1938-11-07 — Page 30

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1988.

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Hongkong Telegraph.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1998.

Sanctity of Treaties

Europe appears on the thres- hold of a new set of treaties to replace the shattered fabric of 1919. The Le que of Nations considers severing its Covenant from the Treaty of Versailles.

International late recognises the following rules regarding trenties:

Changes in govern- ment do not affect treaties, which are between States. Changes in circumstances are not valid reasons for violating treaties. Duress où signer has no effect on legal force of treaty. Violation by one party, if proved or admitted, frees other party from obligations.

Examples of treaty violation, | non-observance, and abrogation

include:

1830-Russia suppresses Polish Constitution on ground of Polish revolt.

1816Austria takes Cracow by force, violating free city treaty with Russia and Prussin..

T

SQUABBLE that CHANGED HISTORY

THESE days, twenty-one years ago: the days just before November 7 1917.

November 7, of courau, mennt nothing in particular then (as July 4 meant nothing before 1776, or July 14 before

1789).

It was somebody's birthday, no doubt. IL WI-45 Whitaker chose to record--the death day of Sir Martin Frobishier.

Hat nobody guessed in. the duya before the Jjolshevik insurrection in Petrograd tit something was happenhur which was going to shake the world" and to affect the external and internal politics of every country for a generation: and so for ever.

Indeed. outside Russia Hell. nobody was taking much notice of the happenings inside that torn and traple country. The world outside and other things to think aboul than another Fiol {ta Petrograd.

It was thinking about the war, And Russia was pretty well out of the war, anyway, with its armles broken or in revolt, Its Govern- ment powerless and crumbling.

What could Rusa matter by comparison with the great events elsewhere

The Canadian... were storming Paschendaele add lyng wad pre- paring to attack Cambrat.' Italiana werò reeling back to the Plave after the luster nt Caporetto, Allenby wigs crashing through from Bella to Gags ready for the final potiner on Jerusalem. Colmet House was on h way to England.

Bow. by comparison with such events, could the mobbles of Inglions in stilekten Itula matter to anybody but themselves?

Rather vaguely the outer world realised that there was a strumie for power poleg na In what side by side with the Government orgat there were curious hotles called Councils of Wothers' and

MAXIMALIST SEDITION

IN PETROGRAD.

FIRM GOVERNMENT **RAND.

OPE

DRURY PARP TIRATAS

Stanssing

MUSIA DEI

ORAND OPERA

WISTAN AND BOOKS

IVAN BEK ELARD

Petrograd, Nov. 7.--u anned naval deta:li»! ment, aeting undeniablertfders of the Maximalist | AAN Rosomunaway Committee, has weitpict the ollices of the official Petrograd. Telegraph

Agency.

The Masimalists have alu occupied the Central Telegraph, Oflice, the State Bank, mal the GA Marie Paine, whers the Preliminary Parliament, the precedings of which have been suspended in view of the situations, has been, holding; it- wittinge

Up to the prevent no dirandore kay, boeti reported, with the exerption of some extrager by hooligane,

Street trade and the general life of the city Taj remain normal.

Noveworn

4.-The

met1ཐh

Upute

20me

Soldiers Deputies, which people, airing their knowledge, spoke of learnedly as "Soviets."

It knew that there was a party of" Extremists" or " Maximalists,” witch was trying to gët control of the Soviets and of the Government by the Soviets, and which was call- For for an Immediate peace. And that their lenders were two men called Lenin and Trotsky.

f::

The learned ones talked of th

Bolshevika.

explained squile wrongly) that Bolshevik meant "Maximalist." that they made maximum demands against the minimum of the Mensheviks" or "Minimalist..." That odd word "Maximalist " stayed in fashion long enough to nel itself written into the Ver- saltles Treaty!

There was a general named Kor- nlloy who had tried to march on Petrograd and restore the Tear; but he had falled because his

were

troops would not follow. Now all these other fellowa squab- bling Among themselves, in- stead of get- ting on with the war, As Premier Kerensky wished, Nobody realized that Lenin, hav- Ing overcome the doubts and heal- tallons of nearly all his comrades, was preparing to seize power, with the slogans of Pence, the Land for the Peasants, Workers' Control of Industry. All Power to the Bevleta: that the Bolshevik Revolution was beglndlåg,"

Certainly nobody dreamed that, :11 November, 1093. 1trograd would be Leningrad and hil Runn celebrating the 20th birthday of the Sariet Republic.

It is dd- aud chartenlete th look back in the newspaper files for those days.

On November 5. Trotsky's clo- quence was capturing the key pool- tlen of Petrograd-the prison fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, The garrison was going over to the Bolsheviks-and the arms in the Arsenal were being put at the ser- vice of the Red Guard. Antonov- Ovreenka, ex-officer and mathe- matician, and the Military Revolu- tionary Committee were working

YANGTSE, RIVER OF DESTINY

Foreign Powers' Share in the Teeming

Traffic of China's Vital Artery

The Japanese naval forces have reached Harkow."

20000,900 Egyptians and Sudanese, commerce would be impassible with- the Yangtze does for 200,000,000 cut the Yangtse. On It ply the fleets of then dependent, of Jardine, Matheson and Co., Butter- ADD to that news item that Chinese, all

Hankow is G00 miles from directly or indirectly, on the river for fleld and Swire, the Dollar Line of

the necessarien of life. Shanghai, that even there the

America, the Sino-Franco S.N. Co.. Its functions are threefold. To the Japanese Nisshin Kisen Koisha river, a mile wide, could be begin with, it waters their crops-and and the China Merchants' S.N. Co. 1848 Lamartine declares Com-navigated in summer by 10,000-the struggle of the Chinese for exist- From Shanghat alone there are over gress of Vienna treaties, 1815, ton liners, and that British gun-free is a relentless that even in 14,000 départures of inland steamers void for France,

beats saveil lives at Ichang, 1,000 Szechuan, most fertile of the 18 every year. neu- miles from the sea. Then you afford to rest content with two crops provinces. many pensants cannot

LIFE IS CHEAP under have some iden of the immensity years. They plant yet a third in The teeming life of the rivers la of the Yangtse, the river of the river flats, on the chance that it one of the most fascinating features destiny which the world now can be gathered before the river is of the Chinese scene.

The Junk watches so anxiously.

awollen by the melling snows of Tibet people aru a class apart. They have and sweeps away its yield.

their own priests, tradesmen and Can you wonder that the Chinese beggars; on the river they are born are habitual gamblers, ready to stake and married, and on the river they their shirts on anything from die. The junks are their only home.

1870-Russia denounce tralisation of Black Sea Treaty of Paris, 1856.

1903-Austria violates Berlin treaties of 1878 by annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In actual length the Yangtze is 1942---United States exempts either third or fourth among great OWB constwire vessels from rivers. (1 upper reaches have Panama Canal tolls, violating never been accurately mapped). mahhjong to a contest of battling Fowls, dogs, pigs and babies occupy Hay-Pauncefate Treaty of 1901.

Measured in terms of international crickets

the decks, the children without any Exemption repealed in 1914.

commerce and power of life and death The river's second function in that protection against drowning except over counties millions of people, it of earrier. Roads in China are perhaps (In the case of boys, worth! 1914-Germany violates Bel-is incomparably the greatest, the moat almost unknown, some of the railways preserving a rope or a pig's bladder rian neutrality.

dramatic, river in the world.

exist only in "face"-giving maps, and (Continued on Next Columu.) Yangise is known to the Chinese During most of its course flu

1922-France occupies Ruhr. Italy quit Triple Alliance,

ክና

stretching Versailles provisions, simply "Klang "the River," GRIN AND BEAR IT

1931-to date- Japan violates Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Pact, and League Covenant by invasions of China,

Other rivers have names. The river could only mean the Yangise.

THREEFOLD FUNCTION Half the entire population of the country lives in the 700,000 square 1986-Italy Invades Ethiopia. miles of the Yangtse basin. In no violating League Covenant, Part other continent is there a great pica of Paris, and treaty with Ethiopia. | of such abounding. astonishing

1935-Germany announces air

fertility. What the Nile does for

force in existence, scrapping mili-

tary clauses of Versailles. In'bard. The blade and hilt were study succession, Rhineland is

reoccupied (1936), navy strong well preserved. The hilt was a thened, and Austrin taken (1938). small replica of a Spanish sol-

Other post war treaties violnt- ed or abrogated include St. Ger- main (Austria); Trianon (Hun; gary): Neuilly (Bulgaria); and Locarno.

The treaty of Lausanne was peaceably revised in 1936 to per- mit Turkey to remilitarise the Straits.

Sword-Point

dier dressed in a coat of mail. weapon from the Spanish inva- Authorities have dated the sion during the sixteenth cen- tury.

Mr. Smith's discovery has in- terest because of its antiquity. But aside from that it turned our thoughts to the transitory nature of conquests in general. Florida and Ponce de Leon and a new land for His Most Chris- tian Majesty, Charles I. Turn IN THE midst of warlike times to history and read of the bat- we rend with interest of Mr. tles that swords, such as the one Wilber Smith's discovery. Mr. discovered by Mr. Smith, helped Smith lives in Florida. While to wage. It may be a sobering backing his car out his drive the experience. Even Causea won other day, he ran over an are lost sometimes to time. obstruction sticking វា little Spain's New World empire-n above the ground. On exam. few lines now in n history book ination it turned out to be an old and a rusty sword in Mr. Smith's Spanish sword in a rusty scab driveway in Florida, U.S.A.

E D

Lichter

-7.1

By Lichty

Tešaľký Uverná Kralama Vyskiezen, Sea,

"One more past due account, Sneed, and we'll turn this place into a collection agencyr

out the tactical plans for the rising.

Lenin, on the 3rd, hind fixed the date: November 7-the day on which the All-Ruralen Congress of Soviets was meeting. Everything was ready.

But the only news from Russia in "The Times" that day was that ex-Minister Protopopol had been declared insana and that the export of works of art had been prohibited!

Next day--the 6th-came re- ports of nu "initial attempt of the Muxinalists to selze power" ani

ot Kerensky's declaration that "all ncts of this kind will be suppressed immediately."

That same night it happened. At 2.0 o'clock the Red Guard oc- cupied the railway stations. At 3.30 the cruiser Aurora landed sallots and guns. By morning the Bank, the telephone exchanges- all the strategic points-had been. ocempled without resistance. The Government. In permanent ses- sion, in the Winter Palace, unt there Bolated.

܀ ܀

At ten in the morning Kerensky pped away, disguised, to try to doyal" troops somewhere outside. The Bolsheviks waited, hoping that the Government would surrender.

on

Not until evenin; did the attack the Palace begin. A few rounds from the Aurora, a few rounds from St. Peter and St. Paul and it was all over.

The proclamation: were posted. "The Provisional Government is deposed. The State Power has passed lalo the hands of the M- tary Revolutionary Committee.”

The Soviet Republic was in being. But next day's "Times" headilnes. were "Maximalist Sedition in Petrograd: Firni

Government Stand."

The next: "Anarchy in Petro- grad: Power reined by Lenbi."

But still it all moment of no im- portance. A short editorial ex- pressed conviction that "the real Russia" would never acquiesce.. But the main editorial was de- voted to the vastly more signifi- cant fact that Colonel House had arrived In London!

Days passed. Liquidation of the revolt was "a matter of days." Lenin was losing control." Bis relan was "drawing to a close."

The Extremists have not enough brains to run the country." But through it all the note of almost complete indifference.

Only when the Bolsheviks pro- posed negotiation for peace did it seem to matter at all. Then, in- deed, "The Times" troubled for the first time to be indignant, and began to call Lenin "alina Alder- blum." "Lepin and several of his confederates are adventurers of German-Jewish blood and in Ger- man pay. whose sole object is to exploit the ignorant masses in the interest of their own employers in Berlin."

How stupid, how blind, how un- comprehending it all seems, when you read it twenty years later. But how easy it is to be wise after- wards.

How could they have understood that those days of "anarchy in Petrograd" were to be, in their consequences, so much more im- portant than the storming of Pas- schendaele, the capture of Gaza. or even the arrival of Colonel House?

Nobody could foresee what lay ahead: the first swift triumph of the Bolsheviks: the long years of Intervention and civil war: the final victory.

Nobody could foresee the im- pact of Bolshevism on West and East, the spread of Communist Idens, the growth of Communist parties, the reaction, the coming of Fascism.

No one in 1917 could have fore- tald 1038. Who in 1038 dares guras at 1957?

Louis XVI, in his diary for July 14, 1789, did not trouble to note the taking of the Bastille. In London, in November, 1917, the landing of Colonel House seemed of more consequence than "Bedition in Petrograd."

But November 7 has become one of the great anniversaries of the world. And very soon nobody but historians will remember who Col. House was or why he landed,

tied to the waist. If they do fall into the river the bladder may keep them jafont till somebody enn fish them out

again.

A curious, disconcerting spectacle. useful as a reminder that in a land where everything is cheap, nothing is quite so cheap an human life.

Hankow, with its junka packed aide by side for five miles around (Continued on Page 7.)

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