Post-Mandate Gaoling Of Jewish Terrorists Proposal Stirs Irgun
not
|
Jerusalem, Mar. 16-A declaration that they would spend the rest of their lives "hounding down" the sponsors of a suggestion made in the House of Commons that sentenced Jewish terrorists serve their imprisonment In other parts of the British Commonwealth after the end of the British mandate was made by Jewish terrorists of the Irgun Zval Leumi tonight. The terrorist
"Do not encourage chaos in the statement,i Issued in Tel-Aviv, said the bloc of the Middle East. Do
its strength of resistance suggestion, which was made nor its faith in democracy and in during the debate on the the organisation of the United No- Palestine Bill in Parliament, tlons, to which it has always given and constructive, co- the "most barbaric. in its sincere
operation.' British history."
Addressing himself to the United States representative, M. Chamoun nsk you to advise your said: "I politicians to stop playing with fre for the sake of their local interests."
Wos
Mr Reginald Mithningham Buller, K. C., winding up for the Opposition during the debate on the Palestine Bill in the House of Commons last Wednesday. asked: "What is the prisoners? legal position as regard What is to happen to the Jews and Arabs who, within recent months. have been sentenced for crimen of violence against Brilish troops, civi- lans and property? Some of them may have been given life sentences or long terms of imprisonment:
"On May 15, sro they all to be released?
"Should not there be in this Bill a provision to ensure that they will serve their sentences, if necessary, outsi
We can get some as- point, surances on that Important n terrorist will know that no matter what sentence of penal servitude a court may Impose, he will only have to serve up to May 15."-Reuter.
Non-Acceptanco By
Palestine?
weaken
Syria's Comment
Faris El Khoury, of Syria, sald he was aged by his Government to make this statement:
the
"Firstly,
disturbances in Palestine are only local clashes in which Arabs and Jews of the The Arab country are involved. volunteers from outside countries are very few in comparison with Jewish the infiltration of armed immigrants, The Arab sales, lu- cluding Syria. have not taken part in these infiltrations.
"Secondly, the Arab states favour
which any polullon
preserves the Palestine unity
on the basis of democracy. Thirdly,
the Arab states will not in the future fighting in Interfere Arabs
Palestine as long as no other foreign Lake Success, Mar. 16-When the force Intervenes." debate on Palestine was resumed in After the President of the Council, Security Council today. M. Dr T. F. Talang (China) reported Camille Chamoun, of The Lebanon, that the "Big Four' were not ready Arab to make a statement on Palestine, told the Council that the
accept the Council adjourned til Friday countries
Would never measures to implement the partition morrilug.--Reuter. resolution which they consider Just and contrary to the Charter.
"Big Four Talks” M. Chamoun argued that, ac- cording to the League of Nations Covenant, Palestine automatically becomes an independent country when the mandate ends on May 15 Addressing himself particularly to the United States delegate, he said the Arab countries had had friendly relations with the United States for over a century,
the
Uil-
and co-operation
This jeopardised be-
are now
cause Zionist pressure has driven
here
New York, Mar. 10.-During the Big Four Palestine meeting today. Dr T. F. Tslang (China) said the solution was not sufficiently impartial and that in his opinion the threat to peace in Palestine was not entirely caused by the infiltrations from neighbouring countries.
He said that the arrival of arms by land or by sea for either side was a contributing factor.
the
This was not acceptable to other three delegations, although all
the American administration to fol- four were reported to be near agree-- low the line.It has taken," he said.ment.
Economic transaction between the Dr Tsiang said he would ask the Arab countries and the United Security Council for more time and states were also menaced by "the the "Big Four" will meet again to- prejudiced attitude of the United night in an attempt to satisfy the
Palestine." Stales towards
M. Chinese reservation-Reuter.
American Killed Chamoun declared.
D
"Today it clearly appears int
Jerusalem. Mar. 10. The fourth Palestine bids fair to
became second Korea or another Macedonia, American citizen to die in Palestine that Greece, Turkey and Iron wili was killed today by sulper fire near be encircled, and that the Middle Haifa, He was Arich Lessner, 30, East, the nerve centre of the world, of New York City. He
mast serious while repairing a wire-Associated
will thus face
the
danger.
of its history. Recommendations Rojected
"The Arab countries are unanimous
was killed
|Press.
Jewish Currency Tel-Aviv, Mar, 18.-Fritz Bernstein, Jewish Agency, of the partment
THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 17, 1948.
Top-Level Talks In Nanking
Nanking, Mar, 17.-Top-level deliberations, which began yea- terday, are expected to continue in an attempt to devise means of stabilising the general living conditions and arrest inflation, informed sources said last night.
In yesterday's talks, sponsored by the Prime Minister. General Chang Chun, the main participants were Mr O. K. Yul. Finance Minister; Dr Chang Kla-ngau, Governor of the Central Bank, and Mr K, P. Chen, financial expert.
Their Immediate aim is to bring! rellef, into the present economic chaos upon the poftem as set forth by President Chiang Kai-shek.
A double-edged plan is now under contemplation, "providing for:
1. Periodical publication of the hote issue to keep the public In- formed of the actual amount in cir- culation:
asacts
2. Allocation, of US$400,000,000 worth of government-owned us a reserve fund to back the cur- rency as issued.
Reviving Confidence
In the first place, as a measure of reviving the people's confidence in the
30 Im considered
currency.
necessary to reveal the actual amount of the note issue from time to time, ns the Government has too often felt that the dnometal estimates of the total amount of paper money in clrculation has been exaggerated.
So far, the figure as given by the Prime Minister ranges only
Бото- where between 30,000,000,000 and
40,000,000,000,
1:
EDITORÉ PREUS KERVICE.
Reason "Well, I's rather a long story. You see, for some radio went on the blink last night-and so, for the firul time in And now she's at years, the wife and I Just sat and talked, her mother's, and I'm staying here at the club."
the,
It's Hard To Tell There's
War In Tel-Aviv.
To all outward appearances, fe in the Jewish section of Tel-Aviv is surprisingly quiet, peaceful and normal, according to Captain Thor Nodeland, pilot of a Braathens Airliner, who spent a day and a night there last week on his way to Hongkong.
"From the newspaper reports, we expected to see Aghting and the chaotic conditions of a battle aren," he said. "We saw no fighting, and Tel' looked prosperous and almost peaceful,"
Nodeland and his co-pilot, Martin Gran, were put in an armoured enr, which was escorted by a gun car- rier. The only signs of fighting they saw along the way, was a large shell hole
which had blown away half the road at one point. En route from Oslo to Hongkong, "Arab attackors must have thrown Capt. Nodeland landed his Skyn bomb at a Jewish master at Lydda Airport, in Arab evidently missed for there was no car, but they territory, half way between Jerusa-wreckage beside the
the road." lem and Tel-Aviv. At the airport, "After checking our passes with which is closely guarded by British Haganah guards at the Jewish bor- troops, Arab and Jewish
arrived in der, we
Tel-Aviv officials and airport employees 5 p.ni.," Capt. Nodeland said.
"We checked In mingle together peacefully."
pt a Among these, US$200,000,000 will
re-fortable Jewish hotel, where we Govern- come from the principal
Only Brilish nationals
were advised to stay out of certain must ment operated enterprises, such as stricted to the airpor!
and the stay, while in Palestine, at the air-streets during the evening. Other- China Textile China Merchants Steam Navigation port hotel. All other transients or Wime we were free to go where we
to pleased. Company, and another US$50,000,000 airline passengers are allowed from Japanese reparations.
spend the night or day stopover In
BUSINESS VERY GOOD Tel-Aviv.
In the second place, it le proposed to set aside US$400,000,000, worth of Government-owned assets as a cur- rency backing fund, which has been lacking before.
Industries
At present, the second alternative seems popularly favoured as shares may be purchased back by the Central Bank 1.5 D negotiable medium for currency.—Reuter-AAP,
BAGUIO FOOD CONFERENCE
ADJOURNS
custom
are and
To cross the Arab territory be- tween Lydda and Tel-Aviv, Capt.
CRISIS BREWS IN SHANGHAI
50
dnost.
about
very com-
WORLD SPORT:
Grand National Jumps Declared Perfect
Liverpool, Mar. 16-The world-famous jumps of the Grand National course were officially inspected to day, and were found to be satisfactory.
The inspection was made by prospect to displaco Tommy Lawton Major G. E. Cotton, the Na- as England's centre forward. Morten- tional Hunt Committee's inspec- sen has played alongside Lawton in several international games and has tor of courses, accompanied by always been more dangerous to Sir Kenneth Gibson, clerk of opposing defence than Tomuny. the courses, and Mr A. R. Top- ham, manager and secretary of the Liverpool course
Major
Colton described the going as "perfect"
Major Colton had with him the ench measurements of the jumps
since 1914, and found little year difference this year. "The jumps are practically the same as they have been for many years." he said Koner,
CURTIS CUP TRIAL London, Mar. 16. Fourteen British women golfers, led by Jac- queline Gordon, began a three-day trial today for the Curtis Cup golf team
Two more trials will be held before the team of six is selected to meet the United States at Birk- dale on May 21 and 22.
One will be in Scotland next week, and the last at Birkdale in April.
Miss Gordon was runner-up to Mrs Babe Didrickson Zaharius of America last year in the British wo men's golf championship. She is expected to be a member of an all- veteran British teamAssociated Presa.
CERASANI DISQUALIFIED London, Mar. 10-Italy's Alvaro Cernani was disqualified in the sixth round of his scheduled eight-round bout against A Phillips, former champion, at Harringay Arena tonight. European and British featherweight
Cerasant scaled 120 pounds 12 ounces against Philipps' 120 pounds, Associated Press.
be
Scottish League team
Lending will be Houliston, the Queen of the South
centre forward In whom
Arsenal have shown a lot of Interest.. He will now he is in a soccer game when he faces Leuty, Derby's cen tre-half, a strong tackler-Associa.... ted Press.
CHESS MATCH DRAWN
10,--Mikhail, The Hague, Mar. Botvinnik ut Russia drew tonight with Dr Max Euwe of Holland in the seventh round of the, World Chess Championship.
The second game of the round between Vassity Emyslov and Faul Keres. both of Russia, was ad- journed and will be.resumed to- morrow.
Samuel Beshevsky of the United States had
a'day off-Associated Press.
BRIGHTON HOCKEY Brighion, Mar.
10, Brighton Tigers came from behind to beat the Racing Club hockey team by eight Konis to four tonight.-Associated Press.
RUGBY RESULT
.A Rugby London, Mar. 16-In Union match today, Lianelly beat Oxford University by alx points to zero.-Reuter.
Letters To The Editor
POINTS DECISION London, Mar. 16,-Nineteen-year-
Softball Decision old Randolph Turpin won a points decision over British middleweight Sir-Some time ago, your Softball criticised champion Vince Hawkins tonight at correspondent "Spectator" Harringay Arena, but the youngster a game between St Joseph's and Re- cannot hold the title until he grows crelo which the latter won, but an ຜູງ.
umpire's decision was protested by Turpin, son of a negro farmer from Recrelo to the Association, and it is the West Indies, is not allowed to now common knowledge that fight over the regulation 15 rounds Association did not uphold the pro- of a title contest until he is 21 years' test, old.
contest wan Their rounds, a non-title bout.
the
over
eight
of
Harris
Scotland, currently in bottom spol in the International championship table, is experimenting in the hope of finding a team to beat England In the International game at Hamp den Park on April 10.
tho
In view of the fact that this pro- unprecedented contro- test created
"In the Arst place, interference Is a matter of judgment on the part of the umpire and, even after consultation, the third base um- the pire, who had jurisdiction of play, did not see it to rule inter- ference.
"Walking around the streets, it was hard to realise that there was any fighting, anywhere about. The shops were all open and doing very good business.
hotels and night clubs were operating just as they would in any normal city,
Both weighed 100 pounds.-Asso-versy among local sportsmen, I for- einted Prers.
warded the International Joint.
to There was no curfew. There was as
Softball, De- Rules Committee on nuch goods and foodstuffs on the SOCCER PROSPECTS market as in Hongkong. Locally
London, Mar 16-The English troit, the complete evidence and facts shoes and handbags Football League's skilful, thrustful as recorded at a meeting held to hear Shanghal, Mar. 17-Mr Wu made leather
were good
and inexpensive. Prices forward line is expected to prove the protest, and I shall be obliged if you will print the following rul- against tho in general were high, but no nigre -winning factor Kai-shien, Social Affairs Com-er
than most places in the world Scottish League at Now Castle on ing which I received from them in.
this morning's mall: missioner, while admitting that
The Palestine Pound is Wednesday. the crisis confronting local in- today.
composed forward line dustries, said today that it valued a little higher than the Bri-
Matthews
(Blackpool), would be wrong to place the tish pound and its purchasability la
(Manchester United), Mortensen Baguio, Mar. 16.-The nine-
Mannion (Middles this situation en- "The only signs of warfare were (Blackpool), blame for nation Food and Agricultural
goal-scoring Organisation regional confer-tirely on the comparatively high an occasional armoured cur, driven braugh) and Finney (Preston North ence at Baguio today adjourned workers' wages, or the spectacu-by military police, sounds of shoot-End] looks on paper
the outskirts of Tel-Aviv outfit good enough to punch holes in at night, and Hinganah guards at the any defence. one day ahead of schedule after larly rising cost of living index. Ing from Mr Wu sounded a note of warn borders.
WOMEN AGENTS In rejecting the recommendations of
four. a two-year rotation system ing recently that, unless the erratic s Shanghai the General Assembly adopted on head of the Trade and Industry De-adopting, by five votes against
"Members of Haganah wandered situation in
plain under brought
enhtrol, serious about the hotel lobbles in November 29, 1047, relating to the disclosed today that the Agency is for the proposed office in South-price
and we were told that the partition of Palestine.
trouble might break out in the city. clothes
most valuable members were the "They do not recognise the legality compicting preparations to establish east Asia.
conditions The rotation proposal was advanced
have women, who escape Meanwhile,
attention, and American Commission provided for by an independent Jewish Palestinian of the
by the United Kingdom and supported | tended to worsen.
A fresh out- | easily these recommendations and irregular-currency based on
constituted by the General dollar-Associated Press.
Jows Sail From Germany
by the Philippines and China. The break-of-labour-disputes, contringly conceal guns in their hand- Assctribly.
Munich, Mar. 10.--The first con-nations voting inavour were China, round wages and reduction or dis-The following day, Capt. Nodeland will never necept measures
the American the Philippines, France. Burma and missal of workers, necessitated by and Co-pilot Gran walked out to Jews in destined directly or Indirectly to tingent of
the partial, or total, suspension of Tel-Avie's "lovely bench,"
has In local factorles, operations
the people were "swimming uncon- ensure, or facilitate the implementa- Zone of Germany to call for Palestine the United Kingdom.
immediately after Britain tion of a resolution which they con- will go
India, Pakistan. the Netherlands been current that many industrial cernedly in the heavy surf." sider unjust and contrary to the has ended her mandate in Moy, the and Siam opposed the proposal.
establishments are no longer able Capt. Nodeland was impressed by Jewish Agency in Germany reported
to bear the steadily increasing the number principles of the Charter.
of large and fertile It was recommended that the Europe to Central Asia, today.
burdeos, any may have to close orange groves, which the Jews have director countries,
Hoffman,
the location of the regional seat be European
This only m
down completely.--Reuter.
developed around Tel-Aviv. which can be counted on one's fin-Agency in Germany, estimated that chosen by member countries by rota-
must be a tremendous job," he said, Ker, together with the Middle East, by the end of October, 1940, 70,000tion after every two years, and that
"especially in summer when they Director-General in constitute a barrier Invading Jews would have emigrated from the the
to
must be kept watered by artifciat Communism.
American Zonc.-Reuter.
Washington make the selection of the first scat by June 1.
When Capt. Nadeland took off for draft constituilan The
for the
Bombay, that evening, he had scen regional office was also adopted un-
no fighting and very few signs of it. nimously.
"When there Is some trouble in Tel- Aviv, it usually in caused by an Arab 16-British and who has managed to fake a Jewish French engineers and Members of pass and smuggle himself across the Parliament met in the House of border la blow up a strategie build- Commons here today to plan àite This does not happen · very estow-(8ea)-3-p.m
Int a Channel revived campaign for
often..
careful Haganah is clever. tunnel linking Dover and Colais.
ly
From
a few
Dr.
the
Farnsworth
MODEL ET-651 ALL-WAVE RADIO
bi
This handsomely designed plastic table model surely appeals to the senses in both appearance and perform: ance. AC Superheterodyne: Three wave bands, 535 to 1605 K.C., 3.3 to 8.25 M.C., and 8.6 to 21.8 M.C. Multi-tap universal power transformer operates, on alternating current of 50 or 60 cycle frequency,, with Safety-type line voltage selector switch for voltages from 105 to 220 volts, Choice of ivory/red, ivory/blue and Ivory/black colour, combinations. Beautiful tone that will please the most exacting listener.
SPECIAL $198 EACH
OFFER
SUBJECT TO STOCKS AVAILABLE
THE SINCERE CO., LTD.
SOLE DISTRIBUTORS...
FAO
An earlier
Dover-Calais rigation
Channel Plan
conference decided London Mar. that while Australla, New Zealand and the United States were not with In the area served by the organisa- tion, the association
these of governments would be welcomed.
Mr Harold Vogel, Secretary- General of the FAO Conference, sald he believed the rotation proposal would work out successfully.
He told the press today he had received n cable from the Director- General of the FAO. in Washington in which the latter said he highly gratified with the results of the Bagulo conference.
Was
for
Mr Vogel praised the press their co-operation and impartial coverage of the conference-Reuter,
360,000 U.S...
Miners Strike
New York, Mr. 10.—About 360,000 miners were on strike in 12 Stater produc-. today, cutting off a dally tion of more than 1,800,000 tons of Isoft coal.
Another $3,000 miners in the open plls of Western Pennsylvania today Joined the 210,000 bituminous
cool workers called out by Mr John L. Lewis, the United Mineworkers Prb sident, yesterday,
At the same time, more miners from the soft coal fields of tho southern States joined the walkout. voted by the Union after mins owners refused to accept -pensions plan of $100 a month,
In addition, 100,000 meat packing workers, affecting about 140 plants, were also out, pressing demands for an hourly wage increase of 20 cents. A closure of the plants threatens to cut the nation's meat: supplies by one half-Reuter.
000
"Whenever
where
and
a skirmish does get After the engineers had discussed the technieni details of the proposed started between the Jews and the tunnel. estimated to cost £50,000, Arabs, British troops can do little sit by and watch. The Pariia-else but 200.000,000, the Or mentarians agreed to urge their British are in a terrible position. If governments to consider the pro-they try to stop a fight, they are Jeet in connection with any plans immediately accused by both sides
of being partial to the other."
Nodeland, for promoting the closer union their two countries in particular During the war, Capt. and of Western Europe in general, North Sea by boat, joined the after escaping from Norway across the The engineers and Parliamentarians RAF. When the war was over, he airline, passed resolution "recording their tuined
the Norwegian conclusions. The engineers declared Branthens, and since that time has that the construction of the tunnel visited most of the Near and Fas would now present less technical East's post-war battlefronts. difficulty than in 1930, when a British Government
committee reported
that the engineering project feasible-Reuter.
-vas
BEVIN TO SIGN
CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE Answors
England selectors too will be out in force on Wednesday.
They will watch Mortensen at centre-forward with especial interest for the Blackpool man looks a good
OUTWARD MAILS
Unless otherwise stated, registered articles and parcel posts closo 30 ordinary #nutes earlier in tho mait. If mall close before 10 an.. registered and parcels will close at 5 Pan, the previous day.
4
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 17
Closing Times By Air
In the second place, if the um pire had ruled interference,
the runner would have been entitled to third base only without liability to be put out and any further ad- vance would have been at his own risk. In the book you have, this should be found in Section 5 of Rule 27. This rule allows the run- ner only the base to which he is Koing at the time of an Inter- ference, not an additional base."
I trust the above Interpretation of: the rule quoted will be of interest to your readera.
H. W. WINGLEE,
Han Secretary, HK Softball Association.
Explodes In Mid-Air
Canton, Liuchow, Kunming. Amoy, Shang-
Manila, Mar. 16.--A P-47 fighter hol. Nanking. Hankow, Telagtao, Pelplog, Tainan, Swatow and Fodshow, 3.30 pm.plane of the United States Army Closing Times By Bea & Train 13th Air Force exploded in mid-air
over Tarlac yesterday morning. Swatow (Sea) 1 p.m., Amoy (89) 1 p.m.
The Shanghai (šta) 1 pm,
1
pliot, Lieutenant Frank. Mincao, Tsinahan and Shekki (Sea) 2 pm. Marzin, was able to bail out from. the wrecked plane. He tustained! Canton (Train) 2 pm.
minor-cute-and bruises-Reuter.
Manila (a) 3 p..
Machov Tainshon and Shekki (Ben) 4p.m. Kongmoon (Res) 3 pm. Canton (Sex) 3 p.m.
THURSDAY, MARCH 18 Closing Times By Air Shanghai, 0a.m. (reg); 6.30 am. Lord), Manila, 11.30 aan.
NOTICE
Bangkok, Singapore Batavia, Colombo,, THE "STAR" FERRY CO., LTD.
:
Sydney and Auckland, 3.30 pm, Shanghai, Nanking, Hankow, Tsingtao,
Pelping and Hothow, 3.30 p.m.
Closing Times By Bea & Train Canton (Train) 7 az. Macao, Tainahan and Shekki (Ben) i am. Saigon (Sex) 10 a.m.
rommoss via Keelung (Bex) 10 am.
Bangkok (B) 0.
Strails and Calcutta (Bo) Noon. Bwatow and Amoy (Hea) 1 p.m.
Canton (Train) 2 p.m.
Notice To Shareholders
NOTICE is hereby given, that.. Macho, Triathan and Bhokki (Bea) .pm. the forty-sixth Ordinary Yearly USA, Canada, Central & South America Meeting of the Members of this via San Francisco (NO Parcaix for Company will be held at the Canada) (Ben) 13 p.m. Hohow (a) 3 p.m.
Haiphong and Pakhol (Ben) 3p.m. Macao, Tainahan and Bhekki (Sex) 4 pan. Kongmoon (Bea) D.pm. Canton (Bea) Bipan..
Office of Messre.: Jardine, Mathe- son & Co. Ltd., on Wednesday the 17th day of March, 1948, nt. Noon, to receive the Report of the FRIDAY, MARCH 19.
Board of Directora and Statement: Closing Times By Air Shanghai, Swatow, and Amoy, 9am of Accounts for the year ended (reg): 9.30 am. (ordajcutta, Karacht, 31st December, 1947, to elect Bangkok, Rangoon, дв
Bahrein, Cairo (Nairobi, Johannesburg Directors and to appoint Auditors, & Marseilles via Cairai Augusta and London,
C.P,0.) (Kowloon (0.2.0.) 3.30 p.m.
1. Cairo. 2. The cause has not yet first been isolated. 3. They were conferred by Pope Innocent IV Paris, Mor. 10--Mr Ernest Bevin, a symbol of their willingness to shed the Le their blood for Christ and the Foreign Secretary, will
4. Bolivia and Paraguay. 5. leaving for Brussels tomorrow to Church. aign the "five-power· Western Union | Marie Peary, so called because she treaty.Reuter.
was was born in the Arctic Circle.
DAB & FLOUNDER.
D&D & Flounder PRIVATE DETECTIVES
by WALTER
ม
p.m.;
ZBW PROGRAMME
11. K.T.
6, Studio ·Children's Half Hour, D.B.C. Transcription Service: Tammy Troot Visit the Glasgow Zoo"; 9.30, London Relay: Ulster Magazine; 1. London Belas: World and Home News; 7.10, 11.3.C. Transcription Services: Navy Bir Melodies; 7.30. Studio: Bring You Music Classical Request Hour. Present=
Notice is also given that the Transfer Books of the Company: will be closed from the 4th March.. 1948, to the 17th March, 1948, both days inclusive.
་
By Order of the Board of Directors.
C. E. TERRY,
Managor & Secretary,
ed by Marion Glover: 830. An Irish Pro Hongkong, 20th February, 1948. · · gramme; D. London Relax: World "aud Homo News: 9.18, London Relay, a Harnessed Stanti” 'the Story of James
Watt: B., London Relay: "A) Talk by Printed and published by FREDERICK James Blepliens: 10, London Telay: Radio Pency FRANKLIN for and on behalf of NewErmell 10.15, Weather Report: 10.10 Bouth China Morning Post Limited Bolections from the Operas: 10.33, Dance
to Harry James and 10s Orchestra: 10.50, at 1-3 Wyndham Street, City of Studio: Epilogue; 11, Cloro down.
Victoria in the Colony of Hongkong...
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.