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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 1949.

"BOLSHEVISM CAN ALTER NATURE”

Moscow has decided to build up a pro-communist branch of The Catholic Church in Hungary

NEWS ITEM

Work Copyright.

Christianity

and

Communism

By Dr. W.R. Inge

ns

E riches and goods of Christians are not common, as touching the right, title, and possession of the same, certain Anabaptista do falecly boast." So says the 38th Article of Religion in the Anglican Prayor Book.

There is a natural right to property honestly carned and properly used, which the State has no right to violate. But all natural rights may be forfelted by misuse. The murderer forfeits his right to life, the- thief is right to lberly.

The Lambeth Iteport, issued by the Conference held Inst year, as might be expected, hedges in a rather undignified manner. We can hear Right and Left wingers urging in turn that their views should be stated. Marxlan Communism is condemned because it is based on hatred, not like Christian charity on love; because it bas shown itself ruthless sarial action" und Indif- ferent (1) to freedom of thought. By despotic use of the power, it becomes a cloak for imperialism. On other hand, the Church must not muke common cause with anti-Communist forces; it must not allow itself to be Identifled with social reaction, otherwise wo shalt not 'win the workers,'

Tuls is rather flabby and facing both ways,

POLITICAL PERSUASION IN

THE EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES

A

LL

our Western demo- cracies are systems of discussion. The discussion

is between alternative policies, presented to the citizen's choice by different advocates, and commended to his reason by all the arts and methods of rational persuasion.

'The essential basis of every democratic system of discussion is, therefore, the free citizen; the citizen who is triply free ns. possessing three rights to free- dom-first, freedom of thought; - next, freedom of the expression of thought and the propagation of opinion; and, lastly, freedom of assembly and association for the purpose of such expression and propagation. The free citi. zen, thinking freely, and discuss- ing freely different ideas ant alternative policies, and engaged in a process of mutual persua sion with his fellow-citizens this is the source and the strength of every democracy.

mises.

By Sir Ernest Barker

Dactar

ot

Sir Ernest Barker, the Cambridge pollitical philosopher, is a Fellow of the British Academy, a Doctor of Letters of the Universities of both Oxford and Cambridge, and a

Universities of Edinburgh, Harvard, Calcutta, Laws of the Dalboude, and Salonika. He is a Doctor of Philosophy of Oslo University, From 1920 to 1927 he was Erincipal of King's College, London University, and from 1928 to 1939 Professor of Political Feleace and Fellow of Peterhouse (College), Cambridge. He was President of the Education Section of the British Association In 1924, and from 1943 to 1945 Chairman of the Books and Periodicals Commission of the Conference of Allied Ministers of on such Education. He is the author of a number of works subjects Es Greek political theory, and English political thought in the 19th century. His "Development of Publle Services In

"Reflections a.2018 Western Europe" was published in 1944 "Göveriiment,”÷his-main-work, in--1942, Illa volume of essaya

"Traditions

early of Civility" was published

this yrar,

comparison of alternatives and the free choice of the citizen.

ཟ

leave any

on

the

room for the play of reason in those to whom it is ad- dressed, when instead of begging for, acceptance on the ground of reason in it it simply stands acceptance on the ground of Power behind it.

for

the

of

of

censed to be persuasion. Equally, persuasion allied to bribery loses its

essence and

ceases to be itself. If

force appeals to our fears, bribery

If there is to be any de mucracy, there must be multiple persuasion. The extreme Right must tolerate the right of the extreme Left to enjoy equal and

Persuasion allied to any form open access to all the means of persuasion. The extreme. Left force-to military formations must tolerata, the similar right uniformed adherents, or to any form ог method of intimidation-has Three principles of political' of the extreme Right. This is persuasion follow these pre- the first principle of political The first is that it persuasion which our Western should be multiple. There can democracies all recognise, and be no choice by the chooser un- are all determined to preserve.

of choices are less a number offered. A number of choices

A second principle which they cannot be offered unless there recognise and are determined to ure a number of persuaders preserve is that political per: not one persuader (or group of sussion should be rational-or· persuaders), with a monopoly at any rate primarily rational. of the means of persuasion, but It is true that man is a mixed many persuaders (or groups of creature; that his passions and persunders) with equal and open emotions are closely allied with access to all the means of per- his reason; and that a purely suasion.

rational man would be an ab- Astract and unreal spectre, But

Arrayed In Groups

appeals to our lower passions and

and interests;

both do

meatier

violence to our rational nature,

Three Principles THESE may be said to be the

the rule of reason and law, and, cency cherished by not of passion and arbitrary will.

True persuasion will always

the

A

the

it free individuals and groups.

when serious issue, arises government Itself takes a hand in, the work of political persuasion. There is, indeed, a case to be made in favour of a government attempt ing some measure of political per- Fussion.

R

Christianity has never · been 'proletarian religion." This phrase was used unfortunately by Arnold Toynbee in his "Study of. History" In a sense of his own. The Galileans

weng well educated and upstanding peasantry, whose prosperity is testi- fled by Josephus. The Epistles of St Paul, the Epistle to the Hebrews, and

Fourth Goss

a from

Gospel were

tenth.

STALKING HORSE

the

10

18.

for the submerged to written The voluntary sharing of posseE- slong by the infant Church of Jeri- salem hus nothing to do with politi- gal Communiem. And Russla itself is not Communist. The old gang, who were Idealistic Cominuunists, were liquidated by Stalin. Stalin himself said: "There are two theories;. one, to overy man according to his needs; that is Communismn; other, to every man necarding Government becomes more and the value

of his work: that more complicated: it affects the life Socialism. We have chosen tho of the individual-at more and more second." points. On this ground there 13 something to be said for the appoint- ment of public relations officers by the various departments of govern- ment, who will explain the policies

Russia is on plece-work, and in and give Information about the ac-

really further tion of the departments with which this respect is

than nations they

Communism are concerned. But such function

which do not recognise payment by should properly, be function of explanation and informa-results, Communism in Russla tion and not a function of political useful for export; it is really only a to stalking-horse for aggressive im- persuasion. The aims should be say what is being done, exactly as perialism. Russian

feather. To it is being done but not to defend Nazism are birds of a It, or to extol it, or to suggest that call one a dictatorship of the Right,

admirable It is something

which the other a dictatorship of the Left). ought to redound to the credit ofis more political humbug. Both ére, secure its con- ar were, police states, ruling by

cruelty terror, with such

up has government and to Unuence in office..

This is a

difficult and delicato seldom if ever been seen before.

closely needs to be

The political churchman is always matter, which watched. It is so easy to slidoon, the same side, the winning side, from explanation and Information and us power is always abused it is given by government ofcials into always on the wrong side. There is not the slightest reason to expect the organisation of a general system

masters will behave of political persuasion conducted by that our new

worze than the either better or the government. That is a slippery

oligarchs of the eighteenth century stopc.

and the plutocrats of the nine- teenth. A Church which goes into palities always comes out badly amirched.

Slippery Descont

“OVERNMENT publicity" may be

of

of

it

the

is

Socialism ond

Ail forms of government are bad, Christianity can exist under

and

WILL NEVER SUIT

arc

in its measure good; but the any of them, It was probably at its measure needs to be carefully set and purest during the persecutions.

There is no reason why a despòlic Otherwise rigorously observed. there may be a slippery descent government should be anti-religious, from "government publicity" into and it is very unlikely to remain what is culled propaganda; and 50. In Russia the anti-God propa- government. propaganda is the be- ganda hos ceased, and the few crowded. Some kind of concordat inserts a heavy and A dangerous with religion is three-gloning of the end of democracy. churches which remain open

necessary for a main principles of political per weight, of a unique character, into

tyranny. From Constantine to suasion. They are limite as well the process of multiple persuasion.

Napoleon this has been recognised. of action is by its nature a limit on principles (Indeed every principle action); but there is still further. Governments in these days have a limit to be added. Political persua- general command of supplies slan by Individuals or groups must paper; they have a great power of advertising in the press; they have always respect and mave within the it is also true that discussion is fundamental limits which are set, connections which vary from coun- In Russia the priests are expected essentially a rational process, first by the system of public order try to country, with systems to be government aples: the secrecy and that democracy is based on and next, by the, Ideas of social de- broadcasting, Governments have, at of the confessional is not respected;

but atheism has no necessary con general the moment, a giant's strength NORMALLY, in a democracy,

they enter the field of political per- nection with Communism. It op- community.

Communion. the persunders are arrayed

Persuasion has a large range; bit sunsion. The

more they confine peared to have while

was a fanatical creed, a religion of in groups, alternative and com-

there are things beyond its range. themselves strictly to explanation

a kind; but this was a fever from peting groups, composed of free-

Respect for the system of public or- and Information, and the more they

which Russia has recovered, perhaps der sets ly associated members who.form

a limit

persuasion, to persuasion eschew political

they the service

with immunity against a second at- political parties. Political per-

intended or likely to incite others to. greater will be

tack. proper- catablished render to the true and

The real objection to Communison. suasion, in a democratic system appeal to the best in man; it will alter by violence which offers a number of choices appeal to his reason, and it will. system of

and crime. Respect for dieinocracy.

whose civilisation, has reached 1 stable equilibrium, It will never suit by the general community sets a

There ого great and august human beings. Man is an incorri- demands a plurality of parties no doubt a counsel of perfection, the ideas of social decency cherished and a multiplicity of persua- It is so much easier to appeal to limit to persuasion intended or like-

foundations for union and co-gibly competitive animal. He is operation of the nations of Western sometimes too keen to win; he ders. But this multiplicity is passion than it is to appeal to ly to bring sexual and general

morality Into discredit.

Europe, People in Europe have

ought to have other Interests; but But though it may be not always easily achieved. A reason.

t is true that persuasion of the great inheritance of a common cul- we shall not cure him by forbidding

ture, which has come persuading group may persuade easier, it is not wise; and, what latter order is hardly. In the strict

down from

him to play at all. The struggle Jerusalem and Athens and Remt. itself that it offers the only is more, it is not successful. sense, political persuasion. But

for power may be as biller and as They have the great economlemischievous OS the struggle

for right alternative and the only There is a sovereign good sense general morality of a country is so

closely linked with its system strength of complementary Je wealth. permissible choice; and it may and a rational power in the public order that an attempt to dis

sources, which they can pool for the

The truth was spoken long ago by therefore seek to vindicate mind of the general people credit the one is likely to affect the common advantage. But besides the that great and good man, the em-

common culture and complementary which listen most, in the last, viher.

peror Tiberius, monopoly of persuasion.

us reported by I have just said that the right of

resources, they have also the suro

Tacitus, He Was resort, to the still small voice of

requested to political persuasion must respect

foundation of commen political sanction some kind. of dole, the fundamental limits set by

'and principles the principles of poliucol The replied: “Industry, wilf. system of public order. But there is discussion" and political persuaalon lungulah, Idleness will be cn- also the converse of this proposi- in the cool clear light of reason, couraged, if men have nothing flon The government which is These are our hope and strength; to hope.or to fear from themselves, charged with defending the system and on these foundations-not least They will pil indolently expect help of public order must also respect the political-we can build a house from others, lazy themselves and a. the right of political persuasion. of Western Union which will stand burden to the government." and leave that right in the hands Arm and enduro.

the

for discussion to the electorate, therefore be rational. This is disorder government, or to promote working of our Western system at that though it suits becs and ants,

n

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But persuasion dies when it

to be persuasion, and it becomes compulsion. Democracy dics with it; for discussion ceases when compulsion kills the free

reason.

A third principle of political per suasion is that it should be, if one may use the word, refusable. Per suasion is not persuasion when it seeks to demand or command. Per- sunilon ceases to be rational, and to

NANCY

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