1936-08-01 — Page 18

14

T

held

[HROUGHOUT the broad expanse of the Soviet Union the world's accond largest empire- meetings are now beling

to discuss the draft of the new constitution submitted for the country by the special Constitution Commission, with Joseph Stalin as the chairman.

This series of meetings will be extended to every factory and ofce, to every collective farm and village.

This is the opening move in the election of the Congress of the Boylets which will abolish future congressen of the Sovietu and replace them with u Parila- ment elected on the basis of the free and equal participation of all Soviet citizens through a secret ballot,

The large, unwieldy conpresse: of the suvicta, infrequently con- voked, have boon the starting point or the deparchal process which shifted power into the bands

of the Communist Party,

Non-Commuolais did get elected to these.congresses, but they rarely got much farther through the gui- cessive sieves of The Central Executive Committee, the Pre- sidium of the CBC., and finally the Soymarkom, the Counell of

People's Comunissars or enbinet.

The iron grip n the one recog- ised political party was frm tu all these organs of Governtsent,

Examination of the new docu- Isent confirms the view that the' framework of the Goversument ki nat essentially altered except in the base on which I reato,

The new Partament-eniled the Supreme Council of the US.SH.- In more analogou to the Central Executive Committee zrtl ita raller shadowy companion, the Council of Nationalities, than to The Soviet congresses,

1

T

HIE Council of Nationall- ties, now to be elected by the legislatures of the runstituent re- mibllen and autonomous regions, continues under the same name as The upper house of the Supreme Council.

Its membership of about 250 is to serve as a guard of the rights of the minority racial and nationalist groups within the Union, TÀ per- peluni check on tendracles toward unwelcome Rustication or timur- pation of power by the central government.

This chamber possesses equal rights with the second chamber over all legislation,

This provides little warrant for describing the Counc} of tho Union as the lowest clumber, but the tendency to do so is already apparent.

This chamber, with about 600 members, bears a strong resem- blance in the governmental framework to the present C.E.Ç.

The C.EC. now elects a Prest- dium, which exercises important prerogatives, such as granting of, elemency and Issing of decrees while the CE.C. is not sitting.

Today's Thought- DON'T part with your titusions, When they are gone, you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.

-MARK TWAIN,,

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH. SATURDAY, AUGUST 1, 1936,

MOSCOW

MAGNA

CHARTA

by Spencer Williams

in the future the two houses of the Supreme Counell Jointly will elect the Presidium with 31'- members and a' chairman, four vice-chair- nien and a accretary,

A significant addition to the powers of the Presidium in the right to conduct a pubile referen- dum un important issues,

The frequent application of this right to acttle grent issues by re- Bort to plebiscites would provide an interest to

experiment in cle. mocracy in a country as vast ns the US.S.R. and one where the mass of the citizenry has not been accustomed to having a voice in the making of lawa,

AT

hosts of assemblages within the country, the claim fuis been made that the new draft in the most enlightened and advanced- buste law of any great nation for the following reasons,

It asserts or guarantces-

The right of every citizen to work at entrent rates of payment,

The right of every chizen la rest 2he droit endorses the seven-hour working day, annual paid holidays, provision rest homes and sana. Korl

The right to recurity in old age Add in cases of InvalidisIL The right to education. Equal privileges for women. No discrimination on recount of Face or nationally.

Freedom of religious worship. The right of anti-ceBgious propaganda ja restated at the name (ime,

Freedom of speech, the Press and of assembly.

Inviolabilis of the person from nrrent except on order of the elvil courte or prsecutor.

Inviolability of the homes of elti- seus and of correspondence.

The new Constitution pinces on the citizens definite obligations in return for these guarantees:-

The obligation to work. The prin ciple. He who does not work hall not enf," is written into the basle Ias.

The safeguarding of State property. Universal milliary service as an honourable duty."

Defence of the "fatherland.“ The significance of this last duty. together with that of the definition or treason coupted with it, les in the fact that the present constitu- tion does not refer to trenson-nor does it refer to the "fatherland." The constitution ΟΙ 1923 ap- pealed for loyalty to the world proletariat; the emphasis in the 1938 constitution

01: pro-

WATSON'S

tection of the Boviet fatherland a word which was anathema in 1923.

Much that goes into this new constitution can be explained in the light of the Kremlin's intense desire to build up firmly a remaine Soviet patriotisin,

The new constitution gben útost of the way to remove the best grievances of the remnants of classes once disfranchised are dis- eximinated against In the U.GAR.

The oki classificaitons of *workeru, peasants and Red Army men" are discarded in the new draft in favour of the imple Clused Renthu of "tuflers"-31 plied to all lizens doing monie useful work.

Every

Tuiler** henceforth-

Whether his father was an aristo- erat, a merchant, a manufacturer, a priest, a Tsarist policeman or soldier, "kulak "--enn cast his ballot in aneret for a candidate of his choice; he can stand as a ru~ didate hummelf even tor the Supreme Council or for the Supreme Court.

The writers of this constitution do not proceed on the theory that there will be a division along Com. munist Party and non-Party

nes.

It is a constitution drawn

specifically for a "Socialist state of workers and peasants" in which the distinctions between economic classes are presumed to have been wiped out. The expectation is that non-Party deputies in the Soviet Parliament will work to strengthen and develop the Social- 1st system written into the basic law.

The most zealous will continue to be admitted to the Party, but the Constitution opens the way for the non-Party man to share in the making of the Government and perhaps oven rise to a high post- tion,

Recognition of the fact that the Constitution's guarantees of the rights of the individual re- quire a democratic and inde- pendent judiciary to make them effective 15 contained in the articles on the organisation of Justice The Judges of the lowest tribunals, the Peoples' Courts, will be elective by the people directly, and the higher judges by the Supreme Council or the regional legislative bodies.

Court proceedings generally must be public, the defendant is

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"He who does not work shall not eat!". Here is tlie converse,.

"Equal privileges for women."

assured the right of defending himself, and the judges are to con- alder themselves independent and answerable only for illegal conduct.

A most Important stipulation is that the prosecuting officials, whę alone are given the right to pro- ceed against the persons and pro- perty of Individuals, are made re- sponsible only to the prosecutor. Reneral of the U.S.S.R.

This promises to reduce the functions of the Commissariat for Internal Affaira (successor of the O.G.P.U.) to that of maintaining order and other police functions. The Prosecutor-General will be elected by the Supreme Counell and his term of office will be seven

years, while that of the deputies

HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION

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"What I Saw in Russia" in the titla of a brilliant series of articles, by Sir Walter Citrine, K.B.F., which begins in next Monday's "Telegraph." These articles are a first-hand account of conditions in Soviet Russia to-day. They are fearless, factual, objective and fascinatingly written.

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