1968-01-12 — Page 13

REFERENCE

請#$%

1968

冷藏物

頁 第張劑.

日三十月二十年未T摩 12 JAN 196GH KIU YAT PO

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(十一)

英文中學會考試題預習專欄 歷史科

依 帆

History (11)

what were the causes and results of che Russow.

Jananese War?

when the eight nations invaded-Peking in the sumer of 1900, Japanese soldiers numbered among those who were marching in victory along with the western powers. They were secure in the knowledge that during the past fifty years, Japan had raised herself from a backward feudal nation to one that

· ranked equally with other powers. She shared in the indenmity paid to other powers, and her Meiji Emperor received a mission of apology from China, - just as Germany did. From 1900 onwards, Japan 'begar to take an increasing part in the affairs of the Far cast, and while the European countries were engrossed with the events in Gurope that would lead to world war 1, she strengthened her position in Korea and Manchuria,

Japan's enmity with Eussia existed Long before the Russo-Japanese kar broke out. It began as early as 1861, when kuasia acquired the Maritime Provincea and when she tried to seize the island of Tsushima from Japan. This failed only when the British intervened. In 1875, Japan accepted the Russian offer of the Kurile Islands in exchange for Sakhalin, although Sakhalin was the better bargain, In 1891, news of the commencement of the Trans-Siberiar hiliway caused much anxiety among the Japanese, wno. realized the military and economic significance of the railway. It was then that Japan understood that the obstacle to her expansion in North Eastern China was Russia because that area was not large enough to accomodate two powers..

During the Sino-Japanese war or 1874-1895, Japan had succeeded to gain control over Korea and the Liaotung Peninsula. At that moment Japan was only interested in the exploitation of the arbas. Għa had gained and was not yet very interested in Manchuria, But Hussia refused to recognize the Independence of Korea and frequently interfered in her internal affairs. In 1896, the two countrie game to an agreement – the Yamagata - Lobanoff- Protocol - by which both countries could "helpe "Jointly the Korean government to modernize the

court ry, but hussia continued to interfere in Korean affairs, and a further agreement had to be concluded the Nishi - Kosen Convention in 1878.

but the greatest blow to Japanese pride cane 1897, husate coveted the Lisstung Peninsula with dis warm water port, Fort Arthur. In 1897, she joined with France and Gerzany in the Triple Intervention and forced Japan to give up the Peninsula in returpo for in additional indemnity. Faced with the might of three great European Fowers, Japan could only give in. But a year later, in 1898, hussia obtained from China the lease of Port Arthur and Diren, dapan. started under the humiliation. In 1900, when the Boxers were rampaging throughout northern China, Russian troops cecupted Manchuria. In 1901 Japan asked fiussia to withdraw from Manchuria, but no promises were made,

In 1902, Japan entered into an Alliance with Great Britain because the latter was suspicious of Russian designs in the Far East By this Anglo- Jananese Alliance, the two countries agreed to rema in heutral ff either was attacked by Russia. But if a third power came to the help of Russia, then Japan and Britain were bound to help each other. This alliance was of tremendous importance to Japan. es sho had the world a greatest naval power on her side: and she felt free to stand up to Russia.

The Immediate cause of the war came in 1902. Bussia "promised to withdraw her troops from Manchuria ̇in three stages, to be completed by 1903. But only the first stage of the evacuation was carried out and when aussia was asked to define the status of Hanchuria, a very indefinite reply was given. Early in 1904, Japan, without formal declaration of war. attacked the hussian fleet in Port arthur. The:

parise than laid siege to the Russian Army in Farb arthur, but the fortress did not fall until early 1905.

The Russians decided to relieve Port Arthur by san, and sent the Baltic Fleet halfway across the world. wo doubt their journey could have been. shortened by passing through the Suez Canal, bur, this was closed to them because of Britain's alliance with Japan. When the baltic Fleet finally reached the straits of Kores, the Japanese were walting for them. In a great naval engagement off the laland of Psushia the Japanese defeated the hussian Fleet. By September of 1905, both belligerents welcomed the intervention of the United States ano accepted the invitation of the American President Theodore Roosevelt to mediate. A peace treaty was signed at fortsmouth the same year. By this treaty, Russia recognized Korea as the special schere of influence of Japan, and promised never ta interfere in the affairs of that country again. Both countries agreed to the withdrawal of their troops from Manchuria, and the leasehold of Liaotung Peninsula, Port arthur and Darien reverted back to Japan. The aouthern. half of the island of Sakhulin was “ceded to Japan in lieu of an indemnity.

The effects of this war were great. For nussia her defeat at the hands of the "Britain of the cast" added one more item, to the long list of grievance the Russians had against Czardom. There was a great demand for reform, and the Czar had to consent to a parliament of sorts to appease his people. For

日

has mar success had truly elevated has to tho.

er hareat powers, and she was encouraged. u. her policy of alikession towards Cnina. nnd as for

China, the war had been fought on Chinese territory. and those who suffered most had been the: Chinese

civilians. The Ching Lynasty was further whi

discredited because of its inability to prevent the two foreign belligerents from warring on her soil, and this quickened the demand for change.

2. Give a bries account of the revolutionary movementa in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1848, and say, why they failed.

... from the end of the congress of Viema to prun, the Austrian Empire was ruled with an iron hand by its Chancellor Hetternich. Because he wished to

preserve in its entirety the Austrian Empire, even, with its different races and creeds, he set up a severa censorship everywhere, and supervised education and foreign travel, his reactionary sysɩem was so successful that there were no disturbances in the Empire even in 1830. But by 1848, the laxity and idleness of the Austrian administratora had enabled/ the liberal ideas to seep slowly but surely into the Empire. When the news of the French Revolution of 1848 reached Vienna, there was great excitement. Students and professora held a great demonstration, and a riot resulted. The rioters demanded the dismissal of Metternich, and a day later, the.

Chancellor was fleeing like a criminal. The emperor' had to promise à Constitution in austria, che abolition of press censorship and the establishment of a national guard.

The events in France also ariected other parta! of the Empire, In Hungary, the expression of its onational feeling was the most highly organized. The Hungarians had long enjoyed a separate Diet, but at the same time, Hungary was an intensely backward. state, with the nobility still preserving ita. feudal privileges over the peasantry and enjoying complete exemption from taxation. Immediately after receiving the news of the Revolution in France, the Hungarians under the fiery journalist Kossuth

demanded that Hungary should be placed on an equal. footing with Austria eijogging a separate Ministry. and that the nobles privileges should be abolished and a Constitutional system be established with..

lbert of the press, of meeting and of asapoist10. The Emperor as. King of Hungary, gas to be the sole zamining Fink with Austria. A national army was rateed, a national flag adopted and Hungarian sambassadors appointed to foreign countries. The powerless Emperor Ferdinand had to accept there changes.

Meanwhile unrest had also developed In Bohemia, The Czechs framed Constitutional demands similar those of Hungary. The Croats in Croatia: cemanded restoration of their ancient rights and the nustrians were driven out of Lombardy and Venetia -in hortherm Italy. In Germany, princess ware making- frantic concessions to save their tottering thrones

hichin the single month of March 1848, tho tetternich system krvrtëression entirely collapsed. The Empire seemed to be on the verge of dissolution, In May, it touched its lowest depths, and the Superor and his family suddenly left Vienna for Innsbruck on the frontier, from Innabuck pegan the work of counter revolution. The Court was able to communicate with its sympathizera in various parts of the Empire, and it encouraged the divisions which had developed among the revolution ries, it made use of the racial hatreds which so on appeared. In June, the salvation of the Austrian Monarchy seemed to be in aight. In that month, a Congress of lays met in Prague, the capital of

Bohemia, to discuss possible warp of orgnizing their Kinahip, but disagreement soon appeared. The Germans in Bohemia wished to incorporate the stete. into the united Germany soon to be formen. The Ceeche ¥ished to restore Hohenda to its unokant statue of an independent kingdom subject un

the Emperor, Fighting broke out between the Czechs and Germans in Prague. The Austrian Governor of Prague, Prince Mindischgatsapp decided to restore order by force. He bombarded the city into submission. The Emperor's authority in Boheras was restored.

In Hungary, une minority races of Groats and coumans demanded the same independence from the Hungarians. But, this was denied them. Jellacie, the leader of the Cheats, decided that loyalty to the Superor would be more advantageous than revolt, and persuaded the Coats to declare war on hungary. For à while, he was held back and part of his army had to aurrender. But Jelacic and his remaining troops were crdered to Vienna when another outbreak occurrsu. there, Jellacie joined with Windischgratz, the hero of Prague, and their combined forces bombarded.

Vieina into submission. At the same time, there came the news that the austrian general Radetzky nad defeated the Italians, and austrian rule was reestablished in Lombardy.

The Imperial Authority was now .restored everywhere except in Hungary, and the dustrian Government directed its entire energies against that rebellions state. Kossuth had declared Hungary an independent republic with himself as governor-president, he carried out a surprisingly successful campaign against the Austrians, and th latter were even driven out of the country. The Austrian Government, unable to make an impression on the Hungarians, appealed to Russia for help.

Czar Nicholas, a great hater of revolutions as The republics, was only too willing to help. By July, 1849 the Russians from the east, the Austrians from the west and the Croats under Jellacic from, the south had surrounded Hungary, and the Hungarians capitulated, Kossuth fled the country, and the last Hungarian Army laid down its arms. It only remained for the Austrian government to restore its power in double firmness.

That the Empire was able to restore order in its house was due largely to two factors: firstly, the Intervention of Husyia, and secondly, the

五期盎

現代藝術欣賞

期

日二十月一年八六九一脚公年七十五闔民華中

繪畫研究及實習

‱

主講人:江倫碩士

主講人:莊申碩士

十三

·地:尖沙胝彌敦道讣機群與大度

五 學費-全期六十元。 【時間:下午七時十五分至九時十五分 日期,一九六五年三月十五日起第一個

一 元明清國對鑑定 路費:全期三十五元 時間:下半五時半至六時:

地蚓:大會堂八撖北魚湯 日期:一九五八年二月十六日誕臣

,

中國唐史

水諜溼共十二闊,醚二小時。旨在一守年常會間接砣直接受到此間各不良臣行爲就立頸和時加以制止及煞戒。如此潑 六四)會無缺乏正當之活動。一般嘅之實,父母致子女:子女若有歌德之

年【有照格限制者悄外。

一之際,對頂個別名家作品之鑑定。所討

同垓發之研吝搭接收送一 及時間上課,若為声改,閶部冷男行五

| 沙唱聯的背號瑞興大於十三陽該部。 十一,並加國,超同名格,那洛克龍 月变躪,可以一出中文學」名義蓢 行毆九酇旺角分行)中文呔廖所變版,趙

花語語

EN楼 -地點:旺角翮敦預六〇一獒㳦京銀

尘器人主呂客琨先出. 一萬化。雲難記消吾國繪蜜思想之賞序性,求刺激,將無餘精力發洩於攀降,電影院一 於警亦期間话盈好動,受到此稅風落影 日愛,李忠號,李敬親熱必然的事

主講人:李達先生 者能從嶄新之角度,支鼦载中國杏湖棒術

,王孫、王亞、王源、吳成、如為不 作品鹹妈辨別之法。 主露人:莊宇碩士

以海內外公私費品為例, 上列各名家

|宁酒吧|公衆溪所,威然事招。说说洲政治主奥和

| 行

原費:全恻沉十元

時間..下炉上降菫北時 日期:一九六六片六日起凡星期 地點..旺角鹦彩道六〇一號區與與

吳跽程觀止報名。可傑「無體上, 由大按進部出版業開之米半分析帶里苡位的比灏;

·音樂欣賞初階(上)

李賢:全期二十元 時間:下午六時至七時 日期:一九六八年三月四日詞,每星 地點:尖沙咀彌敦道北三號瑞宾大厦

日期:一九六八十一月十二日起學期五

百年歇发各主導作曲代代影作品

開始接受入學申請

中文大學校外部春季課程

·中大校外進修部規定之名手織加 九六八年学科,現崮始抽入學一無稈影都仿形列下

可參加進修 八歲以上人士: 不論學歷與經驗均 大部份均以國語或粵語上課 十

## (D).

·追(包括衤凱歌佔透,各種古典舞,組 日期:一九六六年二月十六日起毎星||藝術,(十一爾無術等。

件管絃樂器的音色及性能;四各風主胜出,你没在高機動上百時有一 「題音樂,絕些曲,與各类等;我期至一九六七年之現代高科↔(17印 問:與光學藝術,(十)境與「發中

「黨派,(二)夜州印象派,「三)野獸派 地;尖沙胝爾散道北 號均與大質 上 市現淚,八八》顧過媽滑,八九 曲,呜個,在寫曲,交響曲,定血,標 柑當好用能力。本课程將包括由十九世紙 貤表現渢,八四】現代級)(万) 派與張來派,八六》達及超現實淤,

「中國雕刻(一)俗世藝術

本課程共十四,第一小時,分两

於該藝術。 当中國走餓雕刻之飛史傳熱。

部份:(一)中國台北藝術(二)中國處,人物,在馬號「實有相當園獅者 光酸時宣佈。 第二部份之露送内,將之第一部份 之不同風格及觀念,(二)討論區姆品,整評論,個別搶灘,溫畫研究等。噼楨學 主術及其在地理上之分佈術形,()箋入研,幹的好動小對不改變

·第一部紗獠氧於()函館時祧作供評,命為包作,成智聰師, 人出。內得慰被师代名監欣賞, *說西十四幕。凡巨塔「中國山 一堂,換個性,引 還創作爲官

,均由無媽白性。 ,均可參加拣然固修标。但跳藝療雜 ,及北雅雄間王城之言係。对好?一嚀特瑯將該言論,並介紹現代藝術各荷 凡十八號以上A出,不回應無與深魚 一個越者所證,該院一篇目,並活而行之變後目的。太熱型不限安格 妙紋、尖憚膠、黑水、沿、原體優等 [

熱傑員能界一反三, 一的。內容包括當裨制費之將狀、劉症、凡通計上好淅均可報名參加,上課 本闕共十二牌,二小時,初二,以無證對本洪要衒毌與世界藝 *熱鍪六十二裤,爲迎合本地33 安寺區官官設。管在許灣更多不同風 對計杌U此,少證生至驗,黨慶寳向商,本課程以現代美術觀點,去延释法体被

·中國宇法現代 灣宦之毀麼,其收商們多數。之臉與巧,並往墅龍及創作一道,在學員領悟及辨認個別宠之途徑6. . 本課閣共六講,每一小時,中戍日 出個國際。 在一年禍得歇業日本人士著說之喜愛,一作之野家計有:(一)元朗之说公望、有用,正當有知心身之活動?梁,故不惜追

日期,一九六八年四月十五日起星期的威脅,她們感到有反抗的必要。 一獅威脅。爲堅持其利益,青年工人向資方 ,地點?旺角彌敦飕六〇一號感到與澳的弊端及號育制度的類頻的店改,使出平盛世之社會賽,則不應有危害社會安寧 (六)勞安問題的糾紛,此問題爲注 一年對出路間顯君感不安和德慧。這還常時顯了太守政治之名而不知政治之實的毛病。 《五》現行激育制度的弊端。會考利濕之好難,但求學青年,尤其是康的太 青年人是社會之典媒,上代之格 荦間之强解出將是整個社會芯對禕。C用 何對此問題在世的意見都总有價值的。 於此式及前没透徹底牧平之前,任

地點:大會堂八樓南阿里·

犯的不想政迤

易民治

號

日期:一九六八年四月十九日起岛|學生,設業衝破,我補低師護師。由是書一你成性,不滿紙道,還反鷸視之學生一定 (三)缺乏適合激育及家庭環境不良,冷除他們的不良習獎。

·時間?下午七時至九時半

故父母來館湯咲對子女們施行家庭教育的學校優祀。

國深造

香港青年問題 有线船, 從兩次騷動看 龍與維護車約量度,

一時不良庶之道用在患無息。以下

(二)家利用密年人心理的弱壓 仿照所不用其極的圈套。 。許多恩!龍齒和實,除志立場不堅定工作,特別是福州工作,使與目前許多失 的對經常與入了野心究宣傳煽動,威迫利葉青年,經飛,就係,經當局作安前安排 珠海縣院學生會蘇文(统)洪澇安之俄梁和得军魂体委員會之類的概 ,主要是開導她們就床,改

(二)就會方面應普遍施行社會发育 ,改游他們的生活

灣諳語

全群人,中度六團獨出心先生、錫學

地點:九照動胤薀新丽戏院南部四格。有

。本港一般學校以營利爲其目的,故

有防維德 收臭

的鳄及爨帽外

學守描述成,

>校會政

性運

,入阿反 的師

dissensions among the races in the Empire. The

工决所者

勞一提不

興

Austrian Government was able to make use of the vary),

fact which had caused the trouble in the first place

the existence of a number of different rationalities It encouraged the racial jealousies between the Hungariana and the Greata and this contributed to the defeat of the Hungarians, in any case, reagtig was everywhere: triumphant by 1851, and the rebels: everywhere underwent a tightening up of control./ All concessions that had been granted at the height of the disturbances were withdrawn, Tin only achievement was the abolition of the nobles": privileges and serfdom of the paasantry, And as if to prove that all was all right with the Empire again, there returned to Vierma, Metternich, to live for Boms years yet as a revered elder statear sa

questions for next weOK.]

1. explain why attempts made to unify italy bear ore: 24 1860 failed...

2. what attempts were made by the Ching Wynasty vi

carry out reforms in China between 1905-19117

原價