1965-04-03 — Page 14

有二鄰張四第

日二初月三年日乙聯复

試題 預習車欄

歷史科

(十七)

(History(17)/

ANSWERS

黃文謙

WAH KIU YAT PO

By Mr. WONG Han-Hymn

(31) State briefly the results which caused by the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Kevolution was bound to bring great changes in every sphere of life. The most important.of_these charires were: (1) Political Results:

ne Industrial Revolution had very important results from the Slitical point of viawe j. We have asen that there was a great increase in production.

ddf Countries could not use up allw thest extra goods, Hence they had to find new markets. It was clear that they could not find these markets in countries which) wer also producing the same goods, unless they sold them at a lower price. So they looked to other countries and continents/ for sarkets.

[we

Again, as new industries were formed, new raw materials? required which could not be obtained in the home country. For example, rubber, copper and palm-oil could be obtained only) If Asia, America and Africa.

This led to a race for industrial supremacy. The nations)

ōng besan to search for new markets and soon found that colonies, where they had complete control, were the surest marketa, Eland, France, Germany, Italy and Belgium were the principal2

intries which took part in this race. They acquired ssessions in Africa and Asia. This commercial rivalry becane) stron that it was one of the principal causes of the Great! War (1914-1918). Ir. Surope itself the countries imposed tariffs; and duties on goods coming in from other countries. By these gens countries hoped to exclude the goods of other countries find,so,be,able to sell their own37

(2) Economic Development:-

Carmerce, industry and trade expanded enormonely. Goods were manufactured in an unheard of rate. This was due to the masa production system.

Within each state, the custrial Revolution nadeja m

difference too. The control of the government went to those who had money and power. The influence of the nobles got much less and this new rich middle-class began to control the country. At first they had acquired only the right to vote. Later, when they became stronger, they were able to form parties which haa, representatives in Parliament.

Moreover, there was a struggle within each atate for the control of industry. The old theory that existed was that of. laissez-faire. This meant that, the government should not Interfere with the individual but should allow him to direct his own business in bis own way. This of course led to many abuses. According to this theory the government could not interfere even if employers were treating their workers badly. Some government officials disa reed with this and there began a struggle between them and the employers about the amount of) control over industry the state should have.

(3) Social Changes:

The greatest change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was that it made a new division in society

the

Capitalists and the Labourers. The Capitalists were those who owned the factories and controlled industry. They became rich very quickly and had complete power over the labouring classes, who had to accept whatever wages were offered them and whatever conditions were provided for them in the factories. At time their wages were so low that they scarcely had enough to live. on, This forced them to organise themselves Into unione da lorder to secure better working conditions and better pay

The atmiggle between these two classes over wages Ins conditions of work had been going on for many years. The workers soon saw that if they did not organise they could never forcey - the rich employers to spend money on improving the factories or raising the wares, The Lormation of trade unions could enable

the workers to defend themselves by holding strikes or sabotage). and even closing down the factories, in order to force the remployers to grant them what they asked...

(32) Try to enumerate the reasons why the (European nations continued.

to resort to war in the beginning of the 20th century.

ANS.

The reasons why the, European: nations continued to resotato war in the beginning of the 20th cent rey may be summed up as Follows-

(1) Intomational Amarenys --

There are several reasons why the European nations havel continued to resort to war. The most important of these reasons is international anarchy. Anarchy means the condition) of affairs where there is no government to enforce law and keep order. For example, if there were no government in this country, and no police, and if each person were free to do be pleased, and if everyone had to carry a gun as the only maho of protecting himself -- that would be Enarchy. Now thata was exactly the state of affairs as regards natione. Every gation could do what it pleased, or what it dared, because there was no international government to make laws for the hations and to compel all nations to respect such Laws. There, was no one to restrain a strong nation from attacking its weak neighbour. The nations were like lewlesa men, and not obedient to any law or any authority. This is what we mean by intera itional anarchy.

Before the World War of 1914 there were various attempts to substitute law and peace for intemational anarchy, but non of the attempts was wholly successful. For example, in 1815, Czar Alexander had formed a "holy alliance to maintain peace, and Netterion had organized a league of the Great Powers for the same purpose, but all in vain.S

After Metternich's downfall in 1848, the Great rowers (atill continued to hold conferences from time to time, for the

dismission of intermational disputen. This kind of co-operation doubtless prevented a number of ware, but it was not sufficient to stop wars altorsther.

One of the most interesting attempts to end internationaly anarchy was made by the Czar Nicholas TI of Russia just at the close of the nineteenth century. He Invited. all the independent states of Europe, Asia, and North Americe to send delegates to a Peace Conference at the Hague for the discussion of plans to reduce military and naval armaments. The Conference met in 1899 It could do nothing to reduce the size of armies and navies, because some nations, including. Germany, objecced. However, 14 did create an International court of arbitration at Hague, by which international disputes mirht be judred is the disputing nations were willing. In addition, the Conference arew-up-a, code of laws to prevent unnecessary cruelty in warfare, Unfortwistely, there was no provision for enforcing such Laws A second Peace Conference was held at Hague in 1907, but was no more successful than the first, International anarchy] still prevailed. A war between italy and Turkey in 1911-1912 and to wars between the Balkan nations and Turkey in 1912 - 1913 showed how little the Hague Conferences had accomplishes,

(2) Territorial Diamutes:-1

Are A second Tason for wars was the existence of territorial): disputes among the nations,

The Congress of Vienna diare arded the sentiment or national self-determination and drew boundaries which were almost certain to cause trouble, Consequently, Germany, Italy, and Balofum had to win their freedom by force of arms, during th 19th century, And even after the liberation of these three nationes many dioputed teritorities remained to eidencer paaca.. For example, Italy st 11 desired certain provinces of Austrian Hungary Empire (particularly Trent and frieste) which were Inhabited by Italian-speaking people, France longed to reconque? the provinces of Alsgoe and Lorraine, which Germany had taken from her in J871. In Eastern Europe there were many "oppressed nationalities, such as the Poles and Czechoslovak, who hopen to win their independence. In the Balkan Peninsula the claims, of the various states to each other's territories caused two |wars In 1912-1913 andreamed Jikely to cause many more t

Territorial disputes might possibly have been less dangerous if all nations had been willing to recognize the principle of self-determination by allowing the people in any disputed ternitarien to cecide what nation they wished to belong Such a popular vote is called a "Plebiscitell Plebiscites were employed on several occasions in the micale of the 19th century, but after 1871 they were no longer used, No nation would run the risk of losing a province. For inntance, Germanyi. would not dream of allowing a Alsace-Lorraine or in Prussian, Polanc. Each nat

elf-determination in cases, where the nation territory thereby, and each oppose

hare there was a risk of losing something.

SCALE AM

Lieveä?

香港商業廣播電台

等穴名,於上月代

訪問珠海書院

日三月四年五六九一廖公年国中五國民黨中

科华照:已中版

以年,梁陳小港 年生,願接校篇

便制已經·仿組九,, 如據納啡五 中

育致僑華

私立中文中學聯會徵詢意見

恢復中學六年制

(中國武)村居中文中學蟲熱會考,將於下月間船行,惟導 部與FI 各球特於四

•研究建議當局參考恢復舊制 身在起見,該校小學 ‘學生證魄,獨健全

居體英文院對各

舉行遊戲日

日本大學學生

學生訪間珠海書院時於機械生層工) 本大學學生作(二) 乘搭民航班機組合北區日云。《日本大學 時,由該校學生假座新雅酒樾宴招待以示歡迎,而歡。日 一該館入口鮮紙解答。用英錄音室時,紛紛來試用,下午一 小園裝賓館廁,翻開各類參攷樹籍,尤無惡趣,提出茶問,均經

年二十幾年來,辦理觊此,頗務成績,轉於日跑袂前往訪問,由骸 日,中室、工科繪圖全、買生診療所、對該校警儂之佳、極爲釋許。 黨郁鄭担任主講,講 三驗室、機械系實習工拹、圖畫館、工科河對機器室、商科英文, 講室教請本港名藝人 月、林低樂、姚大食、筒愛道、江旡知迎迂。若同參醍物理化學究 仍假大會堂九樓南演 四【校建築工程系主任吳立下·博士斑領學生玩意芳、關對生、閻立日下午六時至八時, 中一牌會議,周國諂中,迨經營-猾事逗留,以太港珠诲醫院創校會之道,这

國¬恢詢

鬼

丟

會學仁興禮復

之孔 郎|鄭

任堂道孟講郁

報南時月,五米會

街撫 思林宜則 發

麻醬

云

曲

中文中華會試題預習專欄

(++)

上期刊出第四節明朝的預習試題,解答如下:

A、简述明代立國的經濟。

升中會考指揮使權利第卅一課

雏

播出時間 三

卅分至六時 桂卅分至九時

1965

比較下列各比的大服,

10

歷史科

第十一章比及比

歉的站,一個教相另一個藍的大规境一 量的比,在翻谶同類堊中,一四重角万一

金据或者是一個好者于部份,该域

松子 第三師 比例

籠、2:5.是屬於數的地..

鄭:2尺:尺是屬於紫的地。

在以上痢艇比中,12尺排序筋項,5和5尺篛有後頂一、创期137406:1

A 2:5 MAX 2:50 (204)

敷袭貳,由此可如,比是余数的一表前方选 伞把術兴亦要的關绿我則期下

比 醇底

在五個心對其申,3凋合稍為外顶,406狷秀内

三项,再第4項,每個比例印,爵顶粒等 一於兩船項的積之即,內x×項)

(21 15: (1) (XRD). (#) -8×15~128(7)

TRAZIO.

比鼢前須扣批貝都是整紧的攜秀整数化,如8-3醇药仙(一)(宋诺琪)

(B) == (x=27x25

起

葡理後現和比邊的糊尿,比值一前項÷後項,然

網(3):(25允:元

(0-2+-2

()(7)-8x7-3

對(4)优子香两簡單整 紫光。

-0.75

然後歷後廣去除膚顶,最吏货普庭新分于蓄是片的 一項,新立面就是比好後理,

仙 (7) 就比餐

#

練習五十五

day 821 (1) ➡25

(资料餐45元,所以县要花說算

845元+3-157元

21:1515-75

餐:5包花瓶175元。

MIZA 601 +12 13 1

Well

練習五十四:

CA)求下列各比云法语:(分)

(2) 30:45-1

·用:12人合

日可成。 则(3) 汽車每走25年獨,以戰,問走十分鐘可走蹈着

(0) 23(1)-2

何炳文·

|居禮英文書院

有遇良好的政治制度,國才能歷久不體。元代是以武力來維持約政權,當武力認國時東在 西討,建立强大的國家。等到內部腐敗、脆弱,不能再控制武力時,我亂一起,卻無法抵抗,政府

元顺帝至正十一年(公元一三五一年),黄河缺堤,天下大水,由天災起民歷,先後起事 【者有:吳天保起於培州,力國珍起於實錄,如山意擾亂江淮,徐蕊週起於翻田,郭子興起於定選! (張士誠起於泰州,劉琚建起於潁上,立韓林完蕊帝,躒友據江州,陳友定據平,何其據東館,

明珍據放统。

朱元璋,療州齒(安鳳路)人,莖正四年奪,淮北大學,腔蟲為患,瘟療流行,元璋父母 【相繼去世,乃入皇覺寺(興隆寺)。至正十二年二月,郭子興起於濂州,元壒從之,以勇敢嘗 【戰日于興并以次妻張夫人蠻女之。

至正十三年,攻克滁州,名將湯和、徐簉皆蔬釀下。十五年,子興死,元璉遼代其位。十六年 ,進多金陵,自帶吳王,先行某滅江淮霋購,再命徐、常遇饗寜師北伐,盡克山東地。至正二 十八年-元璋即立於金,國號曰明,改元洪武,是寫明太祖“同年八月,徐菌等克服天都(北

(不)元順帝出走,跟菜重光,蒙古人八十九年的統治,至此結束。洪武二年(公元一三六九年)

•徐莹、常遇老艾平定山、陝各地。四年定四川,十五年定當南,於是中國視鯽統一。

B.明太祖開國以後,有甚麽重要設施?

·

代朝代的交霖,政局、制颮機是有相當時間的混亂,明太祖開國以後,爲使人民安居樂藥, 【政治再納入正軌,於是實行下列權設施:

1.屯田:太祖撫恤洗民,整理土地,要入民復弟耕作,并免稅三年、官給耕牛、艾把人民從狹 繩(人多地少)徙往保鄉,把罪犯過往邊區塑荒 •

2.大量全國土地,普查全國人口:國家財政歲胶,以田賦露最大宗。太祖立國之初,即派員到 各地調查土地和人口,分街册異為麟册登記,贊册以爲主,詐紀各戶丁口、產物,以定稅額、魚 麟冊以地營主,隨定粮贬。

設學校:玄師戲國于近,選各州府黎生入學,由國家供給衣、食、猴一的費用,廣業得鼉 「霜官,此外,各地方亦曾設學校,教師由政府任命。供養。

4.了谢所制大很投到的之策,行闖所郜,兼征兵、寡兵之長,發三千六百人為一衛,下分 戶,每戶等,平特由政府侠耕田敞耕牛,全兵赀長,時由政府派镪持符製虿術所領兵,武力歸

在與地方政府租如何?

為宰相,下美大部(史、戶、鹽、兵、刑、工)洪武十三年(公元 (謀號,自後太旭罷中嘗名,發宰相。我把當時認令列入困睛,以後嗣看,毋 考者,卻之竄典。六部原蔬中燮名,自廢後,提高六部官秩,由天于執行案

院為監察機關,設監察御史若干人,

奏章星批。

中擠省,即因冗舊制。洪武九年,改開承宣布政使司,第一本及令,分全 江西、福建、北平、跟西、四川、山東、廣東、河南、陕西、湖膩、山國的十二承宣布政使司

繪設震南,成祖永樂年間,故北华承宣布的使司包北京,又燈,合稱兩

)京十三布政使司,以市該他管民歌、財箩。揭刑按察使管汛名(司法)。都指挥使營軍事。

备以下的識如下:

Li诜州知州》、

(粒)

故明代地方行政齦他爲三級制。

D.真例并轩游太但之耳:

(BOMA);

從漢三公九卿,唐便第三省六部,是我國中央政府之大概。明太阻罷巾變項,廢辛格,全國政 【務由他一人箤,是中央集權最深刻的减明。

若是天子能幹,政局做可維持。但明代中期嗣君,皆不似太祖關歷萬千,而是碗居宮中,未 劉世故,多爲無能、完宜之徒。於是大權操於內閣大學甲中。但大學士的工作,低形「羅缺」 (切進須天子殊批,荒懒之君,把疎批工作假察內問之手,由學做前明代宦官與權透過任何一代

大胆爲急於電,治亂世用藏刑,鐵獴述,蛛觀之協

1.岗確寐报,十多年來,家族仍被定箫刑、

2.其姓克因「親近常生,胸偶怨望」而被鞭光!!

8.徐銘、李善等開國功臣皆被害。

空印萬人

24分鐘司:x410

5.朝官早出與家人訣別,晚歸則相

6.交字獄之殺RS

7.錄和衡之橫行

24分鐘可走10理

九龍荔枝角 香港商業廣播電處。

一中會考指

地址:

(MET)

3) Militari晒3-

"Militarism", thật is to say, the maintenance of larve? military forces, was one of the most important reasons for

Militarism grew very rapidly, Louis XIV, Frederick tha】 freat, and the other warlike despota of the 18th century had) armies which would be regarded as comparatively small s measured by 19th century standards. Largar armies were mouwN YOU possdble by the adoption of conacription or compileory/ military service, during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, The final step was taken by Prissia in 1862, when she made military service compulsory for all able- bodied men.

As we lotow, Frusela promptly used ner enlarged army againat Austria in 1866 and against Frence in 1870. Prussia's success lad Austria, France, Japan, fusela and Italy to adopt, similar oystems of universal military training. Each count nyjog believed that its own army was simply for defense and that...... the armies of nel hbɔiring states were for attack. Consequently, no nation felt safe unless it had a larger, army than its rivals possessed. Each nation regarded its nei, hbours with ibar and suspicion.s

(4)i Secret Diolomacy; - L

Finally, secret diplomacy was an adoitional cause of war The foreign ministers and ambassadors of the various nations usually conducted international negotiatione secretly and refused to publish the terms, of alliances and similar agréemme,, The common people never know why or when they might be called on to ahoulder arms. At any moment they intoht be plunged into; wer to aid an ally to whom they were bound by a secret alliance. Thus in 1914 a dispute between Austria and ussia brought about a war between Germany and France, the allies of Austria and Hussia respectively. The chances of war were doubled by the fact that a nation had to fight not only in its own quarrelal but also in those of its allies.

QUESTIONS

133) What nation was beat prepared for the World War I? Give brier

accounts on the situation of the heate and Eastern frat during

the period 1914-1915 respectively,jim

(34) How the World War. I left Europe exhausted 7 76

故或祖晚年,實是專制、強惡,而有心理變態的君主 •

?

「您」何謂「靖難之

靖難之絕搭成祖推翻都帝一

MEFERENCE L

T APR 1966

CITY

∴太祖立嬌長,與王時代,長子袁立爲世子,即帝位後,帮路太子。太祖多灘,有子长大,除室 (太子襪及天折老外,你十七子古分封儒王,实中七子(包括跬北平的泰王铁)駐北遜,支持「駕王 」。洪武十五年四月,皇太子標死。九月,立懿文太子允故鋡皇大部。卅一年五佳,太的死,我 放卽位,爲惠帝,明年改元建文。燕王棣早跳帝位,肇兵南下。

∵惠帝爲人仁柔樂善,船中我而英所不足,用拳、質子環亦非度歇之材,方孝鴻迁瀾。您交9 年六月,燕王攻陷京師,會自亦然內應,為中大火。惠帝不知所踪。於是茄王自立倫帝,是需成祖 ,欧元永樂,齊泰、方孝等皆技,人心怨償,於是有更交出亡化姓「讓」寫作時感呢,實不

F.明牌比維絡,交治、武功有個或较? 城阻鑑人,與太阳無異,共城源,

略,文治武功,成禊亦著,另如如

1.永樂大典:成阻位,包廣進~下書籍,命解韓為一百四十七人,依偎過,冧文能大成 觀今之百科全蟹。永樂五年(公元一四〇七年)十二月,贊成,分二萬二千八百七十七卷,共一 二千册、目素以來,蟹、史、子、集、天文、地忠、演出、醫卜、貓選、按絡之言,所存者出 於此,帝其之,賜名永樂大典

2.2.經營東北:永樂時期,或組對東北女流用分化政策,按其社會進化不同,分海西、建州、果

人一女置,各型術所,按原有如長官銜以称之,使他們年年來朝。 1 3.邮和下西洋」成阻好大富功,篇實楊拯威,乃派 下「西洋」。明之西洋,勘今南岸一 帶。昭和兩下,實是武裝躞芤去貿易。永樂三年,和奉命出發,很兵七千八百餘人,分乘「蜜籍」 六十二船,由蘇劃帶活理,經属建沿海洋占城(烛南南部),通版西洋。每到一地,頭布紹線 ,宜示忠誠,雖細者,厚賜金帛,不從者,以光纖服。及還,各國皆遣使臣隨來朝實,成祖客梔 不久,艾派和南

二郎和,梁南昆陽人,本姓閣,小字三保,少入宮時,則太監養子,從娃攤,時人辆三保太美 ,自永樂三年至生宗宣德五年(公元一四三〇年),後七大迷航南洋,保留海外二十餘年,溫度 南洋爪哇、波斯、阿拉伯半島、却海南岸,末與黑邊亦斯加島等,對後日我鄰瀋外殖民,實批百大

4.建都燕京,成祖即位,大發惠帝劑臣「泰王」實力亦被削弱,而蒙古政費仍在,爲低於天 【子都征,放雖知江南爲經濟重心,仍遙都北京。

35親在澳北:婆北自元順帝死後,蒙古部分爲韃和瓦刺。惠帝建文四年,梅辐可汗鬼力源 (兵掘,西俀瓦剌,統一澳北。成祖部位,以獲除之降,不廳。永媒八年,成腿親自將兵五十萬北伐 卡,大豉鍵粗率。永樂十一年,瓦剌又毀,成租交率節北征,前後五次,曾租力

6.南服安嫩,洪武,安南來頁封,其後國內您代相珠,并發明使者。永樂五年)成祖變兵 【平之,并分其地而治

G.例解「土木之歲」?

成祖以後,爲仁宗、宦索雨勢,像無政,然宦官力巴漸滋事•太祖治宦官本莊嚴,但成祖 靖難之變,因得宦官內助,因此得宦官厚,宦官從此得勢,及英宗年幼部位,宦官王振得體,辜

朝政,以開公自居

子,而北力焱息,向宋平定,成祖五次北征,陳聖氣勢已發,終為瓦剌會長親屬所兼併,此後說斷 統有大漠南北•至獅子也先蹄,寒千太長,成為奶類,西安合併(新疆)及中距距,國菜、 正航十四年(公元一四四九年),也先更幽奈肉明入寇,宦官王振銘易於操縱英宗,送願親死, |朱祁纖果領軍五十葛北上,兵至山西大闐城,察知各方形勢,實不能更瓦敵,於 照居庸關關附近土木機(赛哈爾澳來縣西北)地方,披也光追及,明等大敗,英宗被俘,王振死於

不期將下列試題:

H

遞寒林異非或林然的研等

了,甚是密晚明流寇起!

宋清初中西文化交流,其後仰故小鸭忍