1936-04-07 — Page 18

THE HONGKONG Telegraph, TUESDAY, APRIL 7, 1936;

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WHERE WE COME IN

IN MEMORIAM, FAIRBURN-In loving memory

my dear wife Kathleen, who 1. departed this fe 7th. April, 1935,

The

Hongkong Telegraph.

TUESDAY, APRIL 7, 1936.

ABauw Zw

Mither

Me Jain Balfou

George?? Banne

These are the British signatures to the Treaty of Versailles of which the Demilitaris- ed Rhineland Zone formed an integral part.

Is it, after all, a Scrap of Paper?

Breaking Versailles

and Locarno The demilitarised zone, which

by was reoccupied

German troops on Saturday, was set up | by Articles 42-43 of the Treaty of Versailles. These articles forbid Germany to maintain troops or construct fortifica- tions anywhere to the west of the Rhine or within 60 kilo- metres to the cast of the river.

These Articles

were re-

STAFF TALKS The General Staffs of Britain, France and Belgium are to meet affirmed in the Locarno Treaty. in London to-morrow to engage This treaty was not forced upon in conversations connected with Germany, but freely negotiated and concluded by Dr. Strese the situation arising from Ger-mann, with M. Briand, Sir Aus- man re-occupation of the Rhine- ten Chamberlain and Signor land. In this matter, Britain Mussolini, on Oct. 16, 1925,

has been placed in a somewhat.

unenviable position.

On the

Herr Hitler himself has also accepted the obligations of Lo- carno. In the Reichstag, Jan. 30, 1934, he said:

Herr Hitler alleges as his justification for breaking the Locarno Treaty. that the Franco-Russian Pact of Mutual · Assistance, signed in May Inst year and now on the point of ratification by France, is a con- !

travention Treaty.

of the Locarno.

Apart from the question whether the conclusion by France of a Pact in contraven- tion of Locarno would justify Germany denouncing the whole Treaty, there is no clear incom- patibility between Locarno and. the Franco-Russian Pact.

In the Pact, France and Russia pledge one another as alstance "If either is attacked.. by another European Power. But the assistance is only to be given under - procedure laid down in the League Covenant. In any case, France has offered to submit to The Hague Court the question whether or not the Pact la compatible with Locar- no.. The British Government have already expressed their opinion that it is compatible.

Thus Germany has broken both the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Tredty, She has sent troops into the, demi- litarised zone in defiance of Article 43 of Versailles and she has failed to submit a dia- pute to conciliation or arbitra- tion in breach of Article 3 of

Locarno.

II. What Are

not to go to

war against each other contained in Article 2 has been committed by Germany, France or Belgium, we are bound Immediately to go to the assistance of the Power against whom the net complained of is directed. Ι observe that it is the Council of the League that has to make that Anding, and in that case, as we are a permanent member of the council, our assent is necessary to any finding. :..

Secondly, if the Council finds that a breach of Articles 42 and 43 of the Treaty of Versatiles· . has been committed, we are bound to go immediately to the assistance of France or Bolglum,, as the case may be. There again our assent is necessary to the finding of the Council.

Thirdly, in the ovent of what is called a flagrant violation of one or other of the abovo undertakings, which really means in the case of something happenior so much in

hurry that you could not call meeting of the Council of the League, we are bound immediately to go to the help of the injured party, if we are satisfied that the violation constitutes an unprovoked act of aggression and that immedi- nto action is necessary. In this case we are the sole judges as to whether our, obligation is applica- ble.

Fourthly and lastly, if either France, Belgium or Germany re- fuses to submit a dispute to peace- ful settlement or to comply with arbitral or judicial decisions, we arc bound to comply. with any proposals which the Counell may make as to the steps to be taken. In that case our assent is neces sary to any and every proposal that the Counell may make.

The present case seems to be au instance of Sir John Simon's third contingency. If Britain decides that Hitler's action is "an unprovoked act of aggres- slon" and that the presence of German troops In the Rhine- and makes "immediate action" necessary, then we are bound to go to the help of France and Belgium.

This question (ie., the question of the Saar) is the only one cun- cerning territory which is still open

Our Obligations ? between the two nations i.c., France and Germany). After it has been

The question therefore arises, settled the German Government is What are the rights and duties ready to accept not only the letter of the other signatories of Lo but also the spirit of the Locarno carno, especially of France and Pact, for then there will be no other

Great Britain? territorial question at stake Ge tween France and Germany.

France may claim she now The Saar question was settled has the right to invade Ger- Powers. after the Plebiscite in she undertook not to attack or . "Going to the Help"

the satisfaction of both many. In the Locarno Treaty January, 1935.

invade Germany except in "the

The Article 1 of the Locarno exercise of the right of legiti- Treaty rends as follows:

next question is. What mate defence; that is to say, does "go to the help" of France The high contracting parties resistance to.

If war. a fingrant and Belgium mean? collectively and severally guar breach of Articles 42 or 13 of had broken out, the answer antee the maintenance of the the Treaty of Versailles, if such would be obvious. We should territorial status quo resulting from

to

the frontiera between Ger breach constitutes an unpro- be bound to fight on the side of many and Belgium and between voked net of aggression and by the French and the Belgians. Germany and France and the in the assembly of armed forces But war has not broken out.

one side, we have Germany NOTES OF THE DAY only of the sald frontiers an in the demilitarised zone im- What is our position now?

suggesting that such talks, at

the present juncture, will not TWO MILES OF DOGS

help to compose the situation;

fixed by or in pursuance of the

Treaty of Peace signed at Ver-. mediate action is necessary."

The only

sailles on June 28, 1919, and also In Article 10 of the Covenant There can be no question of the observance of the stipulations of the League France bound sanctions such as are being ap- of Articles 42 and 43 of the said herself to respect the territorial piled against Italy. Treaty concerning the demilitarised zonė,

France

A

on the other, it is clear that

Of the many dog shows that are France desires Britain to go to organised in Great Britain "Crufta"

integrity only of other members mention of "sanctions" is in much greater lengths than the Is the largest and the most import This is not the only Article of the League, of whom Ger- Article 16 of the Covenant of Baldwin Government

the League of Nations, and the was its Golden of the Locarno Treaty that Herr many is no longer one. deems ant. This year

Jubilee, and it celebrated its fiftieth Hitler's action violates. Article could therefore make out very first words of that Article necessary,

The point which birthday by attracting a record 3 says that Germany and Bel- strong legal case for her right are "Should any member of the must be kept uppermost, and entry of 10,650, thus outstripping gium, and Germany and France, to invade Germany, on the one League resort to war in dis- which appears to need reitern veral thousands every other undertake to settle by peace condition that Hitler's action of regard of its covenants..... tion, is that the proposed British dog show in the world. The exhibits ful means and in the manner Saturday is accepted as being Germany is not a member of

occupied two miles of benches, This

the League, and she has not guarantees are aimed at ensuris not surprising in view of the fact laid down herein all questions "an unprovoked act of aggres- ing the security of France and that the English people's proverbial of every kind which may arise sion" and as making "immediate resorted to war. Belgium only in the event of love of dogs continues to grow year between them and which it may action" necessary. None of the Some guidance can be found by year. Last year no fewer than not be possible to settle by the treaties helps in defining these in the Note addressed to the unprovoked aggression, and, three and a half million dog licences normal methods of diplomacy." words.

French Government by Sir what is more, that they will only were issued to the British public. The "manner laid down here- What are Great Britain's Samuel Hoare last September. operate if the present.concilia- Allowing for sheep dogs and others in" is defined in the Arbitra- obligations under the Locarno The French Government had tion efforts, in which Britain is for which no licence is required, tion Convention as reference Treaty? Here is Sir John Si- asked to what extent they could

there must thus be nearly four

as Foreign Secretary, in be assured "of the immediate exerting all her influence, should million dogs in the country. There either to a Permanent Concilia- mon,

and effective application by this fail, German objection to the is at the same time a steady in- tion Commission set up for the Parliament on Nov. 7, 1933:

Our obligations may be sum country of all the sanctions pro- talks was answered a few days crease of public interest in pedigree purpose, or to arbitration, or to

marised under four heads. First, dogs. During the past quarter of a tho Permanent Court of Inter-

the Council of the League finds vided in Article 16 of the ago by Mr. Eden, when he ex-century this desire for pedigree national Justice.

that a violation of the undertaking Covenant." plained that the arrangements animals has made giant strides. envisaged would only operate in 1910 there were registered at the Kennel Club 18,910 dogs; last year should Germany attack France there were no less than 68,799. or Belgium, and, as Germany To-day the Kennel Club recognises has herself excluded such a con-02 breeds, whereas in 1885 It ac- tingency, reasons for objection Club controlled 1,288 shows; fifty knowledged only 45. Last year the automatically fall to the ground. years ago It regulated only 52. Reports are current, however, The Kennel Club has a splendid that the French delegation to record in every field where dogs are concerned. It has Initiated many the London talks Intend demand-measures of reform and develop ing that Germany should be ment in dog-breeding and dog keep- warned, under threat of jointing; and its enterprise and watch. fulness where the well-being of action, that re-fortification of dogs is concerned are beyond all the Rhineland will not be toler- praise. Its authority, is implicitly ated. Should such a stand be accepted by everyone concerned with taken, it is much to be doubted the dog industry, and its prestige and powers are unchallenged and whether Britain would agree to indisputable. any such course. Ever since

the talks were first mentioned, obligations under the Locarno the British Government has Trenty are quite clear and un- taken the line that they should ambiguous, in which connection, be closely defined in their scope.it is well to bear in mind that Moreover, Mr. Eden has de-military assistance to any nation finitely assured the House of is made dependent on any overti Commons that, being solely for act, being found to come within the purpose of the Locarno the category of unprovoked Treaty, the conversations cannot aggression. Whilst the staff increase or affect political talks may have some value in undertakings or any obligations reissuring France and Belgium us regards defence organisations that Britain is fully conscious between the parties concerned. of her obligations, and intends Political issues are, in fact, to abide by them, it is obvious specifically excluded from the that neither the British Govern« talks, and even on military mat- ment nor British public opinion ters the General Staffe willis disposed to increase these consider only technical points obligations. A general recogni- approved beforehand by the tion of this point seems desirable various Cabinets, Britain's at this juncture..

SIDE GLANCES

In his reply Sir Samuel Hoare made the point that the appli-

By George Clark cation of sanctions under Arti-

"Yes, Mrs. Meekly, I have always been my husband's pal."

cle 16 might be appropriate "as regards a positive act of unprof voked aggression," but not in. the case of "the negative act of failure to fulfil the terms of a treaty." Thus the British | Government apparently does not regard the failure to observe a treaty as an unprovoked act of aggression, and (under Article 4 of Locarno) we are only bound to help France and. Belgium if there has been unprovoked ag- ['gression.

JV. Summary

The long and short of the whole matter, thus appears to bo:

1. Germany has undoubted- ty committed Q flagrant breach of the Locarno Treaty. 2. Great Britain is not in any case dompelled to do any- thing except by her own con-

ent.

3. We have undertaken to come to the assistance of France and Belgium if in our opinion there has been an un- provoked act of aggression,

4. The British Government' apparently does not regard "the negative "act of the

·failure to fulfil the terms of a treaty" as an unprovoked, act of aggression.