1939-09-20 — Page 24

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September 20, 1939.

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The

Macao

Hongkong Telegraph.

Wyndham St., Hongkong

'Phone 26615 September 20, 1939

America and Destiny THE United States at this moment is beginning to face the realisation that a deep and shaking change in its own position has occurred.

Everything that was said, thought and felt on Isolation and Neutrality a year ago, a month ago or even a week ago, has now to be recalled and re-examined.

The blunt and inescapable "truth"`now before "Americana is

that Russia has not only aban- doned the Allied cause but has taken up the cause of our enemies.

The Birth

of

A

Fever there was a country which could justly com- plain of encirclement it is Poland, Poland's whole history has been a fight-alternately won and lost- against powerful neighbours. Repeatedly allies have promised help and then left her to fight alone.

There is, in fact, nothing new about Po- land's present situation. The Poles have been conditioned against it by nine centuries of history. And the Pales are as conscious of their history as the Irish. They live on it,

Poland first appeared as R nation in the tenth century, but in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries civil wars and disrup- tion into minor principalities weakened the kingdom and left it open to invasion from both East and West. In the four- Leenth century Casimir the Great restored unity and con- quered the fat lands of Galicia.

When the Polish and Lithuanian crowns were united by marriage in 1386, Poland's first period of greatness began. Civil and intellectual freedom, combined with the artistic Renaissance which a Sforza princess brought with her from great States of Europe. Italy, made Poland one of the

But Poland's greatness de- cayed. The Jagellon dynasty died out in 1672 and the crea- tion of an elective monarchy gave the surrounding Powers an easy handle with which to mani- pulate Poland's Internal affairs. Elections were nearly always carried out under threat of force from outside.

and Death Nation

1914 and NOW

BY DONALD

HODSON

STRIA HUNGARY

The area enclosed, in the map above, by the black line-is the present shape of Poland. The darker shaded areas are those parts of Poland held by Germany in 1914. The lighter shaded area is that part held by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The remaining white area was held by Tsarist Russia in 1914.

The figure on the left is a Polish peasant dancing in national costume: on the right, Polish staff officers examine a new anti-aircraft gun.

quickly. At the head of the Regency Council in Warsaw ho rapidly restored order, evacuated Germans, and compromised with the Left clemonta in the coun- try. Paderewski, world-famous planist and composer, was his right-hand man and ablest pro- pagandist..

out of Warsaw and Vilna, before offered their services to the The final degeneration came the revolt was crushed.

Austrian Army, and by 1916 with the fantastic custom of the

there were three Polish brigades Polish Parliament of allowing Kosciuszko's success kept the in the Austrian Army,

WHILE Poland's frontiers itself to be adjourned on the spirit of liberty burning

were being decided at But Pilsudski goon saw that Versailles, to the fury of "the vote of any one deputy. Most throughout the dark days of parliaments naturally ended in the nineteenth century, the the Austrians were moro in Germans who lost Danzig and this way.

Period of Captivity. The Con- terested in his men than in his Pomerania (batter known as the gress of Vienna confirmed the ideals for Polish freedom, and Polish Corridor), Pilsudaki was in the field facing more urgent Partition, and Poland existed he resigned his command.,

problems, only in so far ds her foreign.

Simultaneously Germany de

Russia still held Polish terri- THE decline of Poland ruler apote Russia was the clared the independence of Po tory and Russia was weak, spilt

was being closely watch this respect

land, and Pilsudski was co-opted by the counter-revolution. But into its puppet Government. He Pilsudski hesitated to press his

ed by four rapacious neighbours most generous.

Russia, Austria, Prussia and But it was not enough. In resigned in 1917 when the Ger- claims as he feared he might the Scandinavian Empire across 1830 and again in 1863 revolt mans refused the formation of overthrow the Soviets and put the Baltic. In the complicated against Russian rule broke out, an independent Polish Army. in a conservative government game of power politics that but the yoke was not to be He was gaoled in Magdeburg, that would insist on the return Europe was playing in the shaken off until the whole of where he stayed till the end of of Russia's lost Polish torri- eighteenth century Poland did Europe was at war. not stand a chance. The time was ripe for partition.

:

POLAND'S role in the

the war.

tories.

However, in the spring of 1919 he attacked He rapidly occupied-Vilna, capital of

MEANWHILE, one of the Lithuania, and launched his earliest acts of the scheme of a federation of anti- of Russian States. A month later Russian revolution

In Russia Peter the Great and then Catherine II. schemed for an outlet on the Baltic-at the

Great War is complex confusing. The Polish first expense of Poland, Frederick and the Great and his son saw the patriots were divided into two March, 1917, was to announce an he seized Galicia, in order to To millions

join up Poland with Rumanid: of Americans future of Prussia in the con- groups; the Passivists under independent Polish State. who, despite their constant and quest of

But Russia's humiliating Austria's Dmowski, who had abandoned

Urged on by France, and- Poland.

opposition anxious interest in events in sprawling empire was mostly the hope of independence by re- peace with Germany at Brest ignoring Russia's Europe, have always had interested in maintaining the volutionary means,

#

the Litovsk destroyed Polish hopes, Pilsudski attacked the Soviet and

a mistake. sensation of being spectators | status quo.

Activists under Pilsudski, who and the Polish Patriots turned Ukraine, It was and not players, this realisation

had not.

to the Allies. And with success. The Bolsheviks were determined must produce a profound shock. The break came in 1764 when

Pilsudski, the hero of Poland's The thirteenth of President at all costs to hold the rich The creed of Neutrality, Catherine manoeuvred one of revival, went to Tokyo in 1904 Wilson's Fourteen Points made Ukraine, and Red armies under which has been the foundation her cast-off lovers, Stanislas when the Russo-Japanese war Poland an independent nation Tukhachevsky launched an offen- of American thought for the Poniatowski, on to the Polish had broken out and had asked on the principle of self- deter- sive on the Northern front.

Vilna fell. The Red armies past twenty years, has been throne.

for arms. They were refused, mination. undermined in a single day.

When Pilsudski was released marched on into Poland, right Catherine used the protext of so he returned to Austrian Po- be defeated, Germany would be in Poland further to imposs her clubs.

If Britain and France should Jesuitical religious intolerance, land and there organised rifle from prison after the Armistice to the gates of Warsaw. Pil- When war broke out he things began to move more sudaki's arms supplies were held master of the world, and the control, but the Poles hated position of the United States Russian influences intensely that would be desperate:: But to a four years' guerrilla war ensure that Britain and ensued. This, combined with France cannot possibly sus threats of Russia from Tur- tain dofent, the United States key and Austria, persuckled must prepare to abandon all the Catherine that she could get old conceptions of Neutrality. most of what Ahe wanted

This is the bitter decision the United States faces to-day. So in 1772 the first Partitioni That is why the decision Ameri- Treaty of Poland was signed.

through Partition.

ca must take la not one that will The Polish Diet was bullied and henceforth be endangered by bribed into accepting the loss of filibustering party politics, and a third of Poland's territory. why Republican and Democratic Russia took a large portion,! leaders, at last, alive to the Austria took Galicia, Prussia situation, are meeting at the took West Prussia. White House to-day to thrash The shock awakened Poland out together the problem of De- and there was a brief period of Patriotic mocracies. versus Totalitarians Intelligent reform.

as it affects the greatest Demo-feeling broke out again and the withdrawal of Russian troops cracy of all.

It is certain that events in was demanded. But "fifth- Europe during the past week column" tactics of the aristo- preserved Catherine's have weakened Isolationism. It cracy

is equally certain, however, that power, and the spread of danger.

| positive aid for the Allies willous ideas of freedom from the be forthcoming only in the face French Revolution led her to of stern opposition from the engineer the second Partition of minority led by Senator Borah, Poland in 1798.

America may still hesitate againat aiding the Democracies. But the indications are that, at

the very least, tho Neutrality

Poland as a country was · ex- tinguished.

Act will be revised on Septem. ONE man kept the patrio

ber 20 in such fashion that the

tle fire alight. Kos

foreign policy dictated by that cluszko was in Paris hoping to logislation will no longer operate got aid for Poland. He failed,

to Britain injuriously

and but alone ko led the Poles France, as it does to-day.

against Russin and drove them

GRIN AND BEAR

IT

jup by both Czechs and Ger- Jang. Danzig dockers struck

munists.

By Lichty in sympathy with the Com-

'Wo may as well head back north, Stonewall the Rociety photographors are beginning' to thin out.""

PILSUDSKI alone had not lost hope. "On August 16, 1920, he counter-attacked and turned the Russian flank outside Warsaw, and the retreat began. With-the treaty of Riga in March, 1921, the war was ended.

Probably Pilsudski could have got even better terms. But, as it was, only 15 per cent. of the five millions that became Polish under the treaty were of Polish nationality.

Poland as it now is contains minorities of about 760,000 Gor- mans, 5,000,000. Ukrainians and 1,500,000 White Russians. It is by no means an ethnical unity.

Novertheless, Polárfa in the years since the war built herself into a great nation, with a great pride in her history and in the efforts that had created her

anow.creato

Poland last year had a popula- tion of 85,000,000, an increase of 81% million (nearly half a mil- lion a year) since the war, Of European countries this was by [far the highest birthrate. As a consequence Poland had a very low average age.