1941-09-26 — Page 12

Friday,

HONGKONG TELEGRAPH

September 26, 1941,

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The massing of Bulgarian troops on Turkey's Euro- ( pean frontler is once more

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Bulgarian troop move- ments, concentrations and decrees of mobilisation“have. long been a main interest of Turkish observers and a principal fear of ever-sensi- tive, nervous, rumour- mongering Istanbul, glitter- ing on the shores of the blue watered Bosporus. To-day anxiety is all the more urgent. For in the last nine months many bas tions of what Turkey used to regard as her advance Stubbs Road defence regions have fallen.

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Marshal Fevsi Chakmak, the old-world chief of Tur- key's ill-armed military forces, has long based his

Hongkong Telegraph plans to defend the Dar-

Friday, Sept. 26, 1941.

Wyndham St., Hongkong.

Telephone: 20015

danelles on a line of de- fences, the Chatalja Line, following the east end of the lofty Rhodope Moun-

THE predx "Special to the Telegraphtains and the banks of the

indicate news which is rictly copyright

callons Ordinance, 1935. Such

Allier and dominated araoke IES Axir and dominated areas Porribla Allied moves Pombia Axis mover,· abah Chatolja Fortified line

Turkish naval bazar · Turkish railways Oil pipa linar

TRANS- JORDAN

RAN Kermanshah

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY'S Position

Grows in Peril

By Patrick Maitland

Is wand by the "ilengkong Telegraph" to meandering River Maritsa under the provisions of the Telecommunion the Thracian border. Cauer the faction Ure Ureceives in The advance bastions of and experts have judged that styled the logician of diplomacy that line are naturally on Italy's Dodecanese are secure for his sharp penetration, could the Danube.. The Germans ly held. crossed it in March. Then

on the date of publication by

servo ali elghts and forbid republications,

KITADEEMEDť.

the United Press Associations, who

alther wholly or in part without previous

ERSATZ MORALE

In "Mein Kampf" Adolf Hitler has Germany to comprehend the forces

written of the inability of Imperial

that would lend men to face death of their own free will. A report by the Committee for National Morale, n group of university psychologisis, medical men and social scientists with headquarters in New York, Indientes

that a similar inability to appreciate fundamental values exists in Nazi Germany to-day. The Nazi soldier, the report shows, is a product of ap- plied paychology plus medical and alcoholic stimulus. Analysis of hundreds of German books. on the psychology of war has disclosed an attempt to foster a sort of synthetle morale out of ersatz ingredients.

The morale consists of a one-track

line of thinking wholly absorbed

with the Iden of attack. It is

belstered by uniforms designed to

give the soldier an exaggerated sense of his own prowess. Evidently ré- treat and defeat are concepts con- selously excluded from his mental equipment. He is protected from ridicule. When all these applications fall to overcome his fear in combat, resort to drugs, and alcohol is up- parently in order, according to the Committee's report. Thorough as is the German soldier's training, the extensive development of psychologi- cal methods by the Nazis indicates moral weakness rather than strength, Moreover, in this war as in the last, the emphasis on purely material fac- tors has led German officialdom to make the mistake of underestimating the staying power of their chief op ponent, Britain.

It is obviously impossible that the British public could have been ex- posed to the co-called benefits of upplied psychology us practised in German military circles. The in- dividual Briton has had to learn to

stand on his own moral feet. In co

themselves. Somo have been at

enemies on the west.

more cusily afford to sit on the

The possibility of Russian moves in the Caucasus region to counter any threatening ad- vance from the Aegean or across the stormy waters of the Black Sea, has long been foreseen, even dreaded, in Ankara.

The secret hope, scarcely mentioned in Ankara above a whisper, was always that Tur key might, if threatened, make lightning dash into northern

Iran, establish a protectorate

they took Greece, and from, South of the Dardanelles Tur- fence of neutrality, now Allied Thrace either they or the key's advance defence line lay pressure-it is no aggressive over the 600,000 unhappy, op Bulgars could now outflank along the Pindus Mountains of threat but it is pressure none pressed Turki-speaking folk of the less has revived. Syria is that area who had been im- Greece, But these are gone the Chatalja defences.

and Turkey is now ringed by back among the Allies. So is pressed by the Shah into aban- doning their nomad life and set Iraq. And now so is Iran.

to work on his estates beside the Though Turkish relations Caspian Sea. From that posi- In the north, her fleet is her Behind that line, on the Euro-

have been closer with Russia- tion, Chakmak's general staff protection. But oven pean shores of the straits, near- chlef ly half the Turkish Army was though the Axis fleets have suf- the first country to recognise have long since been arguing, government--than with any be parried by a movement into Concentrated Inst Spring. Now, fered heavy losses, Axis naval Kemal Ataturk's revolutionary Soviet threats or thrusts might if it were attacked, it would forces are

been relations of 100 per cent. have the greatest difficulty not blished on the west ahores of other power, they have never Soviet Azerbaijan. only in holding the Chatalja the Black Sea and Russian na confidence-perhaps the peak Line at all, but even in evacuat- val power is surely no greater has been 75 per cent. For Mr.

now than it was when the con- Sarajoglu and his predecessors Here, too, is a Turki-speaking ing to Anatolia.

flict with Germany began. Yet have known, Ataturk knew and minority, gathered on the slopes After the fall of Greece the Turkey had always counted on his successor, Ismet Inonu, has of the Caucasus, nestling un- Axis forces swooped upon the Russian naval aid. islands of the Aegean and three

never forgotten that to the So easily around the inflammable

mbre or less esta-

of these Thasos, Samos and To the south and east the Al- viet the Dardanelles are a vital of wells. But this hope has Samothrace--turn the Dar- lies have moved forward. If, interest. Now that they are been crushed by the Anglo- danelles from the south, Axia after the collapse of France, virtually enveloped by the Axis, Soviet occupation of Iron, whose to make her independence and neutrality it air bases ard now established Turkey's

Foreign Russia's need is enigmatic throughout the Aegean islands Minister Sukru Sarajoglu, once Caucasus defences doubly sure. has been a Turkish alm to up-

Shanghai Experiences New Economic Dislocations

Suffering from the impact of By Robert P. Martin of beef, sirloin and pork chops increased between 300 and 400 four years of war, which has United Press Staff Correspondent percent; chickens and fresh milk reduced trade and manufactur-

shocks as a result of the freez. Foreigners drawing salaries

hold.

To Turkey these outlying de- fensive regions--stretching to the Danube, the Pindus Gorges,' the north and west shores of the Black Sen, the Turki-speak- Ing region of Soviet and Iranian Azerbaijan, and to Syria and. Iraq-were the far-flung bas- tions of her guarded neutrality. It was mainly to bolster her neutrality that Turkey sought in turn to encourago-or

went up over 400 percent, and appease - the neighbouring Ing tremendously and virtually ly in turn, causing food riots, fresh fruit prices are up over great powers by signing the An- stalemated all foreign business, strikes and more terrorism. · 600 per cent.

kara pset of mutual assistance Shanghai is undergoing new

Apartment rentals increased with Britain and France, by in gold or sterling between Oc- from 100 to 200 per cent. during Improving relations with Greece, ing of all credits and Japanese tober 1939 and January 1941 the past year, while servants by keeping on Stalin's right side retaliatory export embargoes.

found that their cost of living wages increased over 100 per and, more recently, by signing a Oficial reports indicate that had risen by 91.98 per cent. omitting

cent, during the same period, pact of friendship with the previous increases Reich. Neutrality is the key to Shanghai manufacturers are During the same period Chinese prior to September 1940, which Mr Sarajoglu's policy. facing a catastrophe due to the currency, in relation to the were not as spectacular as in United States export licensing American dollar, Increased by the past year." system, which has cut off Shang- 46 per cent., leaving a gap of 63

hal from badly-needed raw ma percent, which foreigners had to terials. Present stocks of com- bear due to the war. modities will be rapidly reduced

more.

He has sat on the fence; and now it is beginning to creak. If the Germans cared to attack, the Turkish armed forces would..

doing Britons have discovered sur prising reserves of courage and of physical as well as moral strength a during the coming months, un-

To relieve the situation, both be in a far worse position to re- Chinese workers being paid in the officials of the international sist than formerly. And com- loss to explain their experience. less present restrictions are Chinese dollars suffered even Settlement and the French Con: munications are so poor in East Others hava recognised that their | eased up.

cession encouraged importation Anatolia-the few roads are strength came from a consciousness

In poor repair, of the righteousness of the cause to

Comparative figures showed of rice and flour. They also im-ll-surfaced, which they had dedicated themselves,

that the cost of living between ported rice themselves and or-strung with bridges which a For example: when in 1939 Britain's

metal works report that their 600 per cent.

Owners of machine shops and 1936 and 1941 has increased by ganised cheap sales of these two-ton truck would crush to commodities. However, even rubble that it would be hard Government decided. to орроже Nazl aggression even at the cost of stocks are disappearing fast

prices were beyond the 1to make Allied ald effective. War, British people felt a sense of and many of them expect to be Authoritative sources estim- means of the ordinary working. peace in their country that had been forced to close down soon.. ate that due to the recent man, who has been forced to de absent throughout many months of

freezing order: and embargoes, pend on vegetable Imported This was a morula

Being the bottleneck through the cost of living will be in- from the interior as staple food,

no

could have

have produced, Nor

then

On the other hand, if Turkey'

part of applied pryaich flows all trade batween creased generally by, approxi- With increasing Japanesa ras- should water toward the Axis

the

Moorary forces

of ruthless

for at the Japanese and then by third

schooled in the outside world and the rich mately 15 to 20 per cent, des trictions; experts anticipate the Allies would be in fine shape attack break" Yangtze valley Shanghal is pite a slight increase in the value still worse conditions in the futo call a halt. They could argue through it. Just as the German most sensitive to trade controls, of Chinese currency in terms of ture,

that free passage for German authorities in 1914 had learned little which were flrat instituted by foreign exchange.

arms would only mean that they from the history of freck-peoples

Hundreds of Chinese die would be forced to advance on- making willing sacrifices ous causes, so the Nazis have op- powers due to wartime exigen. Adding to the difficulties dur- every winter from starvation to Turkish soll themselves, and parently learned · little. Nor has cles.

ing the past few months was and cold, but the figures are ex- Central Anatolia would be Hiller, who in the days when ho

the hoarding mostly done by pected to mount, this year due turned into a battle area. wrota." Mein Kampf," saW so Imported commodities are be Chinese merchants and bu- to increasing malnutrition. But if war does come, if the clearly the German mistake of under coming scarce and expansive, sinessmen, who, anticipated fur which is bound to decrease the Axis does sock a short-cut to estimating trisly moral values, avold and the shortage of shipping ther shortages as a result of power of realstance.

the Caucasus, effective resis- organization for the present war the future Restrictions and the most acute shortage even in

threatens further price rises in price incrasses, thus creating -

Medical. figures recently tance would be difficult now that

ment among champions of freedom

en and be a cause for our control over movements of raw such a staple article as rice, published record a tremendous so many advance bastions have and untled everywhere that the materials and fuel particularly which reached the highest price increase in the tuberculosis and fallen For Ankard the choice consumption incident rate, es- which opposing belligerents are natural ingredients of bravery and to Shanghal from the interior n China's history. strength are nativeṛtantha cause fór have curtailed the output local-

pecially among the poorer beginning to impose is difficult. which, free men stand. For they can. Serious, unemployment has

pricos showed classes, which will aggravate. It is only certain that foreign know why" oreverlising

Kanights" guid" that, resulted, and pricom jor locally the following advances, bread the conditions during the com- encroachments on Turkish soll

produced godds have risen sharp-300 mer meat, such as illat ing, winter,

be bravely resisted.

ed a similar «mistaka, In" German,

است.

they are

3