1968-01-13 — Page 11

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地理科 (+-)

Geography (111)

{17-yDerine "one vormi hinterland® „Velimit the

hinterland of Panang and that of Singapore on a sketch map of Malaya. Then briefly: account for the growth of each of the se porta (nal (The term "hinterland*" signifies the sphere of influence of a port, the areal from which it derives its exports, and within which it distributes its imports. The hinterland of a port can cover a vast area.it.comminication is well deve itoped.

The ports of Penang "and: Singapore] owe their growth largely to their site, position and rich hinterland,

Fenang, also known as Georgetown„Í (19 on a rocky island off the western

coast of Malaya at the northern end of). the Malacca Strait. It has a natural deep water harbour which is sheltered. from the south-easterly winds by the island itself. The port is linked to the cainland by railway ferry. It is the first) port-of-call for ocean liners from Europe and India and the last-port-of-call for boats going to the opposte direction. The

interled of Penang incidues north-west and central Malaya which produce tin ore and rubber. In addition, it is an entrepot port for parta of Burma and Thailand and North Sumatra. It is a free port and has many minor industries such as rubber-milling, coconut oil extraction, tin-ora smelting [and the building and repair of boats,

From India

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From June

To Alor Star

GEORGETOW PENANG ISLAND

{From the East

RICE

BUTTERWORTH

TO Ipan

Singapore has an ideal natural harbour and da one of the world's leading ports. The isl is located just off the southern extremity of the peninsula of Malaya and is connected with Malaya by rail and road over a causeway. The Halacca Strait focuses the routes from the

Kintnoton

32. Divide Indo-China into geographical regions on

a, sketch map. On it show the chief drainage systems and the capital cities for the four political divisions. Give an account on each of these regions.

Ana.

On the basis of differences in physcial conditions and subsequent land use, Indo-China may be divided into the following geographical regions:

(1) The Mountainous rackbone

This is an extension of the Yunnan Plateau, Its northern section is broad and has beer deeply dissected by rivers. In its south, the plateau is tilted, giving rise to a steep seaward, slope but a more gently eloping inland edge. The numerous ridges aot as an effective to eastest communi

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cations

Where the

the ranges intercept the nonsoons, heavy rolier rain occurs. This is a wet region with over 80° of annual rainfall. TheJuly temperatures lie between 70

10 January, it is relatively cool ( betweed 60 and 70°F). Being thickly forested, the least accessible, and unhealthy for human habitation, the area is very sparsely po- pulated. Here live the primitive peoples. Hunting and food-gathering, together with shifting cultivation of yans, maize and dry padi, support these groups. On account of its inaccessibility, only small quanti-

ties of teak and valuable woods are export Led.

.The Sorthern dowening also produce coal, zino, phosphates, iron ore and gra phite. Mineral produce are sent down to laiphong and enable the latter to develop into an important industrial tom. (2) The Red River Basin

BONGKON

Far East and from Western Europe on Singapore. Besides, it fe at the crossroads of south-east Asia and an important mid-way stop for the aeroplanes flying from Europe to Australia., It is able to provide fuel, water, water, repair facilities, as well as the normal Zoading and unloading facilities. Its binter land includes the whole of southern Malaya, áë far as Kuala Lumpur and the whole of the east Kalayan coast. Much of the ta de is of an “ entrepot nature. Exports that go to 0.5. A., Western Europe and Japan include the primary materiale ohiefly, e.g. rubber, petrol and oila, apices, palm oil, coconut oil, copra, canned foods end bottle drinks. Importe in- clude the manufactured goods from those Industrial arene, such as cotton-gdeda ana rice. There is a vast trade with parts of

Malaysian Federation and with South-east Asia/ countries, incidding normally Indonésia, Thai land and Burns. The city of Singapore serves! as a commerical, religious, administrative, as well as industrial centre with food pro- cessing, rubber factories, tin smelting, shipbuilding, coconut oil extraction,and} a few others.j

faindia s

South Africa/

SINGAPORE

RUBBER

MAINLANO.

Australia

The Red River and the neck kiver carry heavy loads of silts and sediments which accumulate in the delta area. The frequent occurence of levess implies the disastrous results whengger flooding breaks out. July temperatures rise as high as 80 F or 90°F. but the winter temperatures generally fall below 70 F. Rainfall lies between 60" and 80" per year, brought largely by the North

east Monsoon which comes during the mothe from November to March. The fertile and flat stretches of alluvial soils combined with the suitable climate make this region.

and densely peopled spot in Indo-China, the farms are very small, but the high population densi ties (1,500 persone per square bile) ren- der it readily vulnerable to famines. Padi occupies the greater part of arable fields, with maize as the second crop. Two crops of padi are harvested each year. Sugar, cot fer cotton and mulberry are the minor crops. Few cash crops are grown compared to the south. Hanoi md Haiphong are the chief towns of the Red River Delta.!

the most intensively cultivate g

(3) The Annap Coastal Lands

The alluvial coastal plain is narrow and not continuous, interrupted at places where the Annam Highland reaches almost to the coast. Rainfall is higher than that in the. Red River Basin. In places, it amounts to over 80", the major part of which comes with the winter N.E. monsoons, while summer typhoons lessen the summer drought. So, the climate is more equable. Three crops of

padi may be grow. Ten offee, cotton and

sugar cane are grown. Population density gradually decreases from north of south. A railway runs from Ranoi to Saigon passing through Hue, a typital town on the Ahnam coast.

(4) The Mekong Delta,

This is an area of fertile alluvial Lang providing that the drainage is good. This is the newest part of Indo-China to be set- tled because development had to wait for the large-scale reclamation work and the application of modern drainage methods. July temperatures lie between 80°F and 85 F, the January average is 75 F. The au- nual range is lower than that found in the Red River Basin, partly because it lies

nearer

it is uns@quator, and partly becausʊ

influence of maritime air: masses. The Tonle Sap Lowland and the lover Mekong delta are relatively shelter- ed from the moisture-laden winds by the Annan Bighlands and the Cardamom Hills and

日三十月一年八六九一腊公年七十五中

consequently have a lower rainf82, In

places, precipitation is lower than 60". 7 omtrast to the population pressure exist-

ẳng đó the north, this area carries a much lower density (about 450/nq.mile), Farm holdings are equally large, be there is a Lack of labour, only one crop of padi per year is grom. Large quantities of padi ar exported. Minor cash crops are cotton, pepper, tobacco, coffee and indigo. Small amounts of tung oil, rubber, kapok, jute and segamum are also produced by amali❤ holders. On the seaward margin of the del- ta region, mangrove swampa provide firewood and obarcoal. Saigon and Cholon are situated on the River Salgon and have a combined population of 2 million. These are the dus) mercial and industrial centres of the Me~. kong Delta."

(5) The Tonle Sap Lowenas i abu tuë vargazon Hills) Lake Tonle Sap was once an arm of the sea. This lake overflows its banka yearly, owing to the back-bracking of tum Mekong water upstream in flood-tios.

This saves the Mekong Delta from severe flood- ing and converts the lake shores anto fertile lands for padi. The Lake varios m size tremendously between the wet and dry seasons, because it is very shallow. The climatic conditions are similar to tho 20 found in the upper reaches of the Mekong Delta, Rice again is the main orop. The Lake is a rich fishing ground and exports dried add fresh fish. Cotton, pepper, toy

bacco, kapok, ca fee and indigo are growi as cash crops. Rubber plantations are widely scattered. In its extreme south- west, the forested Cardanon Hills formy a barrier to transport and communications. Fopper is cultivated on Chinese-owned plantations on the wetler seaward-facing slopes.

(6) The liekong valleW |

RARIES

The helong River forms the boundary dem tween Thailand and Indo-China for more tian 600 miles. It is an important means of transport and communisation. Important tributaries run down from the Annan High- lands and deposit rich alluvium. The 5.7. monsoon, on ascending the Anriam alopes, is responsible for the heavy relief:: doimpour, ita infall varies between 60” and 80". This region is still largely unm developed, thought, climatically and structurally, it is reasonably well e Roved ice is the dominant crop where sedantary agriculture exists. Elsewhere soifting cultivators and lumbermen live

Regions of Indo-Chino

Black Rive

NORTHERN

Questions for next week

&M COAS

LANDS

19. Write a brief geographical description of Luzon (Philippines) under the following headingsi rele f, climate, agriculture, communication and chief tous.

20. Draw a map of Indonesia and name (a) the FDAM loving islandu: Java and Madrua, Sumatra,

Borneo, Celebos, Holuccas, the Lesser Suna; Islands (Bali, Lombok, Sumbava, FloraS, Sumba and Tigor), Banka, Billiton (b) the following towns; Medan, Padang. Palembang. Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, Bandung, Manado, Nacassar (c) the following water areas:Strait of Malacca, Java Sea, Flores Sea, Banda- Sea Celebag Sea, Strait of Macassar. On the map, show the direction north, and put in the equator, latitude 18 S, and longitude 110°.

Explain why (a) Java is able to support such a large population, and (b) Indonesian Borneo is one of the least developed islanda in Indonesia.