1940-10-30 — Page 19

Wednesday,

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October 30, 1940.

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RESISTANC

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| Cage. 1946, Wal

9-23

Why

D.DUC

ALESMAN

MAGAZINE PAGE

Our

The war has pro- vided proof of the superiority of design and construction of British airplanes. In- deed, the proof is so. conclusive as to make Britain's pre-war claims appear ridicul- ously modest. It is in numbers only that the enemy has the advan- tage, and this will soon be offset by the gigantic effort initi- ated at home and in the Empire.

To appreciate the achie- vement of the British air- craft industry, it is well to note that, owing to Bri- tain's gesture of disarma- Air Force ment, the

ranked fifth among those of the nations in 1932.

The British Government hesitated long In the hope that an arms race could be avoided. Eventually the need of expanding the R.A.F. could not be denied, and in May 1935 a programme was an- nounced for completion by March 1937.

not

Developments in Germany revealed this step was enough, and before the ori- ginal programme was well launched, a second and larger scheme WILS announced in February 1936 for completion by March 1939. At the same time wise preparations were made to enable the industrial resources of Britain to meet a further and sudden call for vigorous expansion.

The year 1938 produced de- finito warnings that. Britain · was still lagging behind, and the resultant acceleration in output was auch that the rate of aircraft delivery was more than doubled.

Just before the war,

the rate of production whs four times that of the preceding ycar. Present day figures or estimates cannot be published, but it may with justification be believed that Britain is at last equalling Germany's out- put.

Airplanes

Such achievement, after n poor start, was only possible by virtue of the amazing effort on the part of the air- craft firms, "shadow" factor- les and sub-contractors. There were the great schemes for aircraft production in the Do- minions and rapid progress was made-and is being made -in Canada, Australia and Now Zealand. Britain and the Empire were at last fully alive to the situation, and a powerful if belated drive for the prosecution of the war in the air took shape.

It was fortunate indeed that quality in men and materials served to make up leeway in quantity. It was this quality that decided many an issue when weight of numbers op- peared to be overwhelmingly against British alrmen.

*

*

The response of the aircraft industry to meet the need was spontaneous and full-blooded, For example, the famous Rolls-Royce Company almost completely discarded their mo- tor car activities. With the exception of a skeleton staff to ensure post-war efficiency in the motor car trade, the entire resources of Rolls- Royco were concentrated on production of engines urgent- ly required for such vital arms. 8 the Spitfires, Hurricanes, Defiants, Whitleys and Fairey - Battles.

So it was throughout the in- dustry, and a truly staggering revelation will be made when the actual facts and figures-of- this changcover are eventually published.

With the reorganisation of so many huge plants, research and development continued, not only unhampered but in-

enhance creased, to superiority of British ma- chines generally.

the

A notable step was the new Rotol constant speed airscrew, designed for the single-en- gined fighters. The Spitfire, already the fastest aircraft in service in any air force, was made still faster by the intro- duction of this airscrew, and the Hurricane's performance, too, was correspondingly im- proved.

The Spitfire, with its arma- ment of eight machine-guns which togetlier can fire 9,000 rounds a minute, became capa-

Are

Best SOLVING Best SOLVING

WOMEN'S

ble of over 400 mp.h. and to WARTIME PROBLEMS

add to the striking power of this formidable pair came the Defiant, with power-operated gun turret amidships.

Among Britain's bombers the Wellington is one of the most successful heavy types ever built. This twin-engined midwing monoplane has a range with full bomb load of 3,200 miles, which means that it could fly non-stop from London to New York and still have a substantial mileage in

reserve,

80

The Wellington's geodetic construction

distributes stresses that the aircraft can withstand a very heavy bat- tering and still remain air- worthy. The aircraft also carries a very heavy defensive armament, which includes power-operated gun turrets in the nose and tails, each equip- ped with a battery of chine-guns.

ma-

Next on the bomber list come the Hampden and the Whitley, both twin-engined midwing monoplanes. The range of each is about 2,000. miles, which would enable them to fly non-stop with full load from, say, Sydney to Perth or from Montreal to Vancouver. The Hampden has a top speed equal to that of the Wellington. The Whit- ley's maximum is about 20 m.p.h, less.

י

*

Both carry big bomb loads and a heavy defensive arma- ment. Like the Wellington, the Whitley is equipped with power-operated gun turrets In ̈ nose-and tail. These turrets have been used by the R.A.F. for some time, but it is in- teresting to note that only re- cently have the Germans dis- covered the principles which they work,

Bomber squadrons of the R.A.F. have also perfected a technique of formation flying. This formation lying is one of the main reasons for the. low casualties among British bombers.

Best-known of Britain's multi-purpose aircraft is the Blenheim with a top speed of 295 m.p.h. and a service ceil- ing of approximately 30,000 feet. A recent addition to the R.A.F. in this class is the Beaufort, another twin-cn- gined machine from the same designers.

Since May British do- mestic life, like the war, has undergone a rapid change. New problems of housekeeping have to be solved and the average woman is solving them by exercising a little in- genuity, but without dras- tically altering the fami- ly's mode of life.

Of these new. wartime problems rationing is, of course, the most important. With the one possible excep- tion of ten, rationing has not so far caused any discomfort.

Slight changes in the dully food routine have been suf- ficient to get over the pre- cautionary rationing of the three of four foodstuffs which, up to the present, are all that the Food Minister has put under control.

the Even coupon system

been has simplified by the shops keep- ing the whole sheet cut from the ration book, filed with the consumer's name and address on it.

At first control of ment caused big changes in the kitchen. The sum of 1s. 10d. per head per week, which is the official allowance, does not buy chop sand steaks for every day, and only in medium and large families will it run to a "joint"-traditional Sun- day dinner in the English home,

are.

So women have had to think up alternatives, and there are plenty. For the first time the ordinary woman is learning the meaning of the butchers' term "offal"—all un- rationed. Included in this kidneys. tripe, liver, chilter heart, chaw (lower jow of o calf's and sheep's head

and feet. From the poulterer she can get, even if she cannot afford to buy chicken, duck, or game, the giblets from these birds, rabbit, rabbit'a

and bare. All these "ex- tras" are to-day being made into meals which are welcomed in homes where they were unknown A year ago.

The

S

very cheap cuts of beet, parts which sell for about &l, a 1. are minced and cooked "steaks" as a lont or sausage in the oven, or as "shepherd's ple", An English dish of minced meat with the ple-crust made of mashed potatoes and baked In the oven, Neighbours are vying with each other to and new ways of serving minee these days..

WE ARE POUNDING THE RUHR TO

Heavy aircraft of Bri- tain's Bomber Command are blasting a big hole in Germany's industrial heart-the Ruhr.

Since the Nazla over-ran the Low Countries and boasted "now the Rubr is. anfe", formations of the R.A.F.'s most powerful bombers have given the Ruhr no rest.

The only "security" it en- joys is the knowledge that within the next twenty-four hours there will be another crash of British bomba, an- other race by the pubile to shelters, another hold-up in production.

Regular raids on the Ruhr by the Royal Air Force, fol- lowing carller sporadic at tacks, began on the night of June 1-2.

For the sixth night in succession", the Alr Ministry : communique announced on June 7, “our aircraft bombed

the Ruhr." After the sixth the Ministry gave up counting, but its records show that since then scarcely any twenty-four hours have passed without bomba. being rained on the Nazis' most vital industrial centre..

On only two nights in the first six weeks of their non. atop onslaughts did unfavour- able weather hinder the bom- bers but it did not keep them back. That is worth remem- boring in view of the Nazis' pro-war sneer that Britain's a "fair weather" Air Forcel

Зуда

Another thing to remember when one reads in Air Minis- try bulletins of raids on the Rühr is

that the havoc

wrought by these attacks ex- tends over the whole Rühr area that is far beyond the Ruhr towns propor.

The raids almost invariably include the pounding of mili tary objectives in the Rhine

land to the west, and in West- phalin to the north and cust; not to mention objectives far- ther afield in Hamburg and Bremen, and, nearer home, like those in Holland and Bel- gium.

Essen, home of Krupps and munitions hub of the Ruhr aren, is being forced to spend many hours in, its shelters. Though powerfully defended by ground defences, it has suffered seven severe bomb- Inga on separate occasions, not counting the severel raids that sometimes take place during one night's attack.

Krupps itself has suffered numer ous direct hits on its munitions works.

In or near Erren, too, British heavy high explosives, supplement- ed by incendiary bombs have crashed on blast furnaces. Terri- fic explosions have followed.

AL Dortmund there have been eleven raids, including five on its canal and two each on its acro- drome and petrol stocks.

TO PIECES

many's industrial hub high explo- sives and Incendiary bomba have been rained on targets in or near the militarily Important centres of Gelsenkirchen, Mulhelm, Ruhrort, Duisburg, Elberfeld, Bochum, Bar- men, and to the cast, Hamm and

Soest, Hamin alone has been bombed on fourteen different ocen- sions in six weeks.

There have been slicen attacks on milltary objectives in and around Cologne, the Rhineland town lying just west of the Rubr, where munitions and chemical works, oll refineries, blast furnaces and the nerodreme have been pla tered with bomba.

Other objectives in the RAF': successive onslaughts on the Ruhr area have included bridges, am munition trains and dumps, troop convoya and concentrations.

In many instances direct. hits have been secured with the old of parachute flares, and on more than one occasion night swoops by heavy bombers

Wellingtons, Whit such as leys and Hampdens, have been *augmented with daytime attacks by

the lighter Blenheims,

Daring low-flying attacks, in° which machine-guns as well ng bombs have been brought into In scores of other raids on Geraction, have also been common.

By

DAPHNE CLARE

the well-known woman journalist

Then there is always fish, though some kinds have gone up a little in price. But the herring, one of the finest foods available, is plentiful and cheap. Here again cooks are using their imagination and discovering now ways of serving it.

Herring, loo, a kippers and blouters, or fried fresh, help out at breakfast time. People who have been used to bucon and eggs every morning of their lives have had to change their habil und nake do with substitutes two or To help out Bree days a week. with eggs people everywhere are beginning to keep a few bens in the back garden, and household scraps go towards 'feeding them,

Homemade cakes have been hit rationing of rather hard. The butter and sugar and the need of eggs for breakfast have helped to make them rather a luxury. In homes where mother's home-baked cakes used to be on the s

the table every day, they now appear only Occasionally. The dark kinda such fruit and spice as gingerbread, cakes are being made with black treacle, of which there is no shortage, instead of sugar, and cooking fat instead of butter.

housewife Ποιν saves Every scraps of fat from the meat and reduces them into dripping which rankes excellent pastry and can be quite well used for the homelier kind of cake

cakes.

A new habit is to collect bacon rinds into a stout far or eusserole and when you have enough, put it into a warm oven. Quite an amount of fat is saved in this way.

There are, of course, plenty of enkes to be bought in the shops and these are now appearing on almost every tea-table.

the

Managing the weekly allowance is more of two ounces of ca dimeult, but an increase in the ratlon is expected shortly. As it is, where most of the family have meals out during the day ration is enough. So It is where there is a family of young children who do not drink tea and their quota becomes available for the grown-ups,

Office girls, shop assistants and other city workers get all they want in the tenshops. Factory workers get their cups of tea in their canteens. But in the average home there is no ten to waste on the more casual visitor and many hostesses are serving coffee in- stead.

The old-fashioned shopping revived. basket has been Shops are saving wrapping paper and reserve it for gooda which need protection, So when she goes on her daily shopping trip a woman now carries her basket on her arm. As likely as not, too, she wears a pair of slarke, a "shirt" or jumper and a bright coloured scarf tled round her head bandenu the fashion. Slacks have solved clothes problem for many women, They slip them on if an air fuld warning goes. They wear them work in Air Raid spare time Precaution services, and for doing the housework.

for

The "bandeau", made of fishnet, a light woollen scarf or a length of any other material twined round the head to suit Individual taste, is the commonest and one of the smorleat war economies in hals. But all women keep a gay frock or two in the wardrobe and a frivolous bit of a hat to put on when the men folk in the forces como home on leave. Silk Blockinga. ara ofton kept for dressy occasions only and there is a fashion for bara,Jegs, nometimes made up' to look sunburnt with a pencil line down the back' of 'the leg to imitate the seam.... of the absent stockings.

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