1938-11-07 — Page 18

THE HONGKONG" TELEGRAPH Monday, NOVEMBER 7, 1938.

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Hongkong Telegraph.

Mounay, NOVEMBER 7, 1038,

Sanctity of Treaties

Europe appears on the thres- hold of a new set of treaties to replace the shattered fabric of 1919. The League of Nations considers severing its Covenant from the Treaty of Versailles.

International law recognises the following rules regarding treaties: Changes in govern- ment do not affect treaties, which are between States. [Changes in circumstances are not valid reasons for violating treaties. Duress on signer has [no effect on legal force of treaty. | Violation by one party, if proved

or admitted, frees other party from obligations.

Examples of treaty violation, non-observance, and abrogation include:

1830–Russia suppresses Polish Constitution on ground of Polish revalt.

1816-Austria takes Cracow by

with Russia and Prussia,

1943-Lamartine declares Con- gress of Vienna treaties, 1815, void for France.

force, violating free city treaty

1870-Russia denounces

T

SQUABBLE that CHANGED HISTORY

THESE daya, twenty-one years ago: the days just before November 7, 1917.

November 7. of

course,

meant nothing in particular then (as July 4 meant nothing before 1776, or July 14 before 1789),

J

It was somebody's birthday, no doubt. It wna-as Whitaker chose to record-the death day of Sir Martin Frobisher.

But nobody guessed in the days before tho Bolshevik insurrection in Petrograd that something was happening which was going to "shake the world" and to affect the external and internal politics of every country for a generation: and so for ever.

Indeed, outside Russia itself. nobody was taking much notice of the happenings Inside that torn and traple country. The world outside had other things think about than another rlot in Petrograd.

It was thinking about the war. And Russia was pretty well out of the war, anyway, with its armies broken or in revolt, its Govern- ment powerless and crumbling.

What could Russia matter by comparison with the grent events elsewhere?

The Canadians were storming Passchendaele and Byng was pre- The paring to attack Cambrai. Italians were reeling back to the Plave after. the disaster at Caporetto. Allenby was crashing through from Beersheba to Gaza, ready for the final pounce on Jerusalem. Colonel House was un his way to England.

How, by comparison with such events, could the squabbles of factions in stricken Russla matter to anybody but themselves?

Rather vaguely the outer world. realised that there was a struggle for power going on. I knew that alde by side with the Government organs there were curious bodies called Councils of Workers' and

fia

L -

MAXIMALIST SEDITION

IN PETROGRAD.

FIRM GOVERNMENT- ·

USAND,

OPE

Hanneling a

DECAY FANK TIRATHE in 2004 DEBATIAN

GRAND OPENÀ

TRN AND RAIN

Patroonah, Nov. 7,-ğu armed nåval detachis ment; acting undig filers of the Maximalist. FARTENAN Hvomstartys Commuister, ; bay occupied. Thej Fullices of thin milleial | Pelengrad "Telegraph | „****

Agricy.

The Maximalists have also neeppied thẻ |

› Central Telegraph Office, the biste Bank, and the GAY

Starie Pulnce, where the P'feliminary Parliamein, tie proceedings of which have been suspendat i view, of the situatión, has been, höbling its sitting

Up to the persent në disorders have been teported, with the exception of some putrager! by hooligans.

Street trafic and the general life of the city remain nonnal.

Noven 4.-The dipiute

Soldiers Deputies, which some people. airing their knowledge. spoke of learnedly as "Soviets.”

It knew that there was a party et Extremists" or "Maximalists," which was trying to get control of the Soviets and of the Government by the Soviets, and which was call- ing for an immediate peace. And that their leaders were two men called Lenin and Trotsky.

as

The learned ones talked of them Bolsheviks, and explained quite wrongly) that Bolshevik meant **Maximalist." that they made munximum demands as

the against

minimu of the Menshevika" or "Minimalists." That oud word "Maximalist " slayed in fashion long enough to get itself written into the Ver- sailles Treaty}

There was a general named Kor- nliov who had tried to march o Petrograd and restore the Tsar; but he had falled because his

troops would 1100 follow. Now all these other fellows were squab- blog among themselves, in- ateau of get- ting on with the

war, ан Premier Kerensky wished. Nobody realised that Lenin, hav- Ing overcome the doubts and bes)- tations of nearly all his comrades, was preparing to seize power, withi the slogans of Peace, the Land for the Peasants, Workers' Control of Industry, All Power to the Soviets: that the Bolshevik Revolution was beginning.

in

Certainly nobody dreamed that, November, 1038, Petrograd would be Leningrad and all Russio eclebrating the 20th birthday the Soviet Republic.

It is odd-and chastening-to look back in the newspaper files for those days.

of

On November 5, Trotsky's clo- quence was capturing tho key post- 1100 of Petrograd-the prison fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul. The garrison was going over to the Bolsheviks-and the arms in the Arsenal were being put at the ser- vice of the Red Guard. Antonov- Ovicenko, ex-officer and mathie- matician, and the Military Revolu- tionary Committee were working

YANGTSE, RIVER OF DESTINY

Foreign Powers' Share in the Teeming

Traffic of China's Vital Artery

The Japanese naval have reached Hankow."

forces

20,000,000 Fyptions and Sudanese, commerce would be impossible with- the Yangtse does for 200,000,000 cut the Yangtse. On it ply the feels

ADD to that news item that Chinese, all of them dependent, of Jardine, Matheson and Co., Butter- Hankow is 600 miles from directly or indirectly, on the river for field and Swire, the Dollar Line of America, the Sino-Franco S.N. Co.,

Shanghai, that even there the the necessaries of life.

Its functions are threefold. To the Japanese Nisshin Kisen Koishin

LIFE IS CHEAP

The teeming life of the rivers is

river, a mile wide, could be begin with, it waters their crops-and and the China Merchants' S.N. Co. navigated in summer by 10,000-the struggle of the Chinese for exist- From Shanghat alone there are over ton liners, and that British gun-cnce is to relentless that even In 14,000 departures of inland steamers. bonts saved lives at Ichang, 1,000 Szechuan, most fertile of the 18 every year.

provinces, many peasants cannot HOL neu- miles from the sea. Then you afford to rest content with two crops tralisation of Black Sea under have some idea of the immensity years. They plant yet a third in

1 Treaty of Paris, 1856.

of the Yangtse, the river of the river flats, on the chance that it one of the most fascinating features The junk 1908--Austria violates Berlin destiny which the world now can be gathered before the river is of the Chinese seene.

swollen treaties of 1878 by annexing watches so anxiously.

by the melling snows of Tibet people are a class apart. They have their own priests, tradesmen and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

and sweeps away its yield. In actual length the Yangise is Can you wonder that the Chinese beggars, on the river they are born 1912-United States exempts either third or fourth among great are habitual gamblers, ready to slake and married, and on the river they

coustwise vessels from rivers. (Its upper reaches have their shirts

anything from dic. The junks are their only home. Panataa Caml tolls, violating

never been accurately mopped). mahhjong to a contest of battling Fowls, dogs, pirs and babies occupy the decks, the children without any Hay-launcefote Treaty of 1901.

Measured in terms of international crickets

The river's second function in that protection against drowning except Exemption repented in 1914, commerce and power of life and death

Roads in China are perhaps (in the case of boys, worth over countless millions of people, it of carrier. 1914-Germany violates Bel- is incomparably the greatest, the most almost unknown, some of the rallways preserving) a rope or a pig's bladder gian neutrality.

dramatic, river in the world,

exist only in "face"-giving maps, and (Continued on Next Column.)

DW JA

1922-France occupies Ruhr. Italy quit Triple Alliance. stretching Versailles provisions.

1981-to date-Japan, violates Four-Power. Treaty, Nine-Power Pact, and League Covenant by invasions of China.

Yangtze is known to the Chinese During most of its course the

simply as "Klang "the River," Other rivers huve names. The river could only mean the Yangise.

for

THREEFOLD FUNCTION Half the entire population of the country lives in the 700,000 square 1935-Italy invades Ethiopia, miles of the Yangise basin. In no violating Lengus Covenant. Fact other content is there a great area of Paris, and treaty with Ethiopia, | of such abounding, astonishing

fertility. What the Nile does 1935-Germany announces air force in existence, serapping mili- tary clauses of Versailles. In stendy succession, Rhineland Is

bard. The blade and hilt were renceupled (1936), havy strong well preserved. The hilt was a thened, and Austria taken (1938). small replica of a Spanish sol- dier dressed in a coat of mail.

Other post war treaties violat-Authorities have

dated

the

ed or abrogated include St. Ger- weapon from the Spanish Inva- main (Austria); Trianon (Hun- sion during the sixteenth cen- gary); Neuilly (Bulgaria); and

tury. Locarno,

The treaty of Lausanne wus peaceably revised in 1936 to per- mit Turkey to remilitarise the, Straits.

Sword-Point

Mr. Smith's discovery has in- terest because of its antiquity: But aside from that It turned our thoughts to the transitory nature of conquests in general. Florida and Ponce de Leon and) a new land for His Moat Chris- tian Majesty, Charles I. Turn IN THE midst of warlike times' to history and read, of the bat- we read with Interest of Mr. ties that swords, such as the one Wilber Smith's discovery. Mr. discovered by Mr. Smith, helped Smith Iven in Florida. While to wage. It may be a sobering backing his car out his drive the experience. Even causes won other day, he ran over an are lost sometimes to time. obstruction sticking little Spaln'a New World empire-a above the ground. On exam- few lines now in a history book ination it turned out to be an old and a rusty sword in Mr. Smith's |Spanish sword in a rusty scab driveway in Florida, U.S.A.

on

GRIN AND BEAR IT

C

4-11

WHIZ SALES

By Lichty

"One more past due account, Sneed, and we'll turn this place into a collection agency!".

rising.

ut the tactical plans for the

Lenin, on the 3rd, had fixed the date: November --the day on which the All-Russlon Congress of Soviets was meeting. Everything was ready,

But the only news from Russla In The Times" that day was that ex-Minister Protopoport lind been declared Insane and that the export of works of art had been prohibited!

Next day-the ill-came re- ports of an "initial attempt of the Maximalists to seize power " and of Kerensky's declaration that "all acts of this kind will be suppressed immediately."

That same night it happened. At 20 o'clock the Red Guard oc- cupled the railway stations, At 3.30 the cruiser Aurora landed sallors and guns. By morning the Bank. the telephone exchanges all the strategic points-had been occupied without resistance. The Government, in permanent ses- sion, in the Winter Palaeo, ant there Isolated,

At ten in the morning Kerensky slipped away, disguised, to try to find loyal" troopa somewhere outside. The Bolsheviks waited. hoping that the Government would surrender.

Not until evening did the attack on the Palace begin. A few rounds from the Aurora, a few rounds from St. Peter and St. Paul and it was all over..

The proclamations were posted. "The Provisional Government is deposed. The State Power has passed into the hands of the Mil1- tary Revolutionary Committee,”

The Soviet Republic was in being. But next day's “Times" head)lues were "Maxlinalist Sedition In Petrograd: Firm Government Stand."

The next; "Anarchy in Petro- grad: Power reized by Lenin.”

But at it all seemed of no im- portance. A short editorial ex- pressed conviction that "the real Russia" would never acquiesce. But the main editorial was de- voted to the vastly more signif-. cant fact that Colonel House had arrived in London! ·

Days passed. Liquidation of the revolt was "a matter of days." Lenin wax "losing control." His reign, was "drawing to a close." "The Extremists have not enough brains to run the country."

But through it all the note of almost complete indifference.

Only when the Bolshevika pro- posed negotiation for peace did it seem to matter at all. Then, in- deed, "The Times" troubled for the first time to be Indignant, and began to call Kenin ́"allas Alder- blum." "Lenin and zoveral of his confederates are adventurers of German-Jewish blood and in Ger- man pay, whose sole object is to exploit the ignorant masses to the Interest of their own employers in Berlin."

How stupid, how blind, how un- comprehending it all seems, when

you read it twenty year inter. But how easy it is to be wise-after- wards.

How could they have understood that those days of "anarchy In Petrograd" were to be, in their consequences, so much more Im- portant than the storming of Pas- schendaele, the capture of Gaza. or even the arrival of Colonel House?

Nobody could foresee what lay ahead: the Arat switz triumph of the Bolsheviks: the long years of intervention and civil war the final victory.

Nobody could foresee the im- pact of Bolshevism on West and Bast, the spread of Communist ideas, the growth of Communist parties, the reaction, the coming of Fascism.

No one in 1017 could have fore- told 1038. Who in 1038 dares guess at 10572

Louis XVI. in bla diary for July 14, 1780, did not trouble to note the taking of the Bastillo. In London, in November, 1917, tho Innding of Colonel House seemed of ΣΠΟΓΟ consequence

than "Sedllion in Petrograd.”

But November 7 has become ono of the great anniversaries of the world. And very soon nobody but historians will remember who Cal House was or why he landed.

tled to the waist. If they do fall into the river the bladder may keep them afloat till somebody can fish them out again.

A curious, disconcerting spectacle. useful as a reminder that In a land where everything is cheap, nothing is quite so cheap on human lifegor Pe

Hankow, with its junks" parked side by side for five miles around (Continued on Page 8.)-