1938-01-04 — Page 5

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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.

MONDAY,

JANUARY 3, 1938.

TELLS OF MENACE

OF POISON GAS

Lecturer Describes Effect And Best Safeguard

A most practical and interesting lecture of the Air Raid Precautions series was given at the China Fleet Club yesterday' by: Lieut. Cmdr. B. M. Douglas, R.N. (Rtd.), another large attendance testifying to the enthusiasm with which the public has followed Govern ment's lead in this subject.

CANTON TRAIN DERAILED

Heavy Casualties In Derailment

Canton, Jun. 3. About 80 were killed or seriously Injured when a train from Canton to Wuchung was derailed at Huang- shihishan tunnel, about 120 miles north of Canton, at 11.20 p.m. yes- terday

The express Included a locomotive and 12 conches, which jumped the ralls. Two were overturned. and inside were 20 dead, 10 being wofnen and children. The necident, which occurred near the end of the tunnel,

which due to a tom track-Interna-

tional.

the An investigation shows that mishap was due to the loosening of

bombing. A recent torrentinl raln biro contributed to weaken the road bed, says Central News.

Mustard gas, he said, would be the subject of a paper "the road bed by constant Japanese to itself next week for, despite the Geneva Gas Protocol of 1935, nations were not omitting guarding against the possibility of violation of the agreement not to use gas.

The speaker said: It may be of interest to give a very brief historical summary showing when the various gases were introduced by the Germans during the war and what was hoped to achieve with them.

Tem

this

new

irritant.

lung

The Gerinons delivered the first powder.) It is readily quified at gas attack in April. 1915, the gas used ordinary temperatures by pressure being chlorine. The surprise was of and is therefore usually stowed in cylinders. It attacks most course complete since the allies steel were totally unprotected. and there metals and is soluble in water. a greenish seems to be a fairly general opinion When released it forma that had the German General Staff yellow cloud. It is a deadly realised the power of

Lung Irritants weapon and used it on a large scale,

Irfitants, The effects of lung having suficient reserves at hand to take advantage of the situation crent-

course, depend on the amount of ed, they might have been able to de-

gas and the length of time you are elde the war out of hand.

exposed to them. The stronger the as the greater the injury in a given time, a certain quantify must breathed before it will do any real harm.

chlorine was Protection against

in very quickly forthcoming und

"introduced 1015

the Germans Phosgene, which is more toxte or poisonous than chlorine and requires different protection.

We

should

the necessary protection before the Both gases Germars first used it. already mentioned are lethal.

of

be

culate cloud is, very fine particles of dust.

It has on irritating smell and causes coughing, sneezing, vomiting, pain in the nose, throat, chest and gums and has an immediate action. It would probably be released from generators or floats and requires concentration of 1 in 8,000,000 to 2-minute exposure. Incapacitate in

The second one C.A.P. is also solid but when heated gives off a sweet but

irritating tear

which Kas also to a light degree irritates the skin--you get a prickly heat feeling on any exposed area of skin more especially in hot weather.

It is quite harmless and by facing the breeze for a minute or so it all clears away. This is used in all gas chambers for testing the ft of res pirators.

The object of these two gases is as I mentioned before to prevent you getting your respirator on before a wave of lethal gus is put over.

Chloro-Plerin

A person working hard is breath- ing a much greater volume of air that than a person sitting still, so

There is also a semi-persistent gas concentration the given the summe

pale yellow liquid having a pungent worker would suffer the greatest in-known as chloro-pierin which is a jury. That is why in my last lecture and lachrymntory smell. It is a

They expected that have no protection against it, but fortunately the Intelligence Service nd discovered in advance that the use of phosgene was contemplated i I advised you when in your shelters deadly lung irritant cnusing vomiting or houses gas is to put on your respirators and sit stil. Even gressive effect. It might be used in if gas is not present and there are shells or projectors i.e. can be thrown lot of others with

smail you in a

out from trenches by a sort of trench space you must keep still as other-

mortar. thun wise you are using up more

It is not a popular gas for some your share of oxygen. I. think that

reason and I think as far as present especial circum- day

warfare is concerned the only under very stances there would be sufficient gas favourites for non-persistent Rases in that present to render one or two breaths are phosgene and chlorine of lachry dangerous so if you do get a whiff order.

or two, don't think all is lost and turn your face to the wall.

Geneva Gas Protocol

Subsequent efforts were made by the Germans with lachrymatory or tear gases and arsenical compounds, the intended function matories being to prevent putting his respirator on quickly due to his being practically blinded by compounds tears and the arsenical

a man

were intended to penetrate the res- pirator, and cause so much coughing that the wearer would be forced to remove his mask.

I do not

Hot Propose

The concentration of chlorine re- quired to Incapacitate in an exposure of two minutes is 1 in 10,000.

Avolding Exertion

2017

οι

of

That concludes the non-persistent gases and I shall not touch on the persistent ones to-day that is mustard and lewisite as they for the subject of the lecture on Monday week.

It may be of interest to quote from experiments recently report on carried out by the Chemical Detence Commitice in England. This has, I know, been published in the Hong- kong Daily Press of December 23 but for the benefit of those who did not see it, I will give you a short description of these tests.

I will not attempt to give you then These gases I have mentioned are full medical details of the effects of non-persistent, that is, they do not diese lung irritants as I cannot pro- hang around for a long time, except nounce most of the long words they use-still less do I know what they certain tear gees which show con- siderable persistence. In July 1917 mean-but anyone interested in that ine may discover all he wants to Mustard Gas was first used by the

after know in Air Raid Precaution Hand- Germans but as the lecture next is entirely-devoted to Mustard book No. 3 "Medical

Gas Casualties "which" more about to say more

the be obtained from Kelly and Walsh: in told you it to-day. As I

of anyhow they can get them for you. the lecture Introductory

happens in plain the Geneva Gas Protocol of 1925 to language is that these irritants attack poison gas in war is forbidden by What roughly which this Empire and nit the most the air cells of the lungs.causing a fuld to be formed which prevents important countries are partles.. Nevertheless the risk of gas being the passage of oxygen into the blood thereby causing the patient to used remains a possibility und vannot

collapse from Inck of oxygen and be disregarded.

death is frequently the result.

LL

use

Experimental Station There is at home a large experi- mental station manned by Naval, Military and Air Force Oneers and men and a large staff of scientists who experiment with new gases, And the antidote for them devise and test respirators, protective clothing

<le.

For this reason all exertion on the part of the victim must be avoided at all cost as exertion calls for more Get a respirator on him- oxygen. put him on a stretcher and carry it out of the gas. He must be kept warm because chattering teeth cause exertion, do not give him alcohol as that makes the heart go faster there- fore demanding more oxygen.

Test on Cottage.

The Orst test

was strong

cloud on an unprotected room. The house selected was a game-keepers

ground coltage three rooms on the Boor and three rooms upstairs, sheltered to a large extent by a belt of trees which reduced the strength of wind to about 1/8h.

Over a ton of chlorine was releas- ed 20 yards from the house so that the wind carried it straight to an A very strong unprotected room.

gas cloud was thus maintained for 40 minutes, during which time the gas gradually penetrated to the Inside. A fire was burning in the hearth the whole time and the only measures taken to exclude the gas consisted of closing the doors and windows in the usual way.

In about seven minutes it become necessary for them to put on their respirators.

Any new gas is tried out generally Artidein respiration should not be first on a mouse, then a rabbit and given unless he has stopped breath- finally on one of the staff so I de Ing. Hol, sweet tea will warm and

be caught refresh him. This treatment applies The quantity of chlorine concen- should not think we

in were

1915. for all Jung Irritants or choking trated on the house could only under unawares as we

practical conditions have been ur Every Invention suggestion is uses.

Deadly Phosgene

obtained by several large gas bombs thoroughly investigated scientifically

dropping near to the house and the and practically, however enzy h

A more modern and deadly gas is period of exposure to the maximum may appear to be at first sight,

phosgene. It again is non-persistent effort of the gas was much longer Gases are divided into two main and is a colourless gas at ordinary than would normally be experienced. groups, "Non-persistent" and "Per-temperatures but in the presence of

Tear gas was used for another ex- the moisture it forms into thin, white When berated inta

periment and sistent."

cottage atr non-persistent form clouds cloudt. It smells of hay and enveloped for an hour in an intense ale non-pursmical smoke which drift soon starts you off coughing. It is atmosphere caused by spraying the

the along with

wind gradually also a tear gas as well as being a mixing with larger quantities of air very deadly lung irritant, the nelion and so becoming less dangerous, is not so quickly apparent as chlorine "Persistent" gases are usually liquids but is progressive which makes it which evaporate slowly giving off more dangerous as vapour.

Influence of Weather

wem

the

In

the

Was

A

gas into the air ten yards from the house. Men 200 yards down wind from the house were incapacitated any exertion about one minute and in some cuses 20 seconds. Men in the house taken in this "delay netion" périod

in a room with windows and door would probably put you outright closed lasted 13 minutes without

putting an their respirators. way.

third experiment was

with arsenical smoke and the cottage was enveloped in a dense cloud for 20 minules. Men occupying an unpro- tected room found the smoke soon penetrated and when civilian res pirators were worn complete protec- flon was obtained.

Another non-persistent gas which have not mentioned before is hydrocyanic or prussic acid.

The effectiveness of a ges may be

the Both these gaser would probably considerably influenced by weather. A high wind rapidly blows be mixed and released from cylin away non-persistent gas, or vapour ders. arising from a persistent gus. warm weather persistent liquids will give off vapour which will rise and readily become mixed with the air, but on the other hand

quid

This is a colourless liquid smelling evaporated more quickly than in cold of bitter almonds and is a direct weather, Frost has little effect on non-persistent gares but will freeze poison to the nervous system, in other words you become completely persistent liquids. Light rain has

lille effect on gas of either sort but paralysed. This might be used in shella but it is not a very popular henvy typhoon rain tends to wash the gas out of the air and also helps personnel in Diling the sheils and Kos weapon owing to the danger to to wash away and destroy any r

then later the stowage of projectiles sistent liquid on the ground. The

alled with Prussia Acid. A concen- most dangerous conditions therefore

core trailon of 1 in 2,000 under which any gas may be used are in mild calm weather with or without dangerous. fog. The absence of wind means

Non-Lethal Gases that the rate of mixing the go with the air will be slow therefore it will There are also two non-lethal non- drift about In a dangerous concentra- persistent gases which are perhaps tion for a long time.

worth mentioning. As I mentioned

Diphenylamino-chlorarsine (D. M.L chlorncetophenone (C.A.P.), (D.M.) is a bright, crystal insoluble in in a greenish yellow gos with an un- yellow, solid

and pleasant pungent

suffocating water. When heated it molts odour of chloride of lime (bleaching the vapour condenses into a parti-

and Phosgene are

before, chlorine

and the two mela lethal non-persistent gases. Chlorine The first one

and

is very

mude

This concluded the lecture, ozd Cmdr. Douglas was recorded hearty applause.

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