1936-08-08 — Page 18

14

W

WHAT I SAW IN

RUSSIA-5

E travelled through some very pleasant country until wo reached a collective farm in the village of Dvorechny "meeting-place of two rivera."

The farm was called Nadir and it was formerly the property of some wealthy Inndowner. It was founded originally s a farm in 1022, but was then much smaller. There were now 183 families in the village, and they formed 1,280 hectares, or 3,000 acres. This was divided up among cattle. dairy farm, vegetables, wheat, and so on. It was a poor village apparently, and Die chairman of the farm, a young peasant, sald they formerly lind more land than they had at present. They And 120 cows on the collective form and the persanta.had 30 others on their own property. In addition, the farm now had 23 calves.

The pensanta came together and in 1933. they elected a director and a board of man- agement. A now election was due to take place

now,

The farm really was managed by a co- operative production society and the work was organised in three brigades, (1) dealing with pasturage, (3) with Deld work. and (3) with the kitchen gardens and vegetable produce,

When the form was first organised in 1922, they had only 33 members and farmed 60 hectares and they had only 8 horses. Now they had 120 horm. In 1934 they had 12 horses and rented two tractom fron the Government.

They spent a good deal of money on repairs to the properly and in buikiing. "They had an annual balance sheet and

put by the proportion which was to for these purposen was decided by the members. They receives from the Gov- crivent a botes for their good work.

*

EVERY member of the farm worked on task work which was færd at so many, tabur days. These labour days were not "the day," but , represented a ceriah fisett amount of work when the themdeer wie, expected to complete

Then he days were miserent mi the battles of the collectis up When the erest. Iter 1

Noi vien de levend photo the surpleas ward Carrie aturan member, in m Cutilanne math the morals: of worklast

La tieke er lit

lind 124

Cla

for

ugh the uk rej virs, 2011e damnds had more than 400 working dogs to fhrte credit tal, o contre, the return they previved dr. pelter on the harved your

The pest i the aritial crop which the pensant took was told by tuin in The open market. The collective farm thve some welstanen in transporting the goods there, or even sol them for zulin.

Then we went to inspect the farm buildings. First we visited the res

aurant which was nitunted in an old and somewhat dilapidated main build- Ing. with accommodation for possibly forty people at small tables.

I was struck by the ramped dressen of many of the peasants. Sotute of them wore good boots, tint their clothen were for the most part mud-sinined and Bearerly any of the women! tattered. wore boots, and none of the children.

As for the clothing of the children, partleniarty the boys, much of It hnd been cut down after serving for many years their parents' or someone else's

use,

THE farin bulidings were all clean but, like mont of The houses, being made jerry-bulit, the walls

of a sort of lath framework with mud and straw plastered over it.

We saw the very young calves, some of which were only a few days olti, an! all of which looked healthy and well- cared-for, There was no sign of lack of food anywhere, and the children, all appeared to be strong and well-fed. On this small farm they and had 76 calves and 18 feals this yent.

I went into several pensants' houses. The first was that of one of the nine Communists who are employed on the farm. It consisted of two rooms, boźli u

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Woman driving a State-provided. tractor on a collectivo farm near.

Moscow,

Inirly good size, the larger ons being About 18 by 16 feet and at least 10 feet High.

It was the former realdenee of one of the nervals of the owner whose pro

The been confrented. perty bad smaller in was about 12 feet square, and there was.n family of five lying i

these two roots.

There was a large brick slove, lime. washed, which killed at least a quarter of both apartments,

next house was very similar to The first except lint it hind sheds nt the rear of the house which were still more battered in those of the first houRO, None the less, bath houses were very chern und "the walls inside and ou were Bone Man darah.

The people, too, were delightfully Friendly and cheerful, I felt that there

in a dramente apatint of goud case 2nd inaety fredine Janorent Bene povače, na vril os ranovelae, Wheel the Soved, 20 ebutt, ele me underrate

We then wen; to the vihar etib, A wordless inahiting in which the eulin tive far inventou onun codes, and whaleh Imad a call meeting bill as well As any library

There were pictures of truétors shows. ing the spare parts, and picture showing how necesary 1 was for the peasants to work steadily stend of Being their ne away and not attend- ang to their crops.

OUTBIDE this place, al- though it was Sunday, there were about forty women working, sorting out pota toes. We had been told that Sun-

day was always taken as a rest day by the peasants, who steadfastly take no notice of the five-day week.

Here at least they were hard at R. Not one of them had boots, but they and the children who came in crowds to nee us, were a thoroughly happy. looking lot of people, despite their abysmal poverty.

Then we saw n village criche, where the pengant children were being trained to go to sleep at the scheduled time, just like those in the factories.

The system, indeed, was the same as In the factorles, the rules also.

_The_only_difference_was that there was one shift only and the children were in the croche from eight in the morning until after six in the evening. They all seemed perfectly well cared for and sturdy looting.

We returned to the hotel at 5 p.m., after which we went to the Labour Commune for children. called the Derinsky Children's Home. This was A colony for homeless and criminally defective children.

It was established in 1927 by the O.P.U. (the State Political Police) and received its name from the then head They took a that organisation. children about thirteen to fourteen

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HONGKONG. TELEGRAPH.; SATURDAY, AUGUST -8, 1936..

On a Collective

yes of nge, and these remained until they were about eighteen or ko.

+

Both boys and girls were acedin. modated, and at present they have - about 500 children on the plucr.

The Commune was self-supporting and hind its own factories, which mude electric drills, tools and photographie apparatus. The children spent hall their day in the factories and the re- mainder in school, about four houra being devoted to each.

They

were divided into

"boy com- kroups, each under a mander." These fourteen formed a counell which was permanently re- sponsible for the administration of the home.

fourteen

The children were pald für their work. Sume of the best categories re- criveil 150 roubles a month. From this About 65 per cent, was deducted for board and lodying, and the remadhlaj 35 per cent, was retained pending thi boy's departure.

IN addition they r ceived approximateir 601 rouble from the State

To give them a start lite,

1 at once wked hune alta cante story). 1 estimated thunt ade a 300 bl wonde have aermutated by the tim the boy was ready for departure.

that this was a large stern entrust to a low. They stel, howeverej Cinta god deal of meney was usindi darling le stay in the home, and th sum was never su high. Furthermore, I they knew where he was going, and also knew the type of boy.

I asked whether there was any in. ducement to subscribe 10 State cap and invest in a savings bank, and I was told there was,

Then we went round the various dormitories and forind them very clean and the children quite neat, and

teligent. I should think there were a good many rough and intractable characters amongst them.

I asked how they were brought into the home, and I was told they came from stations under the charge of the militia.

They were picked up on the street and sometimes it was difficult to make because Inquiries concerning them

they denied all knowledge of name. They were pince of residence, ele.

kept at the station for a short tune, and then transferred to one of these homes.

THIS was one of the few which hind apparatus for training, and they took boys from other places. Children with criminal tendencies - taken in as well,

wery

It was now dark, and we motored Away from the home down the tree. lined rouds until the heart of the city was reached again.. There were many people parading along the streets which might be dignifled as "boulevards." They were fine and wide and the Soviet had planted some thousands of Trees along the footpaths. Then we

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Farm

by SIR WALTER CITRINE

went Into former club of

nobles, which had beca transformed

Into

chfl- dren's club, known as the Pioneers' Pal- ace. Here there were many rooms for chlidren's amusement and instruction in various mechanical arts, some 150 people being employed to look after the Child- 4.000 visitors who attend daily. ren came from all parts and they were allowed approximately. Lwo hours for games and instruction.

We were rusland off then to catch the train, accompanied by the President of the Kharkov Trades Council, who told me they had 19 Unions here. Some of the principal Unions had their head- quarters in the elty because, since the devolution, they now had many Unions where formerly they had only a few. They hind, for example, now three räll- any Unions, one of which was for the Smith and hand its headquarters here,

We got to reusing the wages sys- tem, and they asked nie what was my general Impression. Exald the thought had occurred to me when I wen through the varian workshops that the dividund did not deem to have Very much control over the slog of hie wagen Nor did the Trade Unions neem ta do very much in that direction, They at once neserted that this Trade Uotons were consulted at every stage In the plans.

1 nid their position was not compar while to any Trade Union Movement in the world They were, as far as i emubi zen, entrusted with fimmeltona which in other cuntries were carried

out by the Blate Itself. They were, in fact, State organisations, and I could not see that they had ariy really separate existence.

With regard to the collective agree ments. I had been struck by the fact that there were sometimes 100 per cent. to even 200 per cent. below the actual earnings. How was this? Was it duo to lack of experience, or was it really due to fixing the collective rate su low that it was only a vague guide? They said that productivity grew so rapidly that the Unions could not forecast definitely what was going to happen in the year or the life of the agreement.

I POINTED out that the State Planning. Commis- sion was able to calcu- Inte fairly well the production of industry, and so they must know the output of the individual worker equally well. It seemed to me that ton much wna left to mate fixers and such people.

The Chairman cald that the money wage was not the most important fac- tor, The emphasis was on the social wage, and the Unions more and more pressed for an increage of this.

I asked what was the proportion of the social wage to the total, The Chair- man said he thought I was about 45 per cent, but was difficult to put into gute I remarked that this was arthur figure than I had en- enuntered elsewhere, where it was esti saunter at whrait 331 per cent,

We could not romipkte our conversa= Hon beesus the train started to go in The middle of our trik, mud away wo went for Paleproreno hit the oth

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