1936-04-07 — Page 6

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, TUESDAY, APRIL 7, 1986.

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IN MEMORIAM.

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The

Hongkong Telegraph.

TUESDAY, APRIL 7, 1936.

D. They Grays

Wither

Jam Ballon Sacorge & Barnes

These are the British signatures to the Treaty of Versailles of which the Demilitaris- ed Rhineland Zone formed an integral part.

Is it, after all, à Scrap of Paper?"

Breaking Vorsailles

Herr Hitler himself has also accepted the obligations of Lo- carno. In the Reichstag, Jau. 30, 1934, he said:

Herr Hitler alleges as his justification for breaking the

Treaty that Locarno

the Franco-Russian Pact of Mutual Assistance, signed in May last year and now on the point of ratification by France, is a con- travention of the Locarno Trenty.

Apart from the question whether the conclusion by France of a Pact in contraven- tion of Locarno would justify Germany denouncing the whole Treaty, there is no clear incom- patibility between Locarno and the Franeo-Russian Pact.

In the Pact, France and Russia pledge one another as- #istance if either is attacked by another European Power. But the assistance is only to be given under procedure laid down in the League Covenant. In any case, France has offered to submit to The Hague Court the question whether or not the Pact is compatible with Locar- no. The British Government have already expressed their opinion that it is compatible.

Thus Germany has broken both the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaty. She has sent troops into the demi- Hitarised zone in defiance of Article 43 of Versailles and she has failed to submit a dis- pute to conciliation or arbitra- tion in breach of Article 3 of

Locarno.

. What Are

to go to war against sach not other contained in Article 2 has

by been committed

Germany, France or Belgium, we are bound Immediately to go to the assistance of the Power against whom the act complained of in directed. I observe that it is the Council of the League that has to make that Anding, and in that case, as we are a permanent member of the council, our assent is necessary to any finding..

·

Secondly, If the Council finds that a breach of Articles 42 and 43 of the Treaty of Versailles .. has been committed, we are bound to ge immediately to the assistance of France or Belgium, as the case may be. There again our assent is necessary to the finding of the 'Council,

Thirdly, in the event of what is called a nagrant violation of one or other of the above undertakings,

which really means in the case of something happening so much in a hurry that you could not call a meeting of the Counell of the League, wo are bound Immediately to go to the help of the injured party, if we are satisfied that the violation constitutes an unprovoked act of aggression and that immedi ale action is necessary. In this case we are the sole judges as to whether our obligation is appllen-. ble.

Fourthly and lastly, if either, France, Belgium or Germany re fakes to submit a dispule to peace- ful settlement or to comply with arbitral

or judicial decisions, we are bound to comply with may proposals which the Council may be taken. inake as to the steps In that case our assent is neces- sary to any and every proposal that the Council may make..

The present case seems to be an instance of Sir John Simon's third contingency. If Britain decides that Hitler's action is This question (ie, the question of the Saar) is the only one con-

"an unprovoked act of aggres- cerning territory which is still open

sian" and that the presence of between the two nations ie, France

The question therefore arises, German troops in the Rhine- and Germany). After it has been settled the German Government is What are the rights and duties and makes "Immediate action" ready to accept not only the letter of the other signatories of Lo- necessary, then we are bound to but also the spirit of the Locarno

Our Obligations ?

and Locarno The demilitarised zone, which by German was reoccupied troops on Saturday, was set up. by Articles 42-43 of the Treaty c Versailles. These articles forbid Germany to maintain troops or construct fortifica-

Fact, for then there will be no other carno, especially of France and go to the help of France and STAFF TALKS tions anywhere to the west of

Belgium. the Rhine or within 50 kilo- territorial question at stake be Great Britain?

tween France and Germany.

France may claim she now The General Staffs of Britain, metres to the east of the river.

The Saar question was settled has the right to invade Ger- These Articles were 16. to the satisfaction of both many. In the Locarno Treaty France and Belgium are to meet affirmed in the Locarno Treaty Powers after the Plebiscite in she undertovic not to attack or II. "Going to the Help" in London to-morrow to engage This treaty was not forced upon

Invade Germany except in "the Article Germany, but freely negotiated January, 1936.

The next question is, What in conversations connected with and concluded by Dr. Stress Treaty reads as follows:

of the Locarno exercise of the right of legiti

mate defence; that is to say, does "go to the help" of France If war the situation arising from Germann, with M. Briand, Sir Aus-

The high contracting parties resistance to a flagrant and. Belgium mean?

the answer man re-occupation of the Rhine-ten Chamberlain and Signor

and severally collectively

guar breach of Articles 42 or 43 of had 'broken out, land. In this matter, Britain Mussolini, on Oct. 16, 1925. catee the maintenance of the the Treaty of Versailles; if such would be obvious. We should

territorial status quo resulting has been placed in a somewhat

from the frontiers between Ger- breach constitutes an unpro- be bound to fight on the side of and Belgium and between voked act of aggression and by the French and the Belgians.

war has not broken out... Germany and France the In- the assembly of forces

unenviable position. On the

many

1

one side, we have Germany NOTES OF THE DAY obility of the said frontiers as in the militarista zone im- What is our position now?

suggesting that such talks, at

the present juncture, will not TWO MILES OF DOGS

help to compose the situation; on the other, it is clear that France desires Britain to go to much greater lengths than the

Of the many dog shows that are organised in Great Britain "Crufts"

fixed by or in pursuance of the

"

Treaty of Peace signed at Ver- medinte action is necessary.' saliter on June 28, 1919, and also In Article 10 of the Covenant

There can be no question of

the observance of the stipulations of the League France bound sanctions such as are being up- The only of Articles 12 and 13 of the sald herself to respect the territorial plied against Italy.

Treaty concerning the demilitarised

Zone.

dis-

integrity only of other members mention of "sanctions" is in This is not the only Article of the League, of whom Ger- Article 16 of the Covenant of is the largest and the most import- ant, This year was it Golden of the Locarno Treaty that Herr many is no longer one, France the League of Nations, and the Baldwin Government. deems Jubilee, and it celebrated its fiftieth Hitler's action violates, Article could therefore make out a very first words of that Article necessary. The point which birthday by attracting a record 3 says that Germany and Bel- strong legal case for her right are "Should any member of the must be kept uppermost, and entry of 10,650, thus outstripping gium, and Germany and France, to invade Germany, on the one League resort to war in

Germany which appears to need reitera- by several thousands every other undertake to settle by peace- condition that Hitler's action of regard of its covenants.

dog show in the world. The exhibits tion, is that the proposed British occupied two miles of benches: This ful means and in the manner Saturday is accepted as being the League, and she has not. guarantees are aimed at ensur

resorted to war. ing the security of France and Belgium only in the ovent of unprovoked aggression,

is

there must thus be nearly four!

SIDE GLANCES

Our obligations may be sum marised under four heads. First, if the Counell of the League finds that a violation of the undertaking

is not a member of

In his reply Sir Samuel Hoare made the point that the appli-

By George Clark cation of sanctions under Arti-

not surprising in view of the fact laid down herein all questions "an unprovoked act of aggres that the English people's proverbial of every kind which may arise sion" and as making "immediate

Some guidance can be found love of dogs continues to grow year between them and which it may action" necessary. None of the

the Note addressed to the by year. Last year no fewer than not be possible to settle by the treaties helps in defining these in

French and, three and a half million dog licences normal methods of diplomacy." words.

Government by Sir What are Great Britain's Samuel Hoare last September. what is more, that they will only were issued to the British public. The "manner laid down here-

in the Arbitra- obligations under the Locarno The French Government had operate if the present concilia- Allowing for sheep dogs and others in" is defined tion efforts, in which Britain is for which no licence is required, tion Convention as reference Treaty? Here is Sir John Si- asked to what extent they could as Foreign Secretary, in be assured "of the immediate exerting all her influence, should million dogs in the country. There either to a Permanent Concilia- mon,

and effective application by this fail. German objection to the is at the same time a steady in- tion Commission set up for the Parliament on Nov. 7, 1933:

country of all the sanctions pro- crease of public interest in pedigren purpose, or to arbitration, or to talks was answered a few days dogs. During the past quarter of a

the Permanent Court of Inter-

vided in Article 16 of the ago by Mr. Eden, when he ex-century this desire for pedigree national Justice,

Covenant." made giant strides. plained that the arrangements animals has

In 1910 there were registered at the envisaged would only operate

Kennel Club 18,910 dogs; last year should Germany attack France there wore no less than 58,799. or Belgium, and, as Germany To-day the Kennel Club recognises has herself excluded such a con-192 breeds, whereas in 1885 it. ac- knowledged only 45. Last year the tingency, reasons for objection Club controlled 1,288 shows; fifty ago it regulated only 52. automatically fall to the ground. years Reports are current, however, The Kennel Club has a splendid! that the French delegation to record in every fleld where dogs are concerned. It has initiated many the London talks intend demand-incasures of reform and develop- ing that Germany should be ment in dog-breeding and dog keep-: warned, under threat of jointing and its enterprise and watch- fulness where the well-being of action, that re-fortification of dogs is concerne are beyond all the Rhineland will not be coler-praise. Its authority is implicitly ated. Should such a stand be accepted by everyone concerned with taken, it is much to be doubted the dog Industry, and its prestige and powers are unchallenged and whether Britain would agree to Indisputable.

any

such course. Ever since

the talks were first mentioned,obligations under the Locarno' the British Government has Treaty, are quite clear and un- taken the line that they should ambiguous, in which connection! be closely defined in their scope. it is well to bear in mind that Moreover, Mr. Eden has de- military assistance to any nation dinitely assured the House of is made dependent on any overt Commons, that, being solely for act being found to come within the purpose of the Locarno the category of unprovoked Whilst the staff Treaty, the conversations cannot aggression: increase or affect political talks may have some value "in undertakings or any obligations reassuring France and Belgium as regards defence organisations that Britain is fully conscious between the parties concerned. of her obligations, and intends Political issues are, in fact, to abide by them, it is obvious specifically excluded from the that neither the British Govern- talks, and oven on military mat-ment nor. British public opinion ters the General Staffe will is disposed to increase these

LANE, CRAWFORD, LTD. consider only technical points obligations. A general recogni

approved beforehand by the tion of this point seems desirable various Cabinets, Britain's at this juncture.

"Yes, Mrs. Meckly, I have always been my husband's

cle 16 might be appropriate "as regards a positive act of unpro- voked aggression," but not in the case of "the negative act of failure to fulfil the terms of a treaty." Thus the British Government apparently does not. regard the failure to observe a treaty as an unprovoked act of aggression, and (under Article 4 of Locarno) we are only bound to help France and Belgium If there has been unprovoked ng- gression.

IV. Summary

The long and short of the whole matter, thus appears to bei

1. Germany has undoubled

ly committed a flagrant breach of the Locarno Treaty."

2. Great Britam is not in? any case-compelled to do any- thing except by her own con- sent.

9. We have undertaken to come to the assistance of France and Belgium if in our opinion there has been an urb="!! provoked act of aggression.

4. The British Government apparantly does not regard. "the" negative act of the failure to fulfil the terms of a treaty" að an unprovoked act of aggression.