1936-09-03 — Page 22

10

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1936.

Men and Things Abroad

DANGER SPOTS

Gulf of Finland

NIA

£.20

Tallirin

Մ

ហ

Riso

OVEA

Libau

Momel

LITHUANIA

Kovno

Konigsberg

POLAND Vilna

GERMANY

IDO MILLS

O facilitate the set- tlement of those problems, the solution of which is essential to the peace of Europe."

Thus the communiqué at the end of last week's London con- versations. It is the new pro- gramme: and it is deliberately vague.

Vague because Eden, Blum and Van Zeeland have realised that for three States to de- clare that this, this and this and nothing else are the prob- lems for solution would be to wreck everything at the begin- ning.

But what are the problems at the back of their minds? What are the questions which might to- dag, or in the next year or so, start a European war?

Any More ?

Of course, one answer to that is that the causes of war are drep and nothing really to do with the Iminediate pretexts.

Un this theory war in Europe la zooner or later inevitable, because

nt:

by The ape-Tong racial struggle bittern Teuton anit stav (or Teuton and Latin, or Star and Mangol),

(b) The tusolubie conflict between Fare and Democracy for Capt

· taltam and Communism).

(c) The economic clail of rival in- dustrial States seeking markets.

The pressure of expanding populations confined withii inade quate territory.

To racikl, kleological, economic, and drugo: ratie theories of war (or any mixture of amet, you may, with a little menuity, add quite a lot of others.

Look Back

That all the same it would be a big mistake tu overlonk the fact that wars do come over specific questions, and that, if slut toas lean be found for be may Specifie question, wars

You have only got to book back A dozen years or so to find people pro- phesying as inevitable:

(a) A Russo-Rumanias Brasarabia.

toar

Over

+

of Europe

BY W. N. EWER

(b) A Russo-Japanese war over the Clinicse Eastern Railway.

(c) A German-Polisti Silesia and the Corridor.

wear over

(d) A German-Italian tar over Austrin.

(e) A Franco-German tear over the Sear

And others, too. But the wars have under- not come, because, though lying causeB are not there. Immedi ate problems have been solved.

Danger Spots

Immediate solutions then are worth while. What are Europe's immediate What arc the problems Lo-day?

'donger-spots "

Most people I suppose would answer: Memel, Danzig, Czechoslovakia. Aus- trin living for the moment alid from first place well into the unckground.

Danzig. Meincl.

Czechoslovakia, then. The names are familiar enough. But what are the questions which are seriously being debated as possible (and so presumably sufficient for a new World War?

Let us look at Memel,

About Memel

rastin

Mettel, before the Versailles Treaty, was in Germany, Fight at the very tip. where the old Russo-Gennan tronfier came to the Balle Sen. It is a purely German town, with a few thousand Lithuanian in the rural districts around,

In 1918 it was taken from Germany. because it was the only possible out- let to the sea" for the Lithuanian and White Russian countries behind.

But the Allies had not decided what. Had to do about those countries. Tsarism insted they would have been Now Where given back to the Tsar. were some who wanted nŋ Independent wanted the Lithuania: some who country united with Poland

that at any frald All were mament Lithuania might "go Bol- shevik." To give a city to a country which might any day be a Bovlet Re- public would be most unwise.

Go the Allien kept Memel for the time being under their own control until they should decide its fate.

Thirteen Years Ago

There was talk of making it a self- governing Free State: a prospect which. alarmed the Lithuanians, who saw the prize slipping out of their hands: be cause a self-governing Memel would be a Cernan Memel

So in the early days of January, 1923. some ruthlan" volunteers" entered, Memel, began a "rising," and appealed for help.

Lithuanian troops marched in: the tiny French garrison surrendered.

The Powers protested. negotiated, equleseed.--The-light-Commissioner was withdrawn, Memel was ceded to Lehmnia under conditions that it should have local self-government,

There was aulien anger in Germany:

but there were the days when the French were in the Rulit," "

Bince then Memel has been Lithu anian territory, but with a Home-Rule system, set out in the Statule of Memel and guaranteed by the four "Principal Allied Powers": Britain, France, Italy and Japan,

There is a Lithuanian governor and garrison: but an elected Chamber (Landtag). The Directorate 38 ap pointed by the Government and re- Aponsible la the Chamber. The frat elections in 1825 returned 27 Germans and two Lithuanians.

Since then there has been a con-

Limanian govern tinual struggie. ments have appointed pro-Lithuanian Directoraten. in whom the Landtag haN voted no confidence. The Landtag has been dissolved and kept dissolved.

There have been monentary nellie ments usually after pressure on Lithu ania from the Powers-and then the trouble has begun again,

Accusations

·

The Memellanders have accused the Lithunulans of violating the State. The Lithuanians have accused the Memeilanders of conspiring with Ger-

trinny.

In 1933 things got to the point at which the Gerinan head of the Direc torate was dismissed and arrested. The After stormy Powers Intervened. diplomatic Enterlude the Lithuanian adopted wiser attitude. Both sides became conciliatory.

There were two years of tranquility; and then because of Nazism, it all broke out ngain.

WILS

S16-

Nazi propaganda and Nazi outrages In Memel scared the Lithuanians, Again the German directorate The Landtag was dismissed.

A hundred Nazis pended by a ruse.

and convicted on were nrrested charges of treason and murder; the

Cure for the

BLUES

PUTTING

Biggest of all-Memel, And such a small city, "certainly not worth a European war,

Nazi methods of trial were dubious. Gennany

iri indignation. raged Hitler in his Reichstng speech of May, 1933, denounced Lithuanin us "a State which gnores the most primitive laws of human society."

Powers Intervene.

The sort of situation which brings wars was developing rapidly. Again the Powers Intervetied.

Lithuania gave way. New elections were held last October: 24 Germans. A German direc five Lithuanians. torate was formed. Tension ensed ugain. Even Herr Her has declared himself for the moment more or less Katisfied: satisfied enough to be will- ing to make a non-aggression treaty with Lithuania.

Bat, all the raine, the problem is there, At any time some foolish Nuzi milburst or some fuolish Lithuanian interference might start the trouble all up again.

It is grotesque that Europe should be in danger of war because of the affaly of thy city at 36,000 inhabitnasta, with a surrounding district of about

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100,000 more. But so ft. la. Memel is definitely a problem and n danger spot, Is it possible to get some settlement, some arrangement, freely agreed to by Germany and Lithuania and Memel itself, which will reconcile Memel nu- tonomy with Lithuanian sovereignty?

Will . in the long run, have to be decided that acquiercènce in Lithuanian putsch of 1923 blunder, and that ani which keeps

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to Lithuanian resentful submission save chaty is too fraught with danger to be sensible?

Not Worth War Should Memel be made a Free City and allowed freely to decide is own destiny?

What of Poland's interests and claims in 1924 to n share in the ad- ministration, on the ground Bat most of the area which the port of Memel serves is Polish?

has been question The Memet crented. And it has to be solved. For very certainly is not worth a European war.

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