1937-08-19 — Page 10

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THE

THURSDAY, HONGKONG. TELEGRAPH.

AUGUST

19,

1937.

A Brief History Of THE SPANISH WAR

0

1-The Plan

N the third day of the war in Spain General Quçino de' Llano, satrap of Seville,. rung up the Home Office in Madrid and asked, might he speak to General Mola?

To Queipo's chagrin, he had, to "press button B," get his money back, and try another number, not in the Madrid directory.

According to the plan of the generals, Mola should have marched into Madrid that day. But the plan had gone agley, Briefly, it was this:

First day-rising in Morocco. Second day provincial gar- risons in Spain would join the

· movement · and converge on the capital.

Third day-with Madrid en- closed in a circle of violence, the Government paralysed with fear and bewilderment, a rising within the city would finish the job.

of

In Spain. the land mamma, they seldom keep to schedule. The generals' Three Day Plan has developed into a year-long war, and they are farther away than ever from their goal,

2-The First Failure

Why did the Plan miscarry? From a multiplicity of factors, on which the rebels failed to calculate, I should pick out

these as decisive:

1 The People's Front Govern- ment armed the people, anci -even more important— the people were prepared to

use the arms.

2 The Navy remained loyal,

More Than

One Year Old

Madrid was saved by the people of Madrid, men, women and even children

("My only surprise has first squadron

Was

By William Forrest

ordered to

been the hostile attitude of Morocco two days before the the Fleet," anid Franco.)

3 The Anarchist (C.N.T.) across.

rebellion)

workers, though not in the People's Front, stood shoui- der to shoulder with the Socialist, Commmist and Liberal (U.G.T.) workers,

to fly the

Moora

4-Badajoz: Irun

With the aid of the Moors Franco first swept through

the march on Madrid.

round Mudrid. Each successive attack-firat from the west, next from the north-west, then from the south-east (against the Valencia road)-met with a more stubborn resistance than the last,

Finally, in March, the Italians tried the "north-east passage" down the Guadalajara road, and Mussolini himself has said it will be a long time before he forgets that affair.

Now, on the eve of the first anniversary of the war, Madrid has taken the offensive for the first time since the siege began.

her citizens A year ago stormed their Bastille-the Montana barracks-and then sallied forth in flower-decked

und lorries

the to meet enemy in the passes of the Guadarramas.

cars

The violent sunshine, the laughing, cheering crowds. the flowers, the rushing to and fro, the cannon which they draggel from a museum-it had all the air of carnival about it.

8-The People's Army

But even then. in the midst of the carnival, thoughtful men foresaw the long, grim struggle ahead. the clark November days.

They knew that the un- trained, poorly-armed and un- disciplined militia groups, all owning allegiance to different political or trade union organi- sations, could never beat the disciplined enemy. The Republic must have an Army, a People's Army, properly equipped, strict- ly disciplined. obedient to one command.

A beginning was made with the formation by the Commun- ist Party of the so-called Fifth Regiment. This was the back- bone of Madrid's defence in the

Samuel Hoare's phrase); radio

SOS's to

the early days, and in January it and

members of this trade union was chosen-or, rather, offered itself as the nucleus of the

twelve.

sent out

and that trade union, summon-

as

of foreign war material,

Roman, Germanic and Moor- ish, invaders in turn subdued ancient Spain over the course .of centuries. In

one year

Romans, Germans

and

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THE HONGKONG

TELEGRAPH

SEVENTH ANNUAL

Amateur Photographic

Competition

Closing Date: 30th September, 5 p.m.

Owing to pressure on space the list of Prizes have been unavoidably left out for this issue, but the Sections, Rules and Entry Form are printed below:

SECTION TWO:

2 That the Brownshirt and ing them to the defence of the new People's Army.

the Blackshirt Dictators, city, and the call was answered.

When Spain's Ambassadors who had violated one agree- Trenches were

dug, barri- met in Valencia last month ment after another could cades raised, and the defences Premier Negrin was able to tell somehow be trusted

them that the Republic hud an to manned by the young men,

four times almost honour this one.

who held on until the arrival army

as the rebel forces 4 The Basque Nationalists, Andalusia and captured Bada- While British trade unionists of the International Brigade and numerous

who were also outsiders, joz. signalising his triumph at the Plymouth Congress last the Catalan column, relieved and a war industry (part of it threw in their lot with the with the bloodbath in the ball- September were endorsing the the rebel pressure and enabled operating only a few miles from People's Front because it ring (1,500 shot). This secured lie of Non-Intervention, Spanish the whole city, now under the the Madrid front lines) which make Spain in- promised (and later grant him the necessary link with trade unionists were crying out Junta of Defence, to be placed would soon ed) them home-rule, which his friend Salazar, Dictator of in vain for arms. the generals denied them. Portugal.

The day after Toledo fell to on a war footing and converted dependent

into the impregnable fortress Followed the drive on Irun the Fascists I passed through which it is to-day. But for this, the rebels would have been spared and San Sebastian, which iso- the nearby town of Ocuna.

SECTION ONE: their costly and still un- lated the Basques and closed There were four hundred young 7-The Blond Moors finished campaign in the the western end of the French men in that town, ready to go north, in which they have frontier..

to the front. And how many Faced with this unexpected modern Spain has successfully FOR STORY-TELLING PICTURES lost their ablest comman- The way was now clear for rifles among them? Only resistance, Fascist intervention resisted the combined invasion

entered a new stage.: During of der, Mola. Thus, after three days the The Government meanwhile A month later, when the November, December and Janu- Moors,

With the blood of her best rebels found themselves masters had committed itself to those rebels were within fifteen miles ary (before the ban on volun- of only half Spain, the poorer futile. Impossible sieges by raw of Madrid, Largo Caballero, teers) thousands of Italian and sons Spain has inscribed the and less populous half Madrid, militia of strongly fortified Premier, War Minister and German troops, and with them epic of her liberty. She has Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao, rebel cities. The Asturians Commander-in-Chief, issued an massos of material, were poured stopped that melancholy retreat of Democracy before the Ag- the four chief cities, were all in were "sitting down" before order-of-the-day: Government hands.

Oviedo, the Valencians before the guns, we've got the tanks, The Italians took Malaga in gressors. She has shattered the Teruel, the Andalusians before we've got the planes. Forward. their stride; the Germans bomb- contemptuous legend that "Eu- 3-Enter The Dictators Cordoba and the Catalans be- It was a lie; a desperate lie. ed their way, via Guernica, to rope ends at the Pyrenees," and

fore Saragossz ("Saragossa Something had to be done to Bilbao ("We want the iron ore," has made herself a Power. Ilad this been one of those

Never Surrenders").

stop the retreat. But while said Hitler.)

And, gentlemen of the Labour familiar Spanish adventures

But try as they might they Party, she has done all this Guerilla warfare, which the despair may win battles, decep- which they call pronuncia-

cannot. Only when the could not break the iron ring under a People's Front. mientos (and which we denote Spaniards employed so effec- tion by some other foreign word like tively against Napoleon, for rebels came to the very gates putsch or coup, as if to show which the country is just made of Madrid did the guns and the how utterly un-English they the very word guerrila is tanks and the, planes (most of Spanish-was attempted hardly them Russian) begin to appear, are) it might have fizzled out

at all.

and at first in pathetically after such a poor start. But it

The supreme folly of this small numbers. was not. It was another stride

"sitting down" was the memor- in the world-wide onward

able Siege of the Alcazar at 6-Defence of Madrid march of the Aggressors:

Toledo. At a time when every

And yet Madrid held. It has available man should have been held out now for eight and a sent to oppose the rebel advance half months, five times as long along the Tagus Valley, "death battalions" were being die as the Paris Commune with- stood the forces of the Right in patched to the assault of the

1871. Has there been anything Alcazar.

to in history

this surpass

Manchuria

Abyssinia

Rhineland

Spain.

(What's in an Initial?)

tional.

"We've got into Spain.

It is good to know that the miracle of the defence of Mad- man responsible for this tragic rid? blunder, General Asensio, has now been eliminated.

The heavy swords of Hitler and Mussolini were thrown into the scale. The Spanish people, having beaten back the attack of their own Fascists, had now to fight the Fascist Interna- ing the enemy with her hands have seen the women of Madrid tled-tied by democratic France marching through the city on a and Britain. The "le of Non- day in late October, shaking The Fleet had falled Franco. Intervention" (M. Blum's own their fists at the rebel bombers Instead of escorting shiploads phrase) had been framed. It in the sky and raising frenzied of Moors from Africa it was was based on the assumption: cries of defiance, "No pasaran!" patrolling the Straits against their passage. Well, there were plenty of Italian planes (the

How to explain it? The International' Brigade? No. Madrid was saved by the people 5-The Cry For Arms

and of Madrid, men, womon

I wish you could Democratic Spain was fight- even children.

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1 That this was just a dog- Throughout the first week in fight between two "rival November, as the enemy closed Spanish factions" (Sir in on the capital, the Madrid Hong Bank Bldg.

Agents.

Telephone 28021.

SECTION THREE: STUDIES IN STILL. LIFE

SECTION FOUR: SNAPSHOTS TAKEN BY CHILDREN UNDER 14 YEARS

SECTION FIVE:

GENERAL PICTORIAL SECTION (VIEWS, ARCHITECTURE, LANDS- CAFES, SEASCAPES, HUMAN AND FOR PICTURES OF HONGKONG

CORONATION CELEBRATIONS ANIMAL STUDIES).

READ THE RULES CAREFULLY

The following Rules will govern the Competition:

cx-

confined 1. The Competition

clusively to amateur photographers. 2-No employee or member of any dera

In the photographic trade is por mitted to compete. 3-The prizes will be awarded to the competitors sending in what are adjudged to be the best photographs In each Section. Each entry must be accompanied by a form which wil be published during the period of the Competition, and which must be lightly pasted on back of entry, 4.The right to publish atty or all of the entries in the Telegraph reserved.

L

B-All photography entered must have.

been taken in the Colony of Hong kong. Photographs which have been already entered in other Competition are ineligible.

-No responsibility will be accepted for

non-delivery of loss of, or damage) to entries. ..

DON'T DELAY,

USE THIS FORM

AND

-All entries to be either black, sepia, or toned plctures, and must be mounted. Hand-coloured photographs are ineligiblo, B-Pictures aubmitted in sopia tones should be accompanied by a smaller print in black and white. D-No picture to be entered in mers

than one Section.

10-Mounts to be only white or cream, and. except in, the Children's Section. must be of one of the following size-10 by 14", 10" by 12", 10 by é

11-No correspondence will be entered

into in connection with the Compati tion.

13.-Members of the Staffs of Hongkong Telegraph and the South Ching Morning Post are not permitted to competo.

14-The decisions of the Judges shall be

Gnat.

13-At the conclusion of the Competi

tion, entries will re returned to competitiona_on 100..cation at the Telegraph officer, vrait seven days,

SEND IN YOUR ENTRIES NOW

LIGHTLY PASTE IT ON THE

BACK OF EACH ENTRY,

Collect these Forms which will be

priated daily.

ENTRY FORM

SECTION

NAME

ADDRESS

DATE

Please use block letters and parte this on back of auch Entry, If entered 1 Children's Section, parent please countersign here,

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