育教健康
日八初月二十年未丁磨复
2016英文中學會考試題預習專欄。
經濟及公共事務科 (十 ),劉奇敏,
Economic & Public Affairs
Lecture No.: 10
The Theory of Ownership 清
The results of nationalization
Advantages
Under nationalization, the motive for establishing
particular industry is to provide a product or service in answer to an urgent demand from the oosumers. No thought, however, is given to the otive of reaping large profits, us firms do under rivate enterprise.
Examples The opening: ot the tion Hock: Tunnel in 1967
is to provide a mesas by which a link can be established between the service reservoirs in urban Kowloon and the Plover)- Cove Reservoir, as well as to ease the traffic that flowa to and from urban Kowloon and Shatin. The operation of tre tunnel is under nationalization, and therefore the charge of fifty cents for use of the tunnel by motoriste is purely incidental, and not intentional in order to provide a handsome reveans For Government,
(b) Projects that are too costly and involve an
element of great danger should be nationalizedia the interest of the public, as the government has. the means to finance,
Example: In Hong Kong, Government is the chief
landlord, responsible for providing bousing for more than 1,000,000 people. chiefly through resettlement estates and low-cost housing schemes. If our housing project is to be undertaken by private enterprise, Hong kong can never be the envy of most Asian countries today, · A
parallel. example is found 30
where the S.1.T. (Singapore Trust) is responsible for housing: population. In the United States, the goverument is responsible for the experiment and production of atomic ederal because-such a project is highly dangerous and for the safety of the public, it abonld therefore be nationalized,
(c) Nationalization eliminates wastage, as demand ano
supply can be easily equated,
Example: Have you ever heard of a goverment school that has many vacancies? This may be true. In the case of a private school. Government builds new schools according to the number of enrolmenti, and thus any possible vastage can be offectively swolded
Equal distribution of a product or service is possible under nationalization. Example:
CALIBRARY
-WẪN KHU YAT PO
CITY HALL
(b) There is completo absence of competition, whic
copulta in slow, if no, improvements in the
quality of the products or services.
Example: Before the existence of Commercial Radio,
the only wireless broadcasting station in Boog
a Radio Hong Kong whose
were stereotyped and monotonous both staticos are competing, with each other, and each is trying to introduce better and more entertaining programmes in order to attract more listeners. Listeners today, often find themselves reluctant to give ap the programme of one station, while wishing: to listen to the programme of the other, Competition, bas, therefore raised the quality of the aervicea of both stations: The same can be said for our television etations.
(c) In the face of competition, prices often drop,
since one firm will try to attract more buyera by, reducing its own prices.
Example: In a row of shops, it is not nusual
find, when one shop has started to do business on a "cheap sale" basis, the
日期瓶
例透
跳出廳,
other shops following likewise, lest they] would lose their businesa. f
(d) In the absence of nationalization it is possibis to channel the resources of the country to greater atility.
Example: Under private enterprise, the total
output of one produet in the country. beyond prediction, and so is the demand of the consumers. Hence the market price" fluctuates so that if the market price brings the producere greater profita, more resources of the country will be used to produce that product, and if the market; price brings ip a loss, the resources of the country may then be used to produce other thinga Tina, under hationalization, it is safe to allow the market price to deveruloe fo which direction the country's Endource
Under nationalization, workers tend to deve remote feeling for those in the management leve Example: The Public works Department'a employees
hardly know each other, let alone know, those who are in. the executive and administrative levels. The employées may never have the chance to see the Director) of Public Works face to facet This roma też feeling may hinder the relationships between an ennlover and his ennløvena
(f) Industries that are nationalized may prove tea
complicated in the long run to be efficiently managed because of "
Example: ILATU
Governm
industry
large for Govexl
opera
efficiency, One's attention cannot be focussed over a
(g) Nationalized industries may not always operate
the best interests of the public.
NORONG
Since firms under private enterprise: operate to make huge profits, prices ara therefore usually kept comparatively bigher, with the result that the poor cannot afford the products of the firms, On the other hand, firms under national- iastion can keep the prices lov, and this can enable many, if not all, to enjoy the praducte.
babour-management reistions can be harmoniously maintained, Example In Hong Kong, as it is ander
private
enterprise, it can be presently seen that there are poor labour-management relations, and the gap between the two in becoming wider and wider resulting in any inevitable industrial disputea as DATE baen appareat in recent years,
(1) Pirma ander nationalization can obtain capitaL
that is needed for their development and expandien more sasily (as this is actually done through the government) than by private individuals and also at lower interest rates. Example) It is easier for Hong Kong Government toj
approach the World Bank for loans than for any private firm. Government can also approach governments of other countries for finances.
(g) In providing the same product or service to a
wide area. production coata can be reduced and at the same time production methods can be simplified. and standardited..
Examples In Hong Kong, Government undertakes the
responsibility of providing water to the people. Our ·
Disadvantages
been kept as one of the lowest in the world. If ohr water supply in under private enterprise, this might not be so, since the production coat would be very much higher.
So ter charges have therefore
(4) Consumers' choice of products or services is
limited. Example: Since November, 1967 it has been foung
that our water supply is more suline than It used t to.
-bes but since our water-nupply.
is nationalized, there is nothing we can de about it, except to grin and bear it,
Framplaí Although advídóry bodies have been set up
to advise Government it public utilities
(for the sake of convenience and simplicity they are here likened to nationalized industries) are operating within the interests of the public, ar will as to keep an eye on their improvements, in/ certain cases it appears that thene bodies are moja prone to defend the u policies
of the public utilities than tɩ protect and promot麵好高好打理,
community.
1 stady of anall and large firms “
Advantages of a small fim
(as it does not require a large sum of money to Finance
the business of a small firm; our aremite overhead expenses bigh.
amall firm can be more efficiently wanaged thai a-large-firm. This argument, however, is not true If the administrative staff of a large firm is vell-trained and experi›aced and is therefore aspable of managing a large firm with equat
ufficiency. For instance one cannot doubt thay - disrge firm like the Lane Crawford is not efficiently
managed
(c) A small fire can cater to the individual needs
168 customers who can always expect to be served well especially when the proprietor himself is available comes the
eee that his customers are never given cause to complain, Saleagirla or salesme of large department stores tend to develop an indifferent attitude towards their customers, d) The business risk of a small firm in minimised, since the initial capital needed is very small. (6) A harmonious relation can be easily usintained
between the employer and his employees since the, staff employed is not large.
(1) Wastage either in the employment of staffs or
the commodities the firm id selling can be more senaily checked and prevented,
Certain services such as radio repairs or floo vaxing are best provided by small firms, since It is pointless and unprofitable to provide the sa
Services" on a large honde,
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·多所匪是艾
日七月一年八六九一公年七十五國民中
息號專年新
雪兵對秘受人前的望有
所,現爲非學術研究中心。」 (二)七開大學——「柏蓓變」,「對
有帮助。
臺銀質,江景北网冬僚,太擔 ......諸遇,亦有同耱照間。 預示眾年,英國人決信锒色複說,帶來」絕不糊述動言錫愛預算,但見他卻財值, 日一段,又彎崔論得?我們營:雙花飛六出,」文化法爾菲爾本的前然威限謊言·强調
所以,身居此地,善良辰 膠創了安定,更鍵的社會。所以,今 ,足以令人获嘉的;然而經 彔個爐,终茝 歿,振宗大戶研究生名額,皆中心地英國將,亦物作療日前已。 新年喂筑,人們姐上班,一經過了能會因,考穎的香港市民,一館,男人發出諧覺。 ,可以資優吟特,可以當汗青台來學 黃惠於民,開開遠了影視力同心,旨處來發業。苗作吉日,確認所旺,設立一個大學城,茲內財「搵丁頓政育文憑及備大校外學位,院方並安排情,反被于急 在處,且有一點風雨的花蛻變木,一些得些健硕大;再配,取話術證計寥,有些則塑出首中區大學興大學間的勢,優待女遠利益,與文科並營路程)。 英國畫畫了移動自抑的難,康纳了文,是習廉5日班工作,它量乎艮上安濟,協 會(IA英國致育部宣佈,把北明罕的,利用面授及竇播舞狂,總導差生考取普選,而學習,認爲學校透視鏡科學,不少實用 觀典建立一個機,安定行業的學—「關谋士座」,「利物浦」、「萬捷 醫學,決定擴建校舍,爾收學生,益恩會 佳節,帶著他看,相信留英,年是會有人圈葉的一年,則有成就,可以杜齒,必在城鼙本地人少:一方面盡力發斯黨」,「建精殺」,「羅薩斯举工駐院,洲人士金属我焛財統醫學。 優立了舌間工業大學:開城,巴手,拍後被葉爲歐計最大者,對宇宙現象的離精和 姜中小學及大厚教育專業,一方面很體本一」十六進行組織同業的聯合行政系統。 (十巴劔糯太壓,設「公開學院」,所以北成數,用錢。秦校委身亦物,研究,殊有效用。
·達到互助互茲的優點。其後西北區五間大 〔十一英針灸學院,傳授中國針來,翻礦難在才可 嚴重。全英國致佈會爲此間嘅作爲多次 - 新堡大學,有工程一直給,認爲嘉源增加大師榮念,改變創業間委會,為全國醫院服務。 《三》政府提倡工棠发育,两年內,交台五大天文望遠鏞啟用典说,並藏速 陰;政府醫務衛生處組成一個移殖野商 八十)英女王主持粜米格林战治天
·祝各位「新年培業,「五月動亂」,香港市民現了堅忍 記者會經過運些報常對,對香「十一月,英文景音樂」,一爲「英耎英。」好,就中學樣校年齡至高群。
、单域、點紫的情神。大柴油護:經得起 说的分析,報導,錯誤百出,大毛以藝術大學的統一組織與行政工作,美,是六,到時要補-
八萬名激熱,形豆爲十一)英藝,將作移殖肝殿試,
卜。
【吉兆。喬花(大醬山、张興化」,英國「畫了百分,小四程係。愛得衡,女一教動態維要
「所設立,大風本部校會,始建案,人
天賦之所。
「英國君治經濟體,至T第一個興,並無離反映了,害而對會東拉西,据管之路,艾感雜亂成章,英國大學生,趨向愛淑莉(十三)疏謝大學,設立「獨ent):
一,羅尼很熱亞科務,中國手,激人共同的恆心,工作勤勞的機關,相信今年的不冤,尙析讖灌頂酋,多所国正
求請入
但烈料
(十)值,政府削或各民超
(二)一年來英國女 酒吧,將與梁,劍橋娩笑。 (四)倫敦大學及理斯大學,安福特 山大學爲中心,設有商店,住宅,全案, 認退學生會面,直接對饷學習問題,課程 播出後,報名學生數千人。. 当金會捐贈一箭軍激,我六中文學院,前一灰建築學會獎,追王徵大學與劍橋,對後,預計及中臺高年級數學水準。 【著成效,但你有少數次育歉,主張難等。 - 一卡! ) 五E大革新校舍設計,濂區大學,從事高管數學教法研究,以便格高,十四,政府推行綜合性狄育理, 將來以調全英國三分之一商葉船。 (五)發育與科學部,資助竊嘉士達 究生名額、 一,但大學津貼委會,促請各大學,限制研 【播我驗中,特別聲明,絕不減少教育經只
可與度百古利』 甘在斯的英第一所標士音,在英國衆造的弗學潑,共五百六十四 二十五學年龈所第 在美国,瑞典,丹此,早已推行,英商
品樂制弗
來自義
隆隆)投教育事果,丙各盧文教 多效小,有待事實證明。
英國一週文教動態
一學生,爲動多至五六千以上,他他有多少 人才外流的明線,年年到外國升學的香港 外經費金較優於另一原因。香港恐怕亦有一云便。 八一 倫敦大學非學院,還稅五十 (甲)大專學院發展 一同倒蓓裡去賭,眞是一項疑問,希望當局一週年金禧祀念,要辦文物展館、學術演醬我用三年璽制,暴藥授予學士學位,課程 一下,有相香港居民去建設,若清的前途,豈非語安定醫學院,當強實用盡業學會之一的太空科際實驗室,對太強科纛稱死,在教育強機。
交狄動慈·路分爲甲大專學院發展,意,但有以爲空中大華,不切實用, 楮, 黃活的就會——尤其录在目前的情况,皇佐治五世親臨全特照高,爲雯的第一間,該大樓設置了一所全委國發新式,最巨大 新建證,但請特別注意肥塞後地區的小學,而以成後實在家取造的州。 :一八一碗教大學附設「系」, 国政府尚未能好好的照顧這些人才,當然,標選方式叙述,其能,一大底式成立,可以頒發各種學位。該大舉在親了一九七一年,大學生人數、至三十八寶」成立推項全作研究計劃-建僻大 格蘭東部,由祟大后伊利沙伯爲首任校長萬名。 才外流的原因多倍,陳鳳家分析,由於
(DUN DEE J大學 千人,比上年度毌加二萬四千名。預算到風水學聯繫工作委 丁其他四項月,共发者) (九)益迷迷大拳术投两項修外倒數都,雙重驗由家暴怒很厚一千六百多間,政府預備班五年時間,把
3事培食 (二)英國雄資缺乏。目前已对一些私立學校,這些不合標準學校- 估計共有 ,投考大舉養生,不以考座喜多部级科 大學碩土國博士學位,將來並交學研究 六十)教育部决定,整點不合標準的
(九)英國學校姿會,提出改變預學 乐在政府研究都高的研究,可以考
一阙魯登ēLOWDEN)小
(一)新年隨筆一個方面,出了族史上的最大暴亂,社會 一經巋打裏,烙下痕,難以突诚!香
*****) (N)..
[[S) A few consumer, services such as those provided
florists and barbers are more profitable ir.
supplied by amall firms.
Firah that do not utilise machines should be small In order to cut down overhead exponaea, E.x. painterteahop.
(1) Where the demand for a product (e.g. a newspaper).
vor service (repairing shoes) is small and limited,
it is advisable for the fim to runnin (mm)1,
Advantages of a large firm
(a) A large firm can raise more capital and subsequent
funds for expansion purposes especially if it is. a partnership firm. Banks are less reluctant to help finance the business of a large firm since the business itself is large enough to be used or accurity.
(b) Expensen of a large firm can be reduced
considerably in the long run since whatever is purchased is in huge quantities whers normal discounts are given to the firm by the
manufacturers. A large firm acts as both wholesaldı and retailer de
(c) A large firm can afford to carry ont surveya and
research experiments to Improve the products the
Consumers' choice of producta and services can be satisfied by a large firm to which different departmenta eziat to cater to the divergent needs, of the consumers,
(e) The business of a large can be developed, improved and expanded more easily than in the eage of a small firm.
) A large farm is in a position to provide subsidi
Mary services to its customers,
(Solutions to Exercise VIII are withheld for next
week dus to present pressure of space.)
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