問可提早發日完成?

鹽尺長的竹竿,其形,精彩怒 12 尺,門樹高强疋?

(5)汽車6小時,行70里,茶旅 120 需攒時可到?

茶工程 38人在 10天內做成全程的一

LIBRA

This competition in armaments threatened international security, and involved a very heavy financial burden on the great powers. Thus in 1898 the Czar, Nicholas II, invited the sovereign States of the world to send representatives to an international conference at The Hague to consider the possibility of mutual agreement upon the

duction of armaments, and how peace might be maintained. The Conference met in May, 1899. Every European State, as well as the United States and Japan, was represented, When, however, Russia proposed that there should be no increase of expenditures for the army and navy for a fixed", period of five years, the German delegates rose and declared that their country did not suffer fra an intolerable burden and would not even discuss the arrest or arrest or reduction of armaments. Germany also pointed out the England's willingness to stabilize naval armaments at existing love is was simply a device to secure a permanent German inferiority. It might have proved difficult to reduce the proposal of the Czar to concrete agreements, but the haughty attitude of the German representatives prevented further discuBSLOD on the problem of disarmament. The only progress made was to establish a regular tribunal at the Hague to which international disputes could be referred. It also tried to render war less crue. by making an agreement not to uns poisoned bullets or soft-nosed bullets which inflicted needlessly torturing wounds, and forbid the use of asphyxiatime gas and the launching of explosives from balloons. But not all nations signed these proNÁ SEA.

lo 1907, the Czar, et the suggestion of President Roosevelt, summoned a second conference in which forty-four nations were represented, This Second Hague Conference got no further. A few more rules were adopted to make war more hum ne, and the machinery of the Hague Tribunal was improvEG but no agreement was reached on the main issue of disarmament.

with all the European powers divided inte two hostile camps and with every one entertaining ambitions schemes of expansion or commercial exploitation in the Balkans, the Bear East, the Far East and Africa, dangerous conflicts were alacst inevitable. In fact more than once durim: the last decade before the Great war, the two groups of powsza were on the brink of war,

in 1905, such a crisis occurred over Horoaco. by ao entante with England concluded the previous уваг, France was to have a free hand in Morocco. Morocco was constantly convulsed by civil war, and the French government just as constantly intervened and soon began to treat the country as a French protestorate, Suddenly Germany protested Loudly that the status of Morocco as an

**

56

12 15 25: X

24: 30

2

>如堖加入,再需要天才能完成其餘工程?

5

( 8 ) 40: 25 } - X 5

9 8

(9)牛4躓)12天內可耕田10畝,如有24,要在6天內

(10)某機場雞費 18 星期鍵成,360人工作6星期,只完成工程的

BA?

*帶用牛頭?

一如要時建成,應

9

بودی

附練習二十一答案

1

1

1

1

(2) 1—

( 4 ) 3

3

15

(5)26-

(6) 2

( 7 ) 36:25

( 8 ) 108: 1

(9) 18:35

(10) 10: 13

(11)6

2

5

(12) 8

24

( 13 )

(14) 7-

35

*

(本攔逢星期一、三、五刊出)

independent state should not be changed without her consent and demanded the settlement of the Moroccan question at an international conference. France was not willing to fight, since Russia, her partner in the Dual alliance, had just beer, severely defeated by the Japanese. She finally agreed to an international conference at Algeciras But the Algeciras Conference proved to be a diplomtic defeat for Germany, as France was atrongly backed by England and Russia. But this Conference succeeded in preventing a war in 1905 which would have involved all the Europear countries.

+

The attempts at maintaining the peace and security of Europe by peaceful arbitration at international Conferences broke down seven years, after the second Hague Conference. But on the eve of the war, a final attempt was made to settle the Austro-Serbian dispute through the Hague Tribunal. But by then, the views of the European countries could no longer be reconciled, and war which had been brewing for so many years, finally broke out, plunging the world into the most appalling hum 17 suffering.

Questions for next smoki

1. Why did the world Way of 1914-1918 begin in the..

3alkan peninsula:

2. What were the main causes of the German defeat in

the Great War?