1940-12-07 — Page 8

Saturday,

HONGKONG TELEGRAPH

December 7, 1940.

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ડમ

Portugal's

Silent Dictator

NE of the least understood

By

David Scott

on the European stage is Dr. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, the all-powerful but shy dictator, the unpolitical professor, the almost naively orthodox finan was to annihilate the party system, cier, the devout Catholic, the not only destroying all existing par- wholly unmilitary leader who, ties, but refraining from setting up on the insistence of a military a party of its own.

Here the Salazar

junta frankly unable to cope inovement has made a genuing effort with financial and economic to be "national" whereas in Ger- problems, emerged 12 years ago many and Italy the parties of Hitler from the cloisters of a provincial and Mussolini have simply usurped university to rescue Portugal the rights, and standing of the other from bankruptcy, finally to be partles, estabilahing themselves as come the undisputed ruler of the sole tenants of power, just as the his country:

young cuckoo establishes himself in

origins, alms and

and methods.

the

The Salazar regime is a Dictator- the small bird's nest. ship frankly inspired by totalitarian These differences distinguish the principles, yet avalding most of the features which have made militant Portuguese dictatorship from

(even Nazism and Fascism the scourge of Nazi and Faselst systems Europe in our time. The rule of though it has copled some of their Salazur differs fundamentally from practical machinery) in ways which that of Hitler or Mussolini in its have made Salazar a benevolent autocrat where Hitler and Mussolini Nazism and

revolu- have become sheer tyrants. onary movements, archale In the Portu

Dictator, though sense that they represent a step back

and appointed by the Army, from the ideal of democracy to the keeps strictly civilian status. He rule of force, but progressive in to never appears in uniform, never far as they substitute the authority makes truculent speeches from of the Stafe, theoretically represent~ balcony, never attempts to sway the ing the interests of the people as a crowds never takes the salute U whole, for the privileges of the few. goose-stepping parades,

19m or

ovuese

The dla-

Though the Portuguese Army stands behind Salazar as the decisive factor which prevents the revival of

The movement which put Salazar party politics, the Salazar regime where he is was a restoration rather shows no trace of military truculence than a revolution, It was made by

GIB

T

T

"If you can steal that watchdog, son, we may let you keep it as a pet.”

TO THE

KEY TO ΤΟ

SPANISH

TS Spain going to join the Axia by or dreams of conquest. There is a a theoretically non-political body- Salazar militia for which little boys Powers and declare war on

Army--not to institute

*SESSEENESESNSA Order of society, but to restoran from the age of eight receive their us?

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Assisted by

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old order (which its authors regard- first training in a Salazar youth

movement

with (complete

green

RIDDLE

By W. N. EWER DE

I do not think so. But it might

There is another possibility. Sup-

But the effect of that internal pose that the German Ambassador

A will tell you, confidently ed as the natural order) and make shirts, brown uniforms and high

faction against faction, of Minister thing like this:-- it permanent.

It has progressive boots), but these bodies and certainly "Yes," and will struggle, of the perpetual intrigue of were to say to General Franco some- "The Leader, Your Excellency, spicuous and show

ngainst Minister, has been still fur- none of the prove it to you. B, equally con- aggressive spirit of the Balillo, the fidently, and certainly, will tell ther to increase and accentuate the quite understands Spain's desire for Hiller Jugend, the Blackshirts and you and prove to you that the inefficiency of the Government itself. non-belligerency. But he fears that the S.A. and SS,

answer is "No."

And so Spain, Instead of rising, the malevolent Churchill is not going

to respect it. from the I, cautiously and with much slowly and painfully,

wreckage of the Civil War, has gone, "He feels that it needs protection. reserve, guess "No."

It anything, from bad to worse. And therefore he is preparing to send German army across the The impact of the greater war on frontler from occupied France to Spanish economy has, in itself, been garrison your ports against a possible serious: ten times more serious in English attack."

SALAZAR

Portugal is, indeed, a poilée State to-day, with some of the features. But, on a point where much that repel the democratic mind. Its of the evidence is necessarily police, both political and "Inter- unknown to us, one man's guess national," have discretionary powers. is pretty well as good as an The streets and cafes of its towns others. So what's the good of swarm with plain-clothes policemen

on the look-out for anything that guessing?

The called "subversive." zeal of Salazar's underlings some-

can be

effect on an already enfeebled or- That also might be. And Spain

anism.

BO

and

would have to submit. It certainly So that there are close observers would be more than a nuisance to us of the situation who predict that to have the Germans in Bilbao and Let's instead consider the con- whatever policy she may now adapt, Vigo, in Cadiz and Valencia: to say Spin is on the brink of major nothing of the shipment, by air or times exceeds his

his intentions and nodition of Spain to-day.

economic entastrophe,

over that short sea-route, of German doubt embarrasses him_ as it em→

u5

It is eighteen months since uspects in so far as it seeks to im- barrasses well-meaning Dictators the

Clearly, such a country is in no troops and tanks into Morocco-and

into Algeria and Tunis prove the condition of the people world over, but the man himself-ro-the-surrender of the Republican condition-to-wage war,

Heaven Imaws where. through established institutions und mains apparently indifferent to per-army gave General Franco vic-

General Franco knows that quile by slow degrees; but Its social out- sonal power as he seems indifferent

ent tory.

well: and I see no reason to doubt look is essentially conservative. to most worldly things. He works in

Inspired in each case by a political the background, controlling his ad- Eighteen months is little that he is very strongly opposed to leader with a more or less revolu- ministrative network so Inconspley- tionary outlook, both Nazism and ously that not one Portuguese in ten enough time for restoring a any rash policy.

shattered 118 was Fascism quickly gained control of has ever seen him or has any clear country so the armed forces of the State and notion of his character.

them instruments of

their

ше

Spain.

made policy.

In

Looks Simple

But, of course that is one of those,

The Army la opposed, the Church operations which look so simple on is oppose. That the vast mass of a small-scale map, but which are war-exhausted people is opposed goes exceeding dificult and costly. And what a strange, what un' in- But even that eighteen months has without saying."

Militarily, any contribution which Portugal the dictatorship of scrutable Agure is this man who, hardly been used. A Government

But there are always the Phalan- Spain could make to the Axls war- of a which was able to win a civil war

phically she might be a considerable Inld from abroad has proved quite man influence.

the They might, with German ald, nuisance to us: but to her herself incapable of grappling with Indifferent to women, in

his generals, and open fire on Gibral- open her territory to their armies cherishes the tion. which still

tar.

would probably be the last blow.

Army under their orders acting as a

1826 was set up by Army officers, while holding the destinies

nation in his hands, has never supported by the rank and file of the toned the habits of a student by the aid of overwhelming material gists, completely subservient to Ger- effect would bo negligible: geogra- non-party farce. The Dictator who and habitually leads the life of a remendous problems of reconstruç- stage a coup d'etat, oust Franco and either to join the Axis in war or to pointed by the Army and came to community is social nucieus, he hos

subsequently took control was ap- cluse!

his task without any political record family ny its behind him.

not

11

yet he loves children married;

It Creaks!

The whole machinery of govern-

and fought its way to

a political monopoly, tha

lint has converted Portugal in tenment creaks.

a enough to have adopted a a small girl Both in Italy and Germany

kis daughter. Controlling the single party, which had grown up as

power as finances of his country with a skill such, acquired a

from a

bankrupt State,,

asking

There is no cohesion und no co- destroyed or suppressed all other years

the League of Nations for assistance,

The operation.

Republicans ure parties and forelbly identified itself with the State as a whole. But the into a moderately prosperous, fully

solvent economic unit, he cares beaten and submit, The hand of the State is heavy. But submission is revolutionary movement retained a strictly party organisation, stuck to nothing for riches and lives on sullen. its party label, and still proclaims sulary (axed by himself) of £1,000 itself as the partel or partilo, which a year.

The national minorities-Basques and Catalans-aro more bitter In

now. exacts obedience and support Contemptuous of eloquence, Salazor their hatred of Spanish domination from every citizen.

In Portugual the first and essential aim of the revolutionary movement

SIMPLE FARE

is simply fine with

HP

SAUCE

With fish, mest, curries, cheese, H.F. Sauce is simply dell- clour. Diended from cholon · fruits and spices, it is an enjoy. able aid to digestion.

Always bere some on

the meal-table,

hardly ever makes a speech; the than ever before. With them, too, rostruin and the microphone are not the spirit of revolt is repressed; but for him. Shunning outward display it is not quenched.

as he shuns all the stock forms of So much of the energy of gover- ent has to go into repression, into publicity, he is rarely seen in public;" yet he has his vanity and is said to guarding the regime against these dislike a

a touch of ridicule more than opposition, that there is little enough the most violent criticism. Hiding left for the work that is no badly [himself with almost morbid reticence wanted.

from the crowd, he avoids publie And as if all that were not enough, functions and appears even at the there are the deep and wide dissen- more intimate official ceremonies alons in the governing group Itself. only after long persuasion by the Franco's revolution (counter-re collaborators.

volution if you will) was a double one, run by two utterly discordant sections which were united only by a common hatred of "Bolshevism."

On the one hand were the men of His greatest pride is in his peasant origin; his favourite relaxation is to the old order-the monarchists, the spend a few days quietly in the cot-aristocracy, the generals, the cleri-

uge at Santa Comba Das, where he cals..

was born. Aged 61, he looks for- ward without enthusiasm but with

art ascetic's sense of duty to a long,

patient

рац career of publle service whose

Rival Sections

On the other were the Phalangista crown shall be a Portugal rebuilt,

Quit,ealen by admiration for. Nazl and bit by bit and with careful slowness, Fascist theory and practice... from the best features of its past. Haters also of dentocracy, believers Already he has purged the country's

also in

In authority, but detesting the administration, reformed its finances, Church and the old Army of the old denouncing capitalistic

Irestored the Church (for good or is.

to something of its old influence, plutocracy boasting of their re Some day he may make an end of volutionary" fervour; wanting not the literary among the people, or ensure old order but a new order which that every Portuguese worker gels a would give all power and profit to [[proper, living, wagon.

whatever he does, he will remain

ho

hemselves.

„Franco (has) 10.

nged to

a man of mystery: holi saint, half hold these two sections together, to statesinanza silent Dictator; a mo- prevent them from open quarrel deen "lendari who shunned the Which might bring a second and

mafight; the a

catastrophic civil war

SANDEMAN

PORT & SHERRY

OBTAINABLE EVERYWHERE