1937-12-21 — Page 5

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READINI,

THE HONGKONG

LECTURER TELLS OF PRECAUTIONS IN AERIAL RAIDS

Systems Of Modifying

Effects Of Bombs

TELEGRAPH.

Making buildings as safe në possible against high explosive bombing and protecting human belags from the effects of splinter bombs were the two main aspects of Air Raid Přecoutions dealt with in a lecture at the China Flect Club Theatre yesterday by Major B. B. Edward», M.C., RE.

The speaker Illustrated his remarks by diagrams of trench constructions which were examined with interest by those attending.

He also described the simple method of making a shelter room in each building and sald a number of small shelters were ensier to make and had the advantage of not exposing such large groups of people to the effects of a single bomb, Major Edwards sald: 1 have been tall to-night to speak on high ex- plosive bombs, their effects and what we can do to modify them.

Generally high explosive is dropped from aireraft and there are

tivo types. Mankillers pd destroyers of material.

The mankiller or splinter bomb is a small bomb with delay fuse intend- ed for use against troups in the open For under canvas. Bursts on the sur- face and spreads radially. Not likely to be user wainst towns and any BOCCANTUR we take will deal with it.

are

The destroyers of material bobs of sizes up to 3,000 lb. Atted with either urdinary Impact or delay we zetion fuses they are intended primarily to destroy buildings, docks, workshops, ships and similar struc-

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fures and are only incidental man- killers.

No ordinary protection can stop such a bomb and it is not worth try- ing. A direct hit will demolish whatever it hits but then direct hits jare very rare.

have been trying to hit the railway for some time. They have occasion ally, but not often, scored a direct,

hit on the sinall track,

TUESDAY,

Around this again will be an area in which the destruction will vary immensely and will be very hard in- deed to forcieli,

DECEMBER

21,

1937.

It is better to have a number of 1800 small shelters with a maximum of 50 persons per shélier, rather than one large one partly because they' Among houses built in blocks or are easier to make and it is easier rows a big bomb falling in one of to and buildings and rooms suliable, the houses may tako" "Ave or six but chiefly because you do not want houses right out of the row and if all your eggs in one basket. A direct the houses are old and of indifferent, hit on a shelter would be very bad naterials might take the whole block. luck indeed-like being struck by: On the other hand a modern build-| lightning-but it the shelter is too | ing of reputable design and construc- tarite you may have more people tion would probably not suffer much hurt then you need.

་

nin

If you must have a big shelter, divide it up in 60 man units by add- ing inside walls or traverses.

of

The following thicknesses material are reasonably safe against i splinters and against the binst of n Bomb not less than 50 away.

Materials Suitable

2. Good concrete not weaker than 1:0 mixture, 15 inches or reinforced conerele of 12 inches with masonry of good quality.

Specially designed reinforced con- crete may be as little as 10 inches thick.

If a Ulg bomb fell 50′ to 100' outside the building. Thus for our purpose of providing cover against air raids If you haven't got a good building of renaonably sound construction and workmanship It is better to abandon all Iden of using a bullding and to dig cover trenches outside.

Alternatively if there is a hillside handy to drive tunnels into it and get your cover that way but it is 1. Good quality brickwork ́in_h.c. somewhat slow and expensive and mortar, 13 Inches solid or 1515 only to be done under expert super- { inches hollow with a two inch cavity. vision.

Shelters In Buildings

Remember good brickwork and not The construction of a splinter the rather indifferent work you may proof shelter Inside n building has meet here, however several fairly solid advan- Lages. It la right on the spot and can easily be got at and it is prab. ably easier to make gas proot. not now going to touch on this point, It will be dealt with in a later lecture but as you cannot foretell the nature of the attack it is obvious that your S.P. shelter must be gas proof and your gas proof room splinter proof. Now how to choose your room. or as proofing reasons it should not normally be occupied by mere

1. Sand, earth or coal dust con- persons than will allow of 76 sq. Ih of surface area (walls, floor and flued between bourds or shuttering) ceiling) per tread. This is a Home- to a minimum thickness of 30 inches. Remember to see that the earth, side figure and if at all possible this sand elc. is kept up. Rain and

gure might be increased to 100 sq. San it here to about 30 sq. ft. per man weather will wash some of it away and you may find yourself relying on two thicknesses of board only. Gives good moral effect perhaps but of no practical use. Have regular places where a man can elimb up and look at the inside of the wall and keep stocks of spare material handy, say up to 20 per cent. of the (Continued on Page 10)

Big bombs destroy by blast and cause further damage by flying bits of the case and bits of rock thrown up by the blast. Blast is most dan gerous for generally close up to the actual explosion there is a rush of as that is so rapid and so great that it has no time to find its way round any obstacle or out through any hoie. it just removes anything in its way. with. 13 rooths. This is simply to Even at a little distance of 20 toave enough air to breathe when all 30 feet from the explosion, the rush the openings are closed. But for this still great and a check may cause you could crowd inore people in and it to

to destroy all in front of it rather this could be done when there are thon take the easier path.

special ventilating arrangements.

On the other hand high explosive has the most odd effects and lapses and may teave unharmed persons

and things quite near the centre of the explosion,

Effect of Blast

So we may expect, an aren around the point of impact where everything is completely destroyed. This is the crater and may be anythinit from ten to 40 or nure feet across and from trouble across the border where they three to 15 or

Rallway Bombing

We have seen a certain amount of

more

feet deep.

These are possible and work some- what on the lines of air conditioning Plants making the whole room one Vast respirator.

Eggs In One Basket

If you should have such a plant you can crowd your people in up to six sq. ft. of door space per person or less, but do not allow less if you can possibly help it because of the delay in crowding people in.........."Pass right down the car please" applies here.

From the above you may decide whether the rooms you have your eye on are good enough.

The following are materials that can be used to close openings or strengthen doubiful places:

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