日海廿月正年申輋
WAH KIU YAT PO #
B
五期鼻
日三十月二年八六九一腊公年七十五國華中
#*
DEFEITOURIN
1968
歷史科
(十七)
·依帆。
Bistory { 17}}
1. What were the causas leading to the Crimean War?
The Crimean War in 1854-1856 was the first war between the great powers since the days of apoleon. This war, apparently one of the most useless and wasteful ever fought, arose partly from the ambitions of Napoleon III, partly from Russian policy towards the Turkish Empire and the fears of Great Britain and the other Powers towards that policy.
After 1841, the Czar of Russia Nicholas I became increasingly opposed to the existence of the Turkish Empire, and constantly referred to it as "the sick min of Europe" which no amount of doctoring could cure. In 1844 and again in 1853, he had broached schemes of partition to England England to taka Egypt and Grete and Russia to occupy Constantinople temporarily. The independence, of Wallachia, Moldavia Bulgaria and Serbia was to be guaranteed by a general European treaty, while the immediate "protectors" of these states was to be Russia, England declined these proposals as Russia would be the most influential power in the Balkans, and with the control of Constantinople, would dominate the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. England also suspected that the Turkish Empire was not as weak as Nicholas I osae) it out to be. it was the general distrust of Russian policy that made what appeared to be an unimportant quarrel develop into a great war.
Round Jerusalem, there were certain Holy Places the protection of which had been granted to France by an ancient treaty. But the duty of guarding the Church of Bethlehem and the sacred manger had been neglected by France, and Russia had taken over, repairing the shrines and attending to the Christian pilgrims. In 1850, however, Louis Napoleon soon to be Napoleon III, suddenly revived) the French clias in order to please the clerical party at home. In 1853, the Sultan agreed to recognize the French claims. Rupsia naturally protested against this, and she put formard a further demand that she be given the right to protect all the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. This demand, if granted, would give Rusaia virtual) control of the whole Empire, and enable her to interfere in Turkish affairs almost at will,
At Constantinople, the British anbassador, Lord Stratford de Radcliffe, encouraged the "Sultan to reject the Russian dewands. But in 1853, Russian troops occupied Wallachia and Moldavia, une
· Sultan, ~ backed by Lord Radcliffe, demanded that Russia withdraw from these two provinces, and whan Russia: refused, Turkey declared war.
«G» The attempt to apportion responsibility for the war had been made many times, with very litbin success. Everyone involved was to blame. Napoleon III was bent on achieving glory for France, and this French Army; to erase the mumiliation of 1812; 19, promete French interests in the Eastern Mediterranean) to gain support of the Catholics and to força Nicholas, to recognize him as the Emperor of France. The Czar himself was misled into thinking that England would not resort to ferce, and therefore pressed his claims on Turkey relentlessly.
results that really counted were ones rather apart from the issues both of the war and the peace such as the improvement in care for the wounded, and the revelation of the inefficiency of Czardom. On paper the allies had registered a victory, and Bussian influence was checked. But in practice, the settlement proved a temporary one. The Black Sea clause was repudiated in 1870 when Russia took advantage of the Franco-Prussian har to announce her intention of rebuilding the Black Sea Fleet. In 1861, Wallachis and Moldavia were jothed into Roumania by the simple expedient of both governments electing the same ruler. The Sultan never showed any signs of keeping his promise about the reforms for the Christians, and terrible massacres of the Armenian Christians took place later.
Ури
But, for the time being, at least, the Turkish) Empire had been bolstered by force of British and French arms. However, it was neither strengthened nor regenerated, and its collapse was inevitable. In course of time, her misrule in the Balkana called] again for European action.
2. What do you know of the Meiji"Restorat 100?" #ROW
how it affected conditions in Japan.
In 1867, the last of the Tokugawa Jnogwis, Keiki, was overwhelmed by the problems that con- fronted hiz, and he resigned. Thus ended 264 years of Tokugawa rule, and political and military power was restored to the new Emperor. The new Emperor was a 15 year old boy, Mutauhito, but throughout his reign, he was usually known as the Meiji Enlightened Rule. The Meiji kule lasted until 1912, and at the end of it, Japan had been transformed into a progressive modern world power. Although the changes taking place during the Meiji era werë mostly the work of his advisers, yat Meiji himself contributed much to his country,
when Keiká surrendered his power to the boy Emperor, the Meiji Restoration was accomplished from then on, the Shogun was stripped of his wast estates, and his supporters crushed. In 1868, the the Maiji moved his capital from Kyoto to Edo, which was nearer the
thes and renamed it Tokyo, The castle built by the Tokugawa became the ImperiÄL
ilace,” In April 1868, the Meiji declared that "Knowledge shall be sought all over the world, and the new policy of the government was announced: "in the Charter Oath. The Emperor promised to cal?
assemblies to discuss government affairs. Equality was granted to all classes of people, laws were to be unde on the basis of justice, and the Emperor also declared that he would rule according to public opinion. But a democratic form of government was not wovided for, and the Emperor still returned all power. But he would carry out reforms: to do away with the evils and injustices of the pest, and these reforms were to be a gift from the throne. The sin of these reforas was to preserve Japan from foreiz, agarrasion and to raise it to the itatus, en Jayme by foreign powers. In time, she would abolish 11, mequal treaties signed with -the west, and if possible, embark on the even more
ambitions project of territorial expansion. The reforms which the Emperor decreed came thick and fast, and touched on almost every aspect of
Japanese Life,
NG KO
The war opened with the British and French fleets ordered up the Dardanelles as a kind of guarantee, thus breaking the Straits Convention of 1841. Thin-was followed by the Russian victory over the Turkish fleet at Sinepe, and this led te a declaration of by Britain and France. On doing #e, the British and French governments had the support of their respective nations, as in both sountries, there was a popular sentiment againsì Nicholas, who was the most despotic monarch ani Európe,:: who had deprived the Poles and Hungarians of their liberty. The oritish and French peoples
vare delighted at the prospect of striking a blow #gsinst Nicholas,
The early months of the war, daw the allied
"musopssfully royting the Russians from Bahia and Moldavia. The Russians withdraw to'
a Russian naval base on the Crimean peninsula. The Allies decided to lay siege to Sebastopol, which fell only after long months of hard fighting in the midst of a severe Crimean winter.... The Allies were hampered by lack of supplies, appalling hospital conditions at Scutari (which là tựr en improved considerably with the arrival of Florence Nightingale and her band of nurses) and the shocking bangling of their officers; The last remulfed in the ill-fated Charge of the Light Brigade in which over 600 British officers and men were led on a suicidal mission.
In 1855, Nicholas I died and was succeeded nia son Alexander 11, who had never supported thë far, and who was anxious to terminate the
to turn his attention to more pressing sat home, Negotiations were opened with ilies, and peace was none)udied at Paris in
Dr the Treaty of Paris,” the Black Sea was
izez, as was the lanube, The dussians, were det to build on fleets or fortifications in the Black Sea, and it was opened to all merchant vessels. Moldavia, ħallachia and Serbia were to be. independent, although still under the nominal suzerainty of the Sultan. A clause also providea chat. Holdavia and Wallachia were to have separate
peranta, and were prohibited from being joinas. skher. Russia was to abandon her claim to the
stion of the Christians in the Turkish Empirsa turn, i the Sultan promised to carry out
[ere was «gona ( reason toʻterm the Crimean War) [ths: most futile wariin history, because all the..
1968 中學入學試試題預習專欄
算術科
(十三)單利息的計算
(++)
·
·風若圖。
利息的計算典百分迭相似,本金等於母數,利息等於子數,「利率』*時期」確於成數。 利部分三種,按年计算的4年學,以年創單位;按月計算的四月利率,以月為單位;按日
以日錢單位。日利又分當利其實利,當利不分月之大小,均以三十天計算,資利則照 該月之實際日數計算,其無法如下:
#
科學
**
-A
---
一運
一分
一直
10 %%
1 %
1 %
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.1% 0.01%
0.0001
0.00001
利息的計算公式如下:
1利巻一本金×料室×時
©**-*E+ ( #8 × 5501 ) 利率 利息+(本金×時間) G##-#+ (*«»HM) 5本利和
小布料,
0.001%
(例一)貳露人向銀行貸款3500元,年利閘一分,一年三個月應付利息多少?
解貸價35000 元是本金凝
L
興捷年團一年三個月應盘:
a
4
1.35000 × 12% x 152507
1
4
(例)憎歌1160元,單利息計算,一年付利息167.04元,月利率。
***BER • ##SUARIO -
167.04%+ (1160×12) -0.012- 1,2 %
(魏三)某人分在甲乙两銀行各有2000元,算年利,乙每月利,我必都是七萬,一年半後,共
得本利若干?
1
解 甲銀行的利率及時期是76x18
乙銀行的利及時期是0.7%¥18
2
#*#2000× (1+76 × 1——+200098 × (1+0.7%×18)
-44620
2
(我)961年8個月的本科共籍5760元,開利息我少?
#5750+ ( 1 + 9 % × 150000
的利息是5750元-5000元-750 元
練習十七
1本金3000元,年利6萬,一年四個月的利息多少?
2借欸5400元,月利1%,一年九個月的利息多少?
6年利一分12年4個月的利息是560元,問本金多少?
6本盒1400元*月利計算,一年伞夜得利息226元8角,求月利率。
5王先生向人借斯2000元,年利七溫,間報若干時期需付利息225元?
6某人向銀行借款5000元,月利6厘,一年後應理本利多少?
7甲每月淄者200 元,伯把2年備書的60%借給乙,訂明月利七區,八個月樣
我國本利若于P
1某商行窠主向甲乙两銀行各貸欸3000元,甲算年利,乙算月利,利慈都是七
後共付息多少?
3月0,8%,十一個月的本利共月1849元6角,求本金。
@甲於1月16日向乙個賺2500號,打明日利八區,實利計算,8月31日應遠本利
附糠智十六答案
1
O Z-20+40% — 33————% -300
3
4
3格月入息700元×80% +28—% 1960
7
I
ORZEI › BZIĦA25% + ( 1 − 25% ) — 395
3 1酸教貨品之定價為1,
UTSTRE 1 × (1+ 20% ) x85% ] – 1 – 2 # 1 OZ#7807+ (1 -33%) -1200
3
#ZÉPS (120π-807) +80= 50%
3
3加滚欲部時可行(108哩+3)×(1+25%)=454
10.8 故時間可以絃少3小時一時時35分
45
5
7两件貨品的定價2.7元+(90%-75%) -18元
SEBRARTES.
Firstly, a strong Japan must de umIT, SINĮ therefore, centralization of authority was necessary. Feudal fiefs were abolished in 1871 and in their place, prefectures were set up. These prefectures were administered directly by centrally, appointed civil officials. The former daimyos were stripped of their land, and instead they received, stipend from the imperial government, who also undertook to shoulder` their debts. A new order nobility was created out of the daimyos, so that they might keep their social status. In 1873 a new land tax was announced, by which 3% of the total. value of the Land was to be paid by the landlord. This amount remained constant even if the harvest was poor. This tax was payable in currency but not in kind. The effects of this land tax on the ordinary peasant were enormous, for he had to sell; his crops at a low price in order to get the currency to pay. His life became a grim one, and
• many peasants left their farms and drifted to the new industrial cities looking for work. Industry wạo thus provided with cheap labour and productiona increased. But because the averagesilapanese income was small, goods found à pour market åt nome.) There was need for overseas markets, and this influenced Japanese foreign policy.
Economic and industrial changes also took place. A uniform decimai currency was introduend and banks were founded. In the 1880s, industry waż mostly in the hands of the Zaibatsu, which were huge? financial and industrial combines, such as the Mitsui, Kusubushi and Sumitomo, These Zaibatsus had the blessings of the Japanese government, and industry made great progress. At first prominence was given to heavy industry such as production of steel and iron for the manufacture of guns and ships for national defence, later, more emphasis usa Zaid
on light industries'such as the i manufacture of taxtiles. In 1868, a postal and telegraph system was already in operation, and in 1872 a railmy 'system was started between Tokyo and Yokohama. In 1885, the Japan Mail Shipping Line was formed.
Education was not ignored. A ministry of Education was set up in 1871. In 1872 compulsory primary education for 6 years was introduced, and thousands of primary schools were built. Secondary and technical schools wäre established, and the Tokyo Imperial University was opened la 1877. Foreign instructors cams in large numbers and weNLATM subjects such as sciense, mathematics and foreign langages were emphasized. In addition,mážátary académies, employing foreignere varo Zonas Instead of the SamurS recruited from the.
«larga standing spur us
Forstin was jus
based on the Ge
moda2.
Aand-them
©F£» ( 84FF× 3. -ƒ+16) → (84F7+165 ) =19%
4
7
}
@BIDEA #IBA+ [ ( X −33~~~~%) × ( 1 −40% ) ]–45A
I
3
2
OFF240%× (75%%+ 66 ——— -58 ---+ 2 -100%0
3
已有240元×75%~100元~80元 所有240元-100元180元~60元
3
(本爛逢聶期一、三、五判出)
in 1889, a Constitution was únnótmfed by the? Emperor. It was very similar to the German one, The Emperor was the bead of state, and commander-in-) chief of all military forosa. He decided foreign policy and he alone bad the power to declare war on! 'sign treaties. There was a Diet consisting of 2 Houses - the House of Peare was filled with the Emperor's appointees from the newly created order of nobility. The House of Representatives consisted of 300 popularly elected candidates who serve a term of four years, However the property. qualifications for both voter and candidate were very high. Another noteworthy achievement of the Meiji era was the revision of the criminal Commercial code. The prime motive of legal reform was to hasten the abolition of extraterritoriality. This was achieved in 1899.
The result of these refores was to make ja PBD) 1 the Britain of the East, powerful and modernised. She avoided the calamities that befell China in the 19th century, and her status and prestige increased. With her newly acquired strength, she was able to repudiate all unequal treaties with the west. Yet throughout the years of change, when there was all- out adoption of things foreign, the Japanese kept their distinct character. They still believed in the divinity of their Emperor and that their homeland was the Land of the Goda. But when the 20th century broke, the wholesale strengthening had been very successful,' for Japan -was among the 8 countries that marched into Peking in victory in 1900.
4
Questions for next vonica'
AL
L. What were the causes and results of the Russo- Turkish War of 1877? Did Disraeli really bring “Passe with Amour" to England?
2775kg. did the Revolution of 1911 succeed whereas,
others had failed. 7.
4
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