1939-11-07 — Page 24

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1940

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Wellington And

Another Hitler

The Key

To Defeat

IN

N an office high up in a ONE submarine commander.

New York skyscraper

tho most successful in the German Navy, Von Arnold de

there sat, towards the end la Perriere, did attack a slow of 1917, an Admiralty of convoy. He had the advantage ficial who was responsible both of speed and gun range for the American end of the over its obsolete convoy escort vessel. He successfully CR- [convoy system which was to affect so fundamentally the gaged her, killing and wounding some of her crew, and sank two safe transport of men and material across the Atlantic to Europe.

of the convoy.

Then, however, he was forced to submerge, and was unlucky enough to come in contact with one of the The convoy system was also sinking vessels, whose keel tore his employed on other seas during conning-tower right out. Miracul- that last year of the great ously the watertight hateb beneath It struggle. But the service from fie escaped and limped back to Germany, the one brilliant excep- the U.S. was by far the most tion to the rule, thint it is best to Important.

leave convoys alone.

There were three types of Admittedly, convoys had trouble convoy fast, medium and slow. enough of their own without the submarines. The chief handicap The fast convoys were exclu- was the Inadequate staff of signni- sively large ocean liners, a dozen men. A trained naval signalman is or so in a batch, and mainly one of the wonders of creation. At all timea and in every kind of British. They carried Ameri-weather he must be all-seeing and can troops, from 20,000 to 30,- nble to Impart exactly what another 000 men at each crossing, and ship is trying to convey, whether by flag, aching or semaphore. He is the cruising speed was 13 knots. the one indispensable in a fleet at sen, which without him is deaf, dumb They also carried cargo.

and short-sighted.

.

The medium and slow con- voys carried cargo exclusively, and their vessels were more numerous, there being as many as 40 or 50 ships in a slow con- voy. The medium convoy had a speed of 9 to 10 knots, while the slow limped along at from four to seven knots, and had gener-

tached' to it.

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When the convoy system started there was an insistent call for more simalen for the merchant ships. The fighting Beet had none to spare, so they and to be created. Callow, seasick youths were rushed through intensive short courses of signalling at the depols and sent to sea. In

fine weather they were passable, but they were almost useless. Yet on in storin, darkness and driving rain

the instant seeing and vending of signal correctly hundreds of lives might at any moment depend.

**

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Count the “TELEGRAPHS"

everywhere

After the final defeat of Napoleon, Wellington wrote:-

The Allies, took up arms against Buonaparte because it

the was certain that world could not be at peace as long as he should possess supreme power

ran

"No more sitting by the window for Snodgrass—his doctor

ordered a complete rest."

These

Men See

Never The Sky

Each convoy was timed as ex-ns the great liners, guy in their weird arc

"dazzle" conts of paint, nosed their actly as an express train, each was down river and assembled off on a different route, and the Ambrose lightship. The com- each was scheduled to arrive on medore, flying his broad pennant in the armed merchant cruiser which time at a fixed but changeable generally formed the ocean escort, "rendezvous" some 200 miles to took his station in the centre, the

Elsewhere,

tention to the atriking

T HAVE seen the great passageways each with its separate steel gates roll silently ward of living men and glittering similarity between present war From New York, or a corr(S=

Kuns. into place; heard the crash of

there Here and

are humming conditions and those which kept ponding Canadian port, convoys FORTUNATELY, many of the iner- bars and bolts. And now the dynamos, with red lamps flashing.

chant service officers were good the world in a ferment during sailed every day of the week. At

a given moment there were al-signallers, but it was important that whole of the Maginot Line of Miniature electric trains carry food their minds should not be distracted forts stands ready for the rudest and ammunition from one central redoubt to the far-flung system of their onerous watchkeeping assaults that modern war can smaller forts. the name Hitler for Napoleon the Atlantic from west to cast, duties and thus Imperil their ships. threaten.

In a deep recess, I found the The departure of a fast troop convoy and a similar number returning from New York was a stirring sight

At points 1 have visited, like the bakeries and cookhouses, where men, and we have an exact parallel.

Hochwald or the Zimmerhof, there stripped to the waist, were preparing stretching for many miles and buried Next to the command-post is the great underground fortresses; meals for a garrison of some 900

2001 ere, forming links in a huge telephone-exchange, with its hundred steel chain, are the machine-gun and odd numbers. There is no fear of artillery cupolas.

severed communication. Every fort In the Alpa, 10,000ft, up, forts have has its triple set of armoured tele been cut deep into the rock beneath phone lines burled so deep and so the white of the eternal snows. protected that not even the biggest From there the Line strelches shell of the greatest slege-gun ever Course and speed_were_signalled, northwards past Belfort to the green constructed could reach them. which took it through the more and in a short time all were heading meadows bordering the Rhine where dangerous home waters until, seaward, leaving behind the cloud; every slope conceals a hidden fort. approaching their destination, of patrol boats, mine-sweepers and

which aireratt

hutk were dispersed to their them. On deep water being reached. accompanied ships respective unloading ports.

paravanes, a mine-cutting device, were hoisted inboard, and the first All this immense detail had to zig-zag signalled. The zig-zag might be worked out weeks, generally be any one of some 20 designs clourly a month, ahead. Yet convoys set out in a book, some very drastic at sea rarely saw one another, and some less so, but all entally a thought one might guess at the ass of from 10 to 20 per cent. on the day's run. Several times in every presence of a slow convoy 40 hour the ships altered course to miles away by the pall of smoke gether by clock, and continued so

to do while daylight remainect. accompanying it.

in France. The Allied Powers have fought, not against France, but against one man and his adherents."

But Wellington went further. He spoke of the conditions that should prevail after the war, and of the only way in which peace could be preserved. He said, in effect, that the Allies

the west of Ireland. There it line ahead on either beam.

other ships forming in column of

was met by a destroyer escort

*

☆

38

*

Let me take you into one of-the- machine-gun posts. We and it at the end of a passage with glistening con- crete walls and we pass, an immense

* AND so, ulong the narrow blue-painted steel door.

streams of the Lauter to Somewhere the hum of electric the tree-topped hills of the Ardennes, ventilators can be heard, keeping the pushing north past Montmedy and passages and gun positions provided Stenay to the corn and blue-flowered with "conditioned" air at such a flax fields of the Belgian frontier.

pressure that no outsido gases can

Every fort, every machine-gun leak through, and with such suction post is so deeply buried, every ap- draught that the gases from the gun- proach is so skilfully hidden, that I breeches are instantaneously cleared have driven for miles along the Ling away, without seeing anything to reveal that, Twinned от quadrupled heavy within hundred yards, there exists machine-guns are installed. Only the the most powerful and complicated mechanism of the guns in visibie. machinery that has ever been set up The muzzles point through the steel to secure a frontler from attack. shields, and all would be dark but I have visited fortress systems all for the clear light of the electric must either weaken France and A SLOW convoy, its motley signal, to be resumed again at

T dark. zig-zagging censed by over Europe, but never have I seen, lamps, collection of lame ducks

this Maginot Line, anything ke

The belts of cartridges are auto- keep her weak, or must make an wallowing their rusty sides and fog. Fog was the bang of existence Maginot, who became Minister of breeches. The gueners have merely earliest dawn. It also ceased during which was the Idea of Sergeantmatically filed and run to the gun- arrangement which would suit straggling over miles of ocean, off the Banks of Newfoundland, es war.

to keep the machinery set and swing When a staff officer pointed out to the whole gun-block round to the all parties to it. Here, too, we offered by far the easiest, if not pecially during the early suminer.

most tempting, bait to a lurking One moment all

was fair to look me a gun position, ali i could see angle and elevation indicated to them have an opinion which bears submarine, yet it was strange upon. The next, with the sudden-

ness of a thunder-clap, the ships then my eye barely distinguished the

was a slight curve in the ground, and by telephone. how seldom such ships were were enshrouded in an impenetrable form of a cupoin. weight to-day.

attacked. That submarines did cloud, aloud which hid the grim not like convoys was very soon dangers of the bergs Bouting on ita obvious..

surface.

.

* * *.

while on

*

In the cupolas sheltering, say, a couple of 3ln, quickficers the principle is the samo. The breech-mechanism The tendency to roam at ran-

and the laying of the gun is all that The shells concerns the gunners, dom over the field of the future

EVERY advantage of slope come up in a ceaseless stream by In the secret orders supplied be-

and ground and camou-hoist from the ammunition store 50ft. The reasons were also fairly fore calling there was a list of ren-fuge had been seized on. and to make generalisations on

'The or Goft, below. Each shell runs auto- obvious. Ships in a convoy dezvous," one for each day of the Maginot Line runs, almost invisible,matically into position; the breech- pence should be curbed. This were continuously zig-zagging voyage. In the event of attack, the from sea to mountain, and thence blocks slide to, the guns are fired,

close In

formation, leaving convoy had orders to scatter in every towards the sea again.

and the cartridge-cases elected. war will be won by the aurren-

All along the 500 miles of frontier, little

intrusion.direction, reassembling at the next room for

"rendezvous.” A ship dom-; tens of thousands of French Infantry

* * der of the common people of Besides their artillery, bomb-aged by the enemy was to be left to and artillerymen have been swallow-

IN front of the forts, extend- Germany to the dictates of rea-throwers and depth charges, her fate, and all were strictly for ed up and have disappeared from

Ing to a depth of hundreds they also had a well-armed na-bidden to succour har. This work sight. There they remain deep down of yurus are the great bulks of

had to be left to the small craft at their alloted posta. son. To win this war, and to val escort,

which would at once be rushed to The role the rank-and-file of the barbed wire and the immense bar- make another war less likely, we Clearly N aubmarine could the scene,

fortress regiments play. Is that of riers of Sin.-thick steel pickets which, blind automatons.

with other devices, form the tank- need to say quite simply to the not approach closely on the sur-

From the time they reach their traps.

Picked troops are necessary to man positions at machine-gun and artil¬ German people-Give us a Gov-face, and when she dived her speed was limited.. The con-

lery posts, or beside the complicated the underground forts. Despite all ernment which accepts the prin-voy's zig-zag pattern was also ONLY saw one enemy submarine machinery which lights and ventilates the lighting, ventilating, and heating convoy duty. This the forts and works the lifts and arrangements, life is not too picasant in these conerete tunnels and steel 1clple of negotiation as a subcontinually changing, so that it was at midnight in foggy Weather, ammunition-holsts, the men never

was almost hopeless to judge when har conning-tower almost see the sky above or the fields around redoubts.

It is difficult to accustom men to where the ships would be when brushed against our side. It was a

live like moles without a sight of the They are a blind array.

alty for days on end. It is hard to she put up her periscope again, narrow squeak for the submarine, They might be heading right for she was

conquer the prevalling damp, and unconscious of our presence, and was

even moro difficult to overcome the away from her, in which case out of sight again probably before

monotony of sitting idle, walling for an attack was hopeless.

sha had time to realise it. Bul sub- marines there were in plenty.

The French 11gh Command has Equally well, a. submarine on

realised this. coming to the surface might Convoys passed either north or

There are no loopholes, no em- For the officera ond, N.C.O. per- find herself right among them, south about Ireland. While still 200 She would be too close to fire allies out at sea they were met by a brasures through which they can manently attached to the Maginot destroyer escort. This skirmished look. Every aperture to shut out by Line the time spent garrisoning the flanits. As the a foot and a half of hardened steel, forts counts as if they were engaged CAMDEN, N. J. (UP) Southerntorpedo, and would be in the ahend and on the

danger of being coast was approached further safe-every gun is aimed and fired auto-in a colonial campaign. New Jersey couples have withdrawn greatest opposition to New Jersey's pro-crushed beneath their koele, uards were taken, for the last few matically. Only the observation staff of officers see what is happening. marital blood test law, according to leven if she escaped the shower miles were the most dangerous, above ground.

NOMs of the most célebrated

· If all wont well and no fresli mino- -The Interlor of the great fortresses,

regiments, which once number, applied for licenses here. Which would certainly ba rained | fleld had been laid, a fast troop convoy several of which I have been specially formed the famous Iron Division of might hope to reach Its home ports privileged to examine, resembles Nancy, have been specially selected compared with 20 applications made on her as soon as her periscope on the 15th day after leaving New some great underground railway PLEASE Turn To Page te

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*

it came to an attack they

I would fire their bullets and the summons which may never como

shells an unseen armiyat an un- seen enemy.

station, complicated by ́"staggered"

SOM