1936-08-27 — Page 6

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, THURSDAY, AUGUST 27, 1936.

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Thursday, August 27th. 1936. (Australiún Papers please copy.)

The

Hongkong Telegraphiı.

THURSDAY, AUG. 27, 1936.

FREEDOM OF THE

PRESS

Power, once enjoyed, is usual- (D82528/9)|ly. surrendered with reluctance. This may, in part, explain the disinclination of the Government to consent to the demand made (DB4424/5) | in the Legislative Council yester- day that the existing censorship (Album: 240) of the Chinese press in Hong- Lawrence Tibbett & Stokowsky Philadelphia Orchestra:

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YORK BUILDING.

CHATER ROAD.

Beautiful Eyes

Why there is

CIVIL WAR in Spain

CALVO SOTELO

His assassination marked the beginning of the trouble.

T

HE military rising which has now spread so dis- astrously throughout the whole of Spain had been predicted by Left Wing politi- clans and newspapers for the last three months.

The Government, I am assured, knew the fundamental facts of the plot. It appears that the date ixed for the rebellion was July 23. But the assassination of the Monarchist Fascist lentier. Seftor Calvo Sotelo, and an incident In Morocco between the workers and the Foreign Legion precipitated the military outbreak.

The death of Senior Calvo Sotelo followed the assassination of a leutenant of the Shock Troops-- the Government police-by Fascist snipers.

Of course, civil war would have broken out in any case, without the killing of Señor Calvo Sotelo, for alter the complete triumph of the Popular Front on February 10 the non-Republican Conservatives began to plan to change the now political situation by violence.

They proposed to take by force of arms what they had been unable to win at the polis. Therefore the Popular Front Government and lis supporters were on the alert,

Precautions

The Workers' Militia, unarmed. has kept watch at night in the The Govern- streets of Madrid. mont has taken overy precaution, although the military leaders in- volved were not removed from their posts.

Military rebellion was in the air. But the horrific prospect of blood- ahed attendant on an armed rising against the Government induced many people to bellave that pos- sibly the enemies of the regime, who in their hearts are for law and order, might abandon their plans. Alas! events have proved that the Spanish bourgeoisle was ready, for the sake of its privileges, to let louse on Spain the most tragic catastrophe she has suffered for a huntired years.

It must be admitted that pubile

kre

BY A. RAMOS OLIVEIRA

(Formerly Editor of "El Socialista")

order was not absolutely secure, and that there had been attacks on individuals-most of them com- mitted by the Fascists..

No sooner had the Popular Front won its victory at the elections than gunmen of the Right Wing the nssassinate attempted to famous Socialist lawyer. Befor Jiménez de Asia, They missed their aim and killed his police CBcort.

They put a bomb in the house of Señor the Republican lawyer, Ortega y Gasset, and blew up the building. They killed Señor Shock Faraudo, captain of the Police. And finally, after a series of crimes against losser members of the Popular Front. they killed In the street Befor Castillo, licu- tenant of the Shock Pollce.

Reprisals

ས

So since February Spain has suffered under a White Terror, whose victims are too numerous to mention. Certainly members of

the Left Wing have taken re- prisals against the Fascists, using their own methods, as in the case of the killing of Senor Calvo Sotelo,

But the violence originated with the Conservative classes, who pro- vided their gunnson with arma and a plentiful supply of money. And now the army has rlsen, in its own

GENERAL FRANCO

always a Monarchist, retained in the Army, and now the robal leader.

of early years, and our for political Chinese press. Despite the of Our characters are moulded by the

words, "ngainst a regime of diz. orders and strikezi "

sava

It was not the relative disorder of the last few months which led the group of army plotters to Spain in this peculiar fashion. The principal cause of the counter- revolution has been the Agrarian Reform, which dates from the Law of 1932, made when the Socialista were in power.

At that time there were made several settlements of country families on the land, and the Gov- ernment took over the estates of the nobility: most of these estates were abandoned and naturally un- cultivated.

But before the Law was properly carried into effect, and was being debuted in. Parliament together with the Statute of Catalan Liber- ties, General Sanjurjo rose th re- bellion on August 10, 1932. He de- clared that the object of his in- surrection was to provent the approval by Parliament of both these measures: the Statute of Catalonia and the Agrarian Re- form Law.

From 1933 to 1933 the Right Wing was in power. It reduced - wages to hunger level, destroyed all that the Government had done in the way of Agrarian Reform, and provoked the Workers'-Repub- lican Revolution of October, 1934.

The chief aim of the Popular Front Government (fundamentally it is a Conservative intention) has been to implant the Agrarian Re- form.

So when it came into power in February last it linked up its policy. with that which had been broken

off when the Right Wing won the elections at the end of 1933. About six hundred settlements were being made dally,

Cultivation

✩

Spain ta an agrarian country. The country folk, about 60 per cent. of the whala population, have a deep craving for the land. In some places, notably in the province of Toledo, they had seized their plots of ground before the arrival of the functionaries entrusted with the distribution,

The taking and cultivating of these abandoned estates by the country folk roused the indignation of the landowners, who like their allies, the army, saw in this action nothing but anarchy.

The Spanish landowners, who are represented by all the reac- tionary groups except the Catalan League Party and the Basque Nationalists, have used their Press

can

man we

of

The career that was chosen as the

GENERAL SANJURJO

set the fashion in Fascist plotting back in 1932. He also

is now dead.

and money to campaign against the Republie and to provoke the military rebellion. The rebel army leaders, sons or brothers mostly of the landowners, have really risen against the Agrarian Reform..

In considering the character of this revolution, we must remember that it is not a Fascist movement of the German or Italian type. The military insurgents are figures who more properly belong to nineteenth century Spain, generals who work by coup d'etat, more interested in politics than in their duties.

1

*

Franco

*

General Franco, one of tha youngest generals in the Spanish army, was always a Monarchist. In spite of that, the Government kept him in the army, and in active command!

Arm General Moia, another Munarchist, was the last Prefect of Police int Madrid under the Monarchy. General Cloded, now a prisoner of the legal forces in Ear- celona, is a military conspirator, moro cunning than the others, short of stature and nervous: he considers himself a man of action. General Queipo do Liano plotted agalist the Monarchy, and was one of the trusted army leaders during the first years of the Republic. But une of his daughters married a son- of Señor Alcald Zamora, the re- cently deposed President of the Re- public. Schor Alcalá Zamora is an Andalusian-landowner, who trembled for the fate of his estates. It is practically certain that be- hind the military plot is the land- owner Alcalá

whose Zamora, hatred of the present President of the Republic, Señor Azaña, is also public and notorious.

All the Republican Governments 've been too tolerant in their. treatment of the enemies of the regime. Generals who were avow- edly Monarchist have been main- tained in active commands,

Franco in the Canaries, close to Morocco. and Goded in the Balearic Islands, have been able to make their revolutionary prepara- tions undisturbed, and to use all the forces which the State put at their disposal against the Govern- ment they had sworn to defend.

Spain is now paying with blood for this lenience on the part of a democracy, which either does not know how to, or cannot, or will not defend itself.

Self-Defence fr

It has now been clearly proved that most of the omcers in the army do not feel for the Republi- can cause. The Government, much hgainst its will, has had to give arms to the workers, otherwise it would have already fallen into the hands of the rebels.

valling in Hongkong make it necessary. The point of prin- ciple involved can be disposed of by saying, in the cold language of constitutional law, that the Freedom of the Press implies merely to the ordinary process

IF I COULD BEGIN AGAIN that newspapers, no less than in. of the law if the bounds

over-stepped. There was, ad-

environment we would dividuals, should enjoy full mittedly, cause for control of the TF.1 could begin again how different the same liberty of discussion, subject | Chinese press during the grave my life would be! The idea a make the same cholce again. Now only to the ordinary law of libel. emergency of 1925, but we are vague and ambiguous, for to what we see our motives, we feel that the we our works has become a weary grind. No convincing reason has been to-day living in normally peace stage of development would we re joy and the pride have left us and

ful times, under conditions turn and where in life would

mistake, and the ment when first we were launched such n advanced why that privilege which cannot possibly be de begin? Would we choose that mo- Maybe it is our marriage that seems should not be enjoyed by the scribed as "an occasion of emer-out into life and start again with a thought so perfect bores us, for our

Would the teacher be- ideas of perfection have changed. gency or public danger." Yet new career? Chinese press of this Colony. the regulations brought into social worker, or the typist

We cannot begin again, but we business woman, the secretary come a

A can make new patterns out of the bring our It is argued that Hongkong's force eleven years ago have per doctor?

old material. We

new ways close proximity to China makessisted ever since, resulting, in The psychologists tell us that at broader idens, our it necessary that control should effect, as Mr. Lo expressed it, in any given time our personalities are thought to the problers of life, and be exercised over the vernacular the imposition of a permanent the result of all that has happened we can live the old life in a new

system of censorship on the to us from the moment of our birth. and fresher way.

The Quest for Perfection press, principally

experiences reasons. But that roximity |ficial arguments, there is no jus- temperaments are in part the result has always existed, and in.times tification for the perpetuation of of inheritance and in part are caused result of an unconscious urge can be

this system in times of tran- by our physical make-up.

The big decisions of our lives, the accepted in the light of conscious thought. We con set about im- of far greater political unrest quillity such as the present. Its choice of a career or of a marriage proving our technique, we can learn than the present there was no continuance under present con- partner are governed by the emotions new methods of work, we can begin cersorship in force. Moreover,ditions is intolerable--it is more: and ideas that lle buried and for-to understand others because we have

gotten in the unconscious mind, it is contrary to English concep-

We may have chosen to teach be-learnt to understand ourselves. Even the dull husband may become more the censor's ban is often applied tions of freedom and displays an cause we loved children, but in some lovable when we remember that he

ton was looking for perfection, to matter which bears no TE- unwarranted distrust of reput cases there was the need to find an lation whatever to political able journals. So far as irre- outlet for the instinct to power that he could never find in

thwarted In Was

our homes. We

developed as New interests can be In any event, theresponsible newspapers are con- burnt with fury at the injustice done

we grow older, new tastes pre dia- Elizabeth Arden stresses the care of the issues.

cerned, the existence or bringing to the poor, and so we set out to put covered that in our earlier days we on the Colony's into being of such organs could the world right. Perhaps we were eyes particularly and can advise you how is already

Statute Book law to keep the eyes strong, clear & bright.

which be discouraged by making the avenging ourselves for the wrongs did not know we possessed. Per- to study art or music. Now we can bond conditions more

that we suffered in our nursery days.haps we never had the opportunity learn to appreciate both. There is The Arden method of resting, cleansing is adequate for the purpose There is certainly no cause for Changed Standards

so much to know in the world and Gexercising the eyes is the result of long of placing a check on any robbing the better class newe-

The young girl fell in love with so many hobbies to be cultivated, abuse of the rights of the press. papers of their freedom, and her ideal man, the man who in some We can never begin again, for we research & practice.

We refer to the law passed in subjecting them to an irksome way resembled her adored father: can never repent the mystery of EYE VENETIAN SPECIAL

dominated by a tyrannical male; be- which we would be born. We can- LOTION 1907 which makes it an offence system of censorship, merely to the daughter of an unhappy home, birth or choose the environment in VENETIAN SPECIAL EYE VENETIAN CRYSTALLINE EYE DROPS to print any matter calculated guard against possible abuse of came a hater of men and looked for not begin. again, but we can change.

privilege by journals of lower affection_to

not recover. members of her own Life moves on from birth to death,

it is a dance, that never ceases; GROWER to exelte turmoil or disorder in standards and few scruples. sex alone.

that is never still. We, Can we ever begin again? The movement China, or to excite persona to These latter, as we have shown..

get away from We can never

the using all that was good and delight- All these preparations will beautify crime in China. It is to be con- can be penalised, when they of answer seems to be "no" and "yes. too, can move forward with life, maintain the natural beauty of the eyes. ceded that occasions might arise fend, by enforcement of existing past but there is no experience we ful in the post, using, too, all that

We can become con- was painful or bad. on which it would be prudent to laws. Finally, we cannot but cannot use.

We can enrich the personality that PERFUMERY. CORNER-LADIES' SALON exercise a press censorship, "but express surprise and regret that scious of our motives; and, we can

these occasions can be dealt with the majority of the Unofficials direct the force that lies behind has been built up through the years, them into useful channels. Someone tend the roots and prune the branches when, circumstances make it should fail to support a princi- nos said that experience is of value until the child that was so "naughty," consciously the growing girl that was so "trying,"! has become the tranquil woman who At all other times, the press of rights which reflect the British related to the pattern of our lives.

Perhapa we were forced by our brings peace and happiness wherever the Colony should be free from tradition of freedom, and: falt emotions into a way of living be she may walk.

Bridget Ryan. officiat Interference, subject play.

fore we had reached maturity. Given

VENETIAN

EYELASH'

CREAM

onerous.

+

LTD. necessary to take such action, ple enshrined for centuries in only when it has been

LANE, CRAWFORD, LTD.

that

But it is quite wrong to suppose that on one side there are only Fascists. and' on the other Com- munists or Reds. The Government is purely Republican, without any one Socialist in it. It is a legal. constitutional Government, enjoy- Ing the confidence of Parlament and of the President of the Re- public. The Workers' Militia re- celves orders from the Govern- ment and is defending the Repub- lle against military Fascism;

Undoubtedly the fact of arming the people may have important the conséquences, from which Spanlah bourgeoisio may perhaps

But the responsibility rests with the Bourgcolate themselves,for they have rushed into a Civil War which is now dificult to separato from a Social' Revolution.

To-day's Thought SOME mon are like musical glassat to produce" their "Anest: ~tones you must keep

them wet.

COOLERIDGE.