1941-01-21 — Page 11

Tuesday,

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January 21, 1941.

By Walt Disney

WALT:

Durbed by King Features Syndicate. Ine

ANCHOR

Butters

THE WORLDS BEST

OUTAINABLE FROM ALL LEADING STORES Sole Agents: LANE, CRAWFORD LTD

WOMEN AND THE WAR

FELLING TREES is thirsty work. That is why these girls, carrying their cups, speed up when the tea bell rings. They are Women's Land Army recruits helping to clear woodland In Suffolk,

GIRLS EMPLOYED In a Newcastle armaments factory have formed their own concert party and are giving shows for the Here are entertainment of troops stationed in the North-East, Mone of the girls, alded by soldiers, preparing for an evening

performance.

Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS

I-Carry (slang!

B-lembra coverings

Finale of sodata

morement

14-Man-like animals

15-Angry

30-0tale with con

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19-Menzure of paper

quantity

20-nmest

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gooda

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23-Performs

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14 Commonplace James Pare

16-CAUM expenditure of 31-Tirant of burden of

Orient

18-Dispatch

30-Mece our

40-TW17-one over

keven

41-Burn slightly.

4-Treme of cours

41-Throbbed

A-Kvil spirits

10-Worry

47-In unronscious state

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Tezret 64-Volcanio scoria 53-Ouppres

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30-orienta 31-Common disease of

dogs

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Established during the civil war which followed the Revolution in 1917, the "Extraordinary Com- mission to Combat Counter-Revolution of the Soviets became a powerful organ of suppression and terror- fam. Then it was merged with the dreaded Ogpu. Recent use of the original name inspires speculation as to whether the Russians are now reviving.

THE CHEKA

a recent editorial article, Prada," the well-known Russian newspaper, em- phasised the importance of strengthening the Red Army und the Cheka.

The use after long desue- tude of the word "Cheka" has caused some speculation among foreign observers in Moscow. They are wonder- ing whether this means that there is to be a reversion to the primitive methods of police terrorism practised before the Cheka was merged into the more familiar Ogpu.

It is rare nowadays to hear a Russian mention the Cheka, even in the historical sense. The word is not approved in polite Soviet society; and "Pravda" would certainly not have described "our socialist intelligence" by that dreaded name without instruction or authorisation from above.

What, if any, is the dif¬ ference between the original Cheka and the Ogpu or be- tween the Ogpu and Nar- komynudel, the third stage of this important "revolutionary organ"? It is difficult in the

reconstituted as the Ogpu, better known among the So- viets as the G.P.U., which are the initials of the "United. State Political Police." The Ogpu, first under Djerjinsky and upon his death under Menzhinsky, and later still under the notorious Yagoda, wielded immense power over the lives of all Russians in In- Europe and Asia ulike. deed, its power became so formidable that it is said Sta- lin himself, as well as many of his chief associates, re- garded it with anxiety, if not with awe,

Besides enjoying supreme judicial authority to arrest secretly and punish secretly any Soviet citizen, the Ognu maintained a large and well- disciplined army, including the Frontier Guards and Rail- way Guards; it accumulated great wealth; and it had its spies everywhere, even in the. Red Army and in the Kremlin itself.

ar-

It was after many months of patient investigation by Ogpu spics that the Metro- Vickers engineers- were. rested and brought to trial in 1933. I attended that trinl and in the course of my stay in Russia learnt a great deal about the inner working of Ogpu.

The Soviet authorities, I

World-outside Russia_to_make_was_afterwards Informed, ac

precise distinctions between

these three State instruments.

But the original Cheka was

POCKET CARTOON

undoubtedly the crudest and in its operation the least discriminating.

It was established during the civil war which followed the Revolution in 1917, when 12. foreign armles joined with the "White" Russian

cuting trokes

26-used to keep

up

quiet

48-Fourth dimension <--Certain

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4-Documenta 45-Yleturd

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|34

armies in a vain attempt to break the young Soviet Re- public. Lenin, following the example of Robespierre, set it in order to suppress intri- counter - revolutionary gues; and he appointed as its Felix Djerjinsky, 21 chief highly educated and austere but fanatical Pole, who killed (like St Just) "without pas- sion" in the profound convic- tion that he WVA4 thereby saving the soul of Russia and ensuring the happiness of future generations.

In 1918 the Cheka-a word which is composed of the Rus- sian initials of the "Extraor- dinary Commission to Combat Counter-Revolution"-put to death after secret, trial or without trial 6,300 persons in the central provinces alone; and in the following year, according to most estimates, at least 50,000. It was a purely terroristic organisation -more efficient than the Tsar's secret police, the Ok- brana-and was justly feared by Russians of every class and condition.

When, the civil war came to an end in 1922, tho Cheka was

"Look Henry, Italians!"

knowledged the "fairness" of my reports of the trial in com- parison with the grotesque. distortions of the facts that appeared in most of the Euro- pean

Press; but they were angered by my articles dis- closing and denouncing the methods of their secret police Bystem.

Before I left Russin I had talks with many Soviet politi- clans, including Radek, then editor of "Izvestia," and in

with high favour

Stalin. Radek asked me at the time if there was any way in which a better understanding could be reached between Russia and Britain.

My reply was that British democratic opinion would be favourably impressed if ter- rorism were eliminated from the Soviet administrative re- gime. The Choka and the Og- pu, Radek said, had been ab- solutely necessary in order to

safeguard the Republic in its

most

difficult period. But now the Republic was so well established that plans were ready for dissolving the Ogpu and putting in its place an instrument more nearly re- sembling the British system of police control.

He was referring, I have no doubt, to the proposed reor- ganisation of the Ogput into Narkomvnudel-or Commis- sariat of the Interior-which occurred in the summer of 1934.

This change was heralded in the Soviet Press as a great event in the development of the "naked sword of the Bol- shevist Dictatorship." It is to be doubted, however, whether the Russian masses endorsed in their hearts "Pravda's" ecstatic declara- tion that with the passing of the Ogpu went a name which "tens of millions of workers and peasants learnt to love." But under another official name the Ogpu continued to function as before.

Though its judicial powers were transferred by decree to the regular judicial bodies, including the right to inflict the death penalty without. trial, the decree was honoured more in the breach than in the observance..

I believe that, as Radek had said, the original inten- tion was to make

a radical change. But after the mur- der of his friend Kirov, and the subsequent revelation of widespread plots against the Kremlin, Stalin decided that the moment was highly inop- portune.

When it was found that Yagoda himself and many other leading officials of the Ogpu were involved in these plots, what Stalin did was not destroy the Ogpu but to

to

purge it and make it complete- ly subservient to his personal authority.

That, I think, is the posi- tion to-day. The Army chiefs are now much stronger than the chiefs of the Ogpu; and it is through the pressure of the Army, after the unfortunate experience of dual control in the Finnish campaign, that Stalin has removed police officials from the control of military units and has made milltary discipline undisputed.

If there is any intention to resort to the direct methods of the nearly forgotten Cheka, such a return will be due in all probability to the fnet that Stalin contemplates (with reluctance) the possibi- lity of a large-scale war and desires therefore to, tighten up his internal police system and convert it into the Rus- slap expression of a form of martial law. This will not imply any weakening in the military direction of the mili tary situation. On the con- trary, the likelihood is that the Soviet High Command would be largely responsible for any such change.

A. J. CUMMINGS

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