1941-07-01 — Page 7

NANCY

BUT WHY CAN'T I

DIS IS

NO

WE'RE

A

LADIES

WOMEN

JOIN YOUR CLUB?

MEN'S

ARE

HATERS!

CLUB!

ALLOWED!

Tuesday,

HONGKONG TELE

Ernie Bushmiller

By

WELL, THEN YOU

THEY'RE LADY FINGERS!

HEY!!*** WAIT A MINUTE!

WHY NOT?

WE AIN'T DATE FUSSY!

SECRET

HERMIT

CLUB.

SO YOU WON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH -

LADIES,

EH?

NO!

WON'T BE INTERESTED IN THESE NICE CAKES I BROUGHT!

U.B.BEER

LIGHT DARK-

FOUND HESS-Cable from London shows David Mclean, Scottish plowman who found Nazi londor Rudolf Hoss in fiold and took him homo. McLean's mother at right.

Fined Blitz Film

Viscount Is

For

NINETY-ONE-YEAR-OLD Viscount Dunedin wanted to show his friends how London was facing the Blitz.

So he took his cine-camera and photographed a bombed building.

But he had not got a permit to do this.

On

Sun's Influence Broadcast Reception

Whether or not a listener in any part of the world gets good reception of the BBC short-wave programme is dependent upon conditions prevailing in the ioncsphere and upon the solar cycle. An explanation of this, in language which can be understood by the ordinary listener, is given in this article, specially pre- pared by the BBC's Engineering Division.

The frequencies used for short tion of that point relative to the sun, wave broadcasting have to be chosen and also upon the slate of activity of with strict regard to the conditions the sun. prevalling in the fondsphere over the particular route on which they are to be used. It is in the lonosphere mainly in that part of it which les about 180 miles above the earth, and which is known as the F layer-that the waves are refracted or bent round, so that they return to earth ngain at a distant point.

optiuency which best suits joños-

necessarily be something of a com- promise, as it is rare that conditions at any two consecutive 'hops' are the same.

Daily, Seasonal Changes

ON DRAUGHT

Summarising the dally and sea-W. R. LOXLEY & CO., (China) LTD.

sonal change in working frequencies

Solar Cycle

we have a change from high to low It is because of these changes that frequencies from day to night, a from low to still lower the frequencies used by a short wave change

slation have 10 be frequencies from summer night to broadcasting changed from time to time. Over winter night, and a change from high long transmission path, where the to still higher frequencles from sun- wave must pass from earth to lonos-mer day to winter day. phere and back again several times, as it were in a series of 'hopa', the be frequency will really,

In addition to the above changes- The behaviour of the wave in the the

number of which are brought about by the ionosphere will depend upon the con-phere conditions at a ditions existing there at the time, as widely separated points. This must varying position of the sun with re- gard to any particular point in the well as upon the frequency used.

Briefly, it may be said that if the

tonosphere there is a further change frequency is too high to suit the

in conditions brought about by a variation of activity within the sun prevailing lonosphere conditions, the

ilocif. This la such that periods of wave will pass clean through the

maximum ostiully are reached about ionised layers, and will not be, bent

every eleven years, with periods of back to earth at all. On the other hand, if the frequency used is too

minimum activity about half way be. low, the loss of energy in the layers

tween the maxima. will be so high that a good signal will reach the receiving end of the circuit only if enormous power Lised

at the transmitting end. Hence it is most important that the that the frequency used be such wave will be properly dealt with by the ionised layers. 1.e. that it will be well refracted and returned to earth with the minimum loss of energy in the layers. The frequency which a best suited to the prevailing iono-

is called phere. conditions

optimum frequency.

is

As far as the daily changes In lonosphere conditions are concerned, they are such as to render necessary the use of low frequencies during the night and relatively high frequencies during the day.

The rise and fall in activity is not

degree of fly meth in decreases

the

or so fesus the former Secretary photographers of the damage which afferent for different latitude, while

Seen By Warden

quite regular, though it is possible to estimate the degree of activity In summer the degree of change as which will exist some time ahead between day and night is much less with a fui: amount of accuracy. The than in winter, and consequently the degree of solar activity is evidenced

and! difference between daylight darkness frequencies is least duringy the number of sunspots which appear on the sun's surface, and niso still the summer. Nevertheless

of gases, which can. be necessary to use lower frequencies loute size of the areas of focculi, or during the night than during the day. observed around the sun. The highest frequencies which are

The point is that the amount of theusable during the summer become

mos!

sultablo just before sunset. Ionising radiation emitted by the Constantly Changing During last summer the highest sun varies according to its general and therefore it Conditions in the ionosphere are, frequency suitable for long

from normal however, in a constantly changing working-b3 state.

At any one moment they are Lat. 50 degrees N. was about 22 Me/s) maximum to the minimum period of in the eleven-year cycle. It radiation which produces the just before sunset, and about 13 Me/s activity at апу one point above the world's before sunrise when the

three sation of the layers is at its lowest. layers of the lonespliere, and so the surface they are subject to

These It is in winter that the change of amount of ionisation existing changes of n periodic nature.

and fulis in sympathy firstly, a change in conditions

ons conditions as between day and night layers rises

is greatest, and, as

the eleven-year solar Lord Dunedin is president of the

It was stated, that a worden naw from day to night, secondly, a change orking frequencies for winter night| During the year 1037 a period of

result, the with Institute of Amateur

Dunedin Cinemato Lord

photographing from season

to season, and, thirdly, damage building in Chiswell-sirect,

lower than at any other time of maximum activity was reached which takes place over a change

since then, the g

general level of relatively long period of time.

The reason for these changes is frequencies are higher. The that the condition of ionisation or usable frequencies in winter become falling. The next period of minimum electrification of the air in the most suitable about noon. During activity is expected to occur about highest frequency 1945, so that lonisation is expected to do not know how enemy The warden

layers is brought about by the action November the could get hold of any photopapir-At two den called a policemansion of the sun. The layers are, in fact, suitable for long distance working in continue to fall towards exter

In December: Chappelow, aged 21, of North Walls, produced mainly by the sun's radia Lat. 50 degrees N. was about 32 Mc/B

tion of ultra violet light. Hence, Just before sunrise. "Whenever there is a raid It Is Winchester said to be a registered conditions prevailing at any pa ticu- the night-time working frequencies

objector-ivas duly proclaimed le the newspapers. conscientious

"In nearly every case there is a £20 and £5 53. costs for a similar Jar point in the ionosphere will were even lower than in November-

depend, in the main, upon the post-about 6 Mc/s. picture in the papers taken by staff offence.

Scotland and Scottish judge was has been done." fined £10, with £5 33. costs, by the Old-street magistrate.

graphers.

Arc,

D

"I should be very sorry, indeed." E.C. he sald, "if it was thought by my When the warden said he would plending guilty as I will, of course, fetch policeman Lord Dunedin said.. do-that I hart doce something whien "Take this five shillings and say un could give the enemy any help. more about it."

from my private collection.

"THINK TEL RESIGN, WMAYŻ THE USE OF PREPARING FOR ANOTHER UNSUCCESSFUL

TOUR AND GETTING

CHUCKED OUr

IN SICKNESS ANDËË CONVALESCENCE OR WHEN YOU FEEL TIRED OR LINTLESS

RUBBISH

OLD MAN: WHAT YOU SHOULD DO IS TO SEE YOUR DOCTOR, HELL FIX

YOU MA'

ឆ

are

year,

In the

cycle.

and,

while the winter est lonisation in the layers has been

NOW HE EASILY

FILLS HIS QUOTA

"I AM NOT AT ALL PLEASED WITH THE RETURNS FOR YOUR LAST UPCOUNTAY TRIP UNLESS THERE IS A CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT, CHANGES WILL BE RECESSARY,"

take

AT THE DOCTOR'S

VEN_WAKE TIRED QOSTOR. I'VE LOST ALL MY DRIVE AND VITALITY

YOUR TROUBLE 15 NIGHT STARVATION. YOU ARE NOT REPLACING DURING SLEEP THE ENERGY, USED UP DURING THE DAY. HORLICKS REBUILDS 'STRENGTH AND ENERGY AS MARY | SUFFERERS FROM SICKNESS AND

FLVER MAVE PROVED. "YOU SHOULD START

TAKING HORLICKS NOW, IT WILL REPLACE ENERGY WHILE YOU SLEEP. "AND YOU WILL SOON FEEL FIV "AGAIN

HORLICKS

"(THINKS)

THAT MEANS. THE SACK.

23JAZ ЯЗАНАМ

AND SO HORLICKS

EVERY NIGHT

IT QUARDSAGAINST NIGHT STARVATION, YOU WILL SLEEP, SOUNDLY, WAKE [NEFRESHED, AND REBUILD YOUR ENERGY.

"WHY THE LONG FACE OLD MAN. HAD THE PUSH"?

OTA

NO. BUT I FER IT'S COMINGAIL RIGHT, DONT SIEM ABLE TO PRT MY HEART

INTO MY WORK THESt DAYS. FEEL SO TIRED AND NERVY

SIX WEEKS LATER :

"AH-JONES Į GLAD

TO SIE YOU BACK, I HAVE JUST BIEN

THROUGH YOUR SALES REPORTS. "FINE WORK. JUST WHAT

WE WANT

"THANK YOU

SIR (THINKS) HORLICKS DID THE TRICK. NOT ME.

"HÖRLÍCKS CHANGES LISTLESSNESS INTO ENERGY.

BECAUSE IT IS 100% NOURISHMENT

De not forget also that during techness your diéy needs

neosijiment even though nærmet food connet betalerated

"During sickness It will help mamidHIFF your shength, and in convalescroES. -basten tiravery, rebulag pant waited, tittues, and give you new strength and energy

"Lower Frequencies

com-

When lonisation in the layers is low we are obliged to use lower frequencies for "short wave munication, so it appears that we shall have to make more use of the lower broadcasting

1045, We succeeds year quencies as must remember, however, that the decrease in working frequency is not i steady one, and that, superimposed upon the gradual fall of lonisation we have the seasonal changes already mentioned.

year

Actually, there is # far bigger decrease in working frequency as between maximum and minimum periods of activity during the winter day than at any other time, a smaller one during the summer day and summer night, and a still smaller decrease during the winter night.

During last summer the highest | daytime frequency suitable for long distance working in Latitude 50 de- grees N. was about twelve per cent. lower than it was in the summer of 1937, while the highest night-time frequency was about fourteen per cent, lower.

How Changer Affect ・ ・

Frequencies

So we have now passed the mid-) winter of the third year after the solar maximum, and the use of lower frequeneles will have been noted by Visteners.

the

Swan, Culbertson & Fritz

Investment Bankers and Brokers

Members of New York Cotton Exchange

Chicago Board of Trade}}

Manila Stock Exchange

Winnipeg. Grain Exchange

Commodity Exchange, Inc., New York

Canadian Commodity Exchange, Inc., Montreal' New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange

Hongkong Sharebrokers Association Shanghai Stock Exchange

SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, MANILA and BUENOS AIRES Cable Address: SWANSTOCK

AMERICAN

PRESIDENT LINES

TRANSPACIFIC and ROUND-WORLD SERVICES

Next Sailings

UNITED STATES ·

First and third weeks in July

For further particulars apply

AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES

"ROUND-WORLD SERVICES” AGENTS FOR TRANSCONTINENTAL & WESTERN AIR AND UNITED AIR LINES.

'12 Fedder Street

N.Y.K.

What has been said above about changes in ionisation and the consequent change in working fre- quency applies muinly to one parti cular point in the ionosphere. It must be remembered, however, that long transmission routes often paas from day into night or from night into day, and sometimes from mid- winter into midsummer; so that Ionosphere conditions will vary wide- ly over the route, and the frequency used must be one that will suit the worst conditions encountered over the whole transmission route.

In the case of very long routes conditions vary so widely at certain times of day and year that it some-

Telephone 28171

LINE

SAN FRANCISCO & LOS ANGELES via Honolulu

NEW YORK vla Japan & Panama

• Noto Maru

3rd July

SOUTH AMERICA (West Coast) via Iillo & San Francisco

• Hakodate Maru

Tatuta Maru (starts from Shanghai) Alama Maru (starts from Shanghal) SEATTLE & VANCOUVER (staris from Kobe)-

10th July

Helan Maru

Monday,

14th July

Saturday,

18th July

* Sanuki, Maru (starts from Kobe) COLOMBO & MADRAS vía Singapore

Mikidle of July

Monday,

SYDNEY & MELBOURNE via Manila

Suwa Moru

Baturday,

4th Aug,

2nd Aug.

SAIGON

• Lima Maru

• Toyohasi Maru

Friday. Monday

27th June Zist July

BOMBAY via Singapore & Columbo

Hakeno Maru

Monday,

21st July

RANGOON & CALCUTTA via Singapore

Friday

27th June

Tuesday:

Monday, Saturday,

20th June

10th July

Monday,

28th July

• Lima Moru

• Matymoto Maru “KODE & YOKOHAMA

• Turuga Maru Nato Maru', Nitta Maru

• Cargo only.

8th July

Complate Information from Your Agents or: NIPPON YUSEN KAISYA

times becomes impossible to com- KING'S BUILDING...

TELEPHONE 30291,

municato over the route, for any General Passenger Agents in the Orient for Cunard White Star Line, frequency which will escape severe will loss at

nt one end of the route penetrate the ionosphere at the other. Fortunately, ilifs does not apply to many routes, nor at all times and seasons to the alliers. In fact, auch n varlely of conditions are encoun tered over a number of transmission routes that each one has to be separately examined for all seasons jand times of day.

Count the TELEGRAPHS“

everywhere