1939-06-01 — Page 6

THE HONGKONG TE LEGRAPH, THURSDAY, JUNE 1, 1939.

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Pen and the Sword

THE WOES of our University

boil down to this: the pen in Hongkong is not mightier than the sword.

We are forced to spend more upon the training of our soldiers than upon the training of our children.

An iniquitous charge by the Imperial Government demands that London has first call upon 18 to 20 per cent. of our gross

revenue.

We subscribe from revenue more than twice as much for Military Contributions as we do for Education.

-We-spend-as-much-upon the. Hongkong Volunteers as we do upon the Hongkong University.

The dictators of Europe may ride to power with a flourish of the sword. But it is the mightiness of the pen that has made Hitler the greatest con- queror since Napoleon.

The Fifth Column is more im- -portant to Germany than is its Air Force, its Army and its Navy.

Without the education of the masses of German people, Hitler could not rule.

The blindly-loyal Youth Move- ment could not be so fanatically Nazi in conception and outlook had not Hitler taken the Ger- man child from the cradle to educate it into his way of think- ing.

that It was not the sword cleaved a passage for Hitler's troops into Austria, the Sudeten- land, Moravia and Bohemia and Memelland. It was the pen- the daily and incessant use of! wa propaganda.

Education ia propaganda. Empires may be founded by the sword but they are welded and retained by the pen:

Take away the pen and, sooner or later, you must revert to the sword.

Yet, until we have adjustment of either those Military Contri- butions or of Taxation, there is. nothing we can do to spread education among the masses in Hongkong and China.

the

our

It is a standing disgrace that

Vice-Chancellor of University must admit that1⁄4m great institution which should be the centre of learning for the Orient is hardly solvent, and that so desperato un appeal for funds should be contained in his Report.

A

GERMAN

MILITARY MACHINE

"It's all right, neighbours, he's quite harmless."

Scarpe Ashitala o

the

A.B.C. to

BALKANS

LONG time ago, in the vanished pre-war days when income tax was a shilling in the £ and whisky three-and-six a- bottle and the poor were thought to know their place, replete and tranquil middle-class Europo had just one nightmare.

It was called the Balkans. A man might look forward with assurance to a lifetime of peace be- fore him if it were not for that dark South-Eastern corner of the Continent, Europe's nolsy nursery, where a handful of child nations kept up 1 perpetual aquabble among themselves and with their former overlords, the Turks.

Every year, as regular as clock- work, some new violent incident would break out there. Every year one or other of the grown-up Wes- tern States, each of which had its own favourite child, was forced in one way or another to intervene.

And every year the fear hovered over the Foreign Ofees that two rival interventions might stir up a dispute which might spread from the nursery till the grown-ups -

1F1 themselves were Involved desperate conflict.

N the end it did. The Great War, launched by Austria,

primarily to Europeanist the Balkans, ended by Balkanising Europe. The whole Continent became an uproar of confused and contending volces.

And now that the eyes of a world no longer tranquil are turned un- its least tran- easily once more on quli area, let us see If we cannot puzzle out the pieces of the Balkan Jigsaw and see why the Bakan nur- sery is just what it is.

Its name first. Balkan is merely a Turkish name for mountain, ap- plied particularly, in the ninteenth century, to range of mountains running east and west across Bul- garia,

From this range, also in the the term nineteenth century. Balkan peninsula came to be used of the mass of land running south into the gean Sea from a ino roughly foining the River Save, on which Belgrade stands, to the mouth of the Danube.

T

or

HERE He in that area to-day the whole, parts,

They are:--

of six States.

square

Albania, area 10,500 square 'miles, population. 1,000,000:

Bulgaria, arca 40,000 square miles, population 0,000,000; Grecco, area 50,000 miles, population 6,000,000:

Jugoslavia, area 95,000 square miles, population 14,000,000;

Rumania, area 122,000 square miles, population 10,000,000;

Turkey, area 203,000 square miles, population 16,000,000.

Just for comparison, the area of England and Wales is 50,000 square milca..

-Large, parts of Jugoslavia, Rumania and Turkey is outside the Balkan peninsula. All the six States are poor, all of them are largely agricultural, All of them

-To-day's Thought-

MAN u the only animal A which devours his own <kind; for I can apply no milder term to the gover menta of Europe, da v

THOMAB JEFFERSON:

Bulgeria's Losses 1919.

ALBANIA

by Matthew de Couves

UGO SLAVIA

RUMANIA

"EUROPE'S

R

BUCAREST

B Daube

SOFIA

BULGARIA,

E CE

NOISY

are trying to build up industries of their own, but none has advanced farther than has a typical British Dominion.

And cach of the six la a nation with a past, a glorious history, outside its own hardly known borders, which it privately con- siders infinitely superior to any- thing its five riváts can boast.

The oldest resident of the six nations is, oddly, the smallest, the Albanians.

B

EFORE the dawn of the European history Balkans were inhabited

by a set of wild tribes whom the Greeks, pouring into the penin- sula before the first millennium B.C. described as Thracians, Mace- donians and Illyrians.

of the Herodotus, the first world's historians, gave it as his opinion that if they could ever be persuaded to unite, their strength would make them invincible; but then, he added, they never would unite.

Nor did they, except for the brief few years when Alexander the Great of Macedon bestrode the world with an army whose Illy- rian soldiers were the ancestors of the modern'Albanians.

The Greeks' glorious past blazed up first in the unequalled achieve- ments of the City States which dotted the shores and islands of the Egean in the fifth century B.C.

Their squabbles made them an easy prey to the expanding Roman Empire which, after swallowing Albanians and Greeks, founded a third of the six Balkan peoples- the Rumanians—it 200 AD.

The Roman Empire grow tired and split in two, and the Greeks second period of glory came.

TURKEY

"Scak of Miles ·

NURSERY"

before a horde of barbarian in- Ynders.

Alfred had barely burned the cakes in the ninth century, when five of the Balkan peoples had entered the stage, come into con- tact with Christianity and begun to develop their domains. But the ons had left their invasions succeeding "legacy of bitter hatred, and that development took the form, not of steady growth in fame, but of sudden jerks into notoriety.

A succession of one-man Empires followed each other, each bestrid- ing the peninsula, and each crumbling to pieces almost as soon as its founder was in bis grave.

The Bulgarian Emperor Bimoon ruled from the Black Sea to the Adriatic and from the Danube to northern Greece the tenth cen- tury, and took the title Tear five centuries before it was heard in Russia. But bis domains fell apart.. and it was two hundred years before the Bulgarians enjoyed another Empire.

After that it was the turn of the

Their Berbs.

great Tsar Stephen Dushan held sway in the fourteenth century over a Berbian Empire as large as the Bulgarian, and was as, rich and cultured as any Western European ruler of his day.

H

Is possessions dissolved too, and as they did the alarm of ‚a. new in- vasion was heard in the East. The sixth of the Balkan people, the Turks, had burst on the scene

The five nations of the medieval Balkans would not stand together against the Turks, so they fell separately. It is typical of their history that the final Serbian do- feat of Kosovo only came because a kinsman of the Serbian Tsar

Lazar went over to the Turks on the battlefield with all his men,

So over the wreck the divided Christian armies the Turks prcesed - on, till the reign of our King Charles I saw them not only masters of all the Balkans, but of Southern Russia, possessors lords of Hungary and battering at the gates of Vienna.

Beyond conquest, the Turks had noiden. They camped on the van- quished territory and forced their subjects to feed them and supply soldiers for their armies. So, as conquering Empires have a way of doing, their Empire grew old and tired.

T

I beginning of the nineteenth century saw first the Grecks, then the Serbians, then the Rumanians for and

striking Bulgarians liberty, winning back little patches of territory in which they might enjoy home rule,

Russia and the Western Powers put their money first on one, then on another of the insurgent-Ittio- peoples. Britain obstinately backed their Turkish oppressors, for fear a triumph for liberty might see the Russian ogre, through one of its puppets, menacingly established at Istanbul.

Always the little States struck acparately; it needed little for the Bulgarians to spring at the Ser- blans' throat, while everyone hated the Greeks, who were the tax- gatherers and administrative ofcials of the Turkish Empire.

It was not till 1012 that three of Lhem, the Bulgarians, Berbs and Greeks, agreed to launch an offen- sive together against the Turks.

ND even so, they fell out rapidly over the division of the spoils that Grecks and Berblans and Rumanians were soon plundering the Bulgarians of their gains, and starting a now Balkan

feud

which drove Bulgaria into the German camp in the Great War and threatens to drive her ́into the Axis camp to-day.

In that confilet of 1912 the Al- banians won their liberty, too, against the ferocious growls of And now Bulgaria and Borbla. once more terocious growls are rising na Bulgaria, plundered after- being pushed and that struggle, shoved by her new-found Axis friends into demanding the swag: back from her plunderers.

That swag has lain as a barder between hor and the Balkan En- tento which they have formed with An their old tyrant, Turkey. enmity no lear bitter kopt Albania. from the Entente.

But time is running short to- Jay

nursery

And unless the Balkan, nations forgos į their manners they are likely to And. Boston. themselves back in the nursery

Ten Days For Dime Thoft par

For more than 1,000 years, till 1453, Greek Emperors ruled over the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople-modern Istanbul. At first they had most Hyman Zelchick, 23, was sentenced" at the Balkans under their sway, to 10 days in jail after admitting

once more and under a parent:

but in the third century the bar that he stole 10 cents from a nows less merciful even than the des riors of the Empire, began to give boy "for corfare."

,cayed stupidity of the Buljang.“