1933-02-09 — Page 25

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THE

HONGKONG TELEGRAPH.

STRUCTURE OF

ATOMS

POPULAR TALK GIVEN FROM Z.B.W.

One of the most interesting and

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1933.

this property of the discharge-tube.

Bize of An Atom.

tors, the nature of the gas in the First of all, however, how big is which it is made, etc. Many gases, tube, the nature of the glass of an atom? Well, that is a rather however, give wonderfully beauti- aimcult question to answer in aful colour-effects; and it is upon popular lecture, because the hum- Lers involved are almost stunning in their smallaosa. Suppose was it la called, that the electric- light advertisements in our big take a match-box full of air, and cities depend. These advertino- divide it into a million parts.: ments аге aimply cloverly-bont Instructive lectures of a popular Suppose we tako one of these tiny discharge-tubes, which glow in parts, and divide it into a million the form of letters of light, when nature ever given over the radio parts; and suppose we again tako the electric current is passed In Hongkong, was that by Rev. one of these parts, and divide that through them. Father D. Donnelly, B.J., on Tues into a million parts. In each of the day night. He took no his subject tiny cubes of air left after this ther, however, and "The Structure of the Atom," and fast division, there will be perhaps Bald:

1,000 molecules and a molecule lumination in May I say, before beginning this (which is an agglomeration of vanishes; its place is taken by a evening's talk, on the structure of atoms, into the nature of which it peculiar greenish glow, coming the atom, what a pleasure it is to be is unnecessary to enter here) is from the walls of the containing permitted to speak in this way to two, three, ten times as big as an tube, and not, apparently, from the the listeners-in of ZBW 7-and also, atom. Moreover, it is clear, with electric discharge. itself, which at what an immense consolation it is out any scientific training at all, this stage of exhaustion is colour- to be talking to a microphone! that the atoms are far more tight- less.

This glow, naturally, interested

For microphones, no matter how ly packed together in a solid subs.

Reduce the pressure silli fer-

the beautiful great measure

dull the lecturer who addresses tance such as Iron, than in a mix. physicists greatly. What cause, them, are fortunately, Incapable of ture of ganes such as air. Even It Where did it come from? throwing bricks! And an attempt if my calculation is a trifle wrong, by indignant listeners-in to wreck and the last tiny cube resulting this studio In, I suppose, hardly from our divisions contains only within the bounds of probability in 100, or only 10 molecules, instead drat to show, In 1886, that this civilized Hongkong!

of 1,000, it does not really matter glow was caused by a stream of

The Glow Explained

Sir William Crookes was the

particles proceeding with may, help tiny I am to speak to you to-night about much. The example the structure of the atom. Will you to realize how incredibly small great velocity from the negative terminal of the tube, and imping- you forgive me, if I begin by a few an atom Is.

And yet it is possible, by means of his experiments consisted. for ing on the walls of the tube. One words as to what exactly an atom

is 7-Most people are, 1 imagine, of modern scientifle methode, to instance, in mounting a amall prepared to be told that matter, split an atom Into Its component cross half way down the tube be- the ordinary matter around us, parts, and even more incredible chairs and tables and houses and still-to detect the effect produc- fore sealing and exhausting, and the like, is built up of tiny fundo ed by one single such remnant of showing that the shadow of the mental particles. The ordinary an atom, if its velocity be high cross was cast on the glowing wall at the end of the tube_op- man's conception of, say, what à enough.

posito the negativo terminal, Fur- bar of iron would look like under

How is all this done? To at ther, if a magnet were brought an impossibly-powerful microscope tempt to answer that question. 1

that the microscope would must ask you to consider with me near to the tuba, the shadow mov- reveal Д certain grittiness or for a few moments a thing which ed, showing that the stream of particles which caused it wore structure: the iron is, in the last is as old as lightning, and as mys- electrically charged, na they were analysia, more like sand than jelly. terious as matter itself, the electric deflected from the straight course This ordinary-man's conception is spark.

by the action of the magnetic quite correct; and these funda-

feld. mental units, out of which the

call atoms.

The Electric Spark. You all know that If you set an The next step, by no means a chemical elements are built up, wo electrical machine (an Induction simple one, by the way was to coli) in motion, and attach wires measure, if possible, the mass of All this, of course, was part of the terminals of the coll these flying particles, and their common knowledge long before when you bring the ends of the electric charge. This was accom- the development of modern physical wires close enough together, an plished at Cambridge by Sir J. J. theory and modern physical electric spark leaps notally across Thomson, one of the most brilliant methods. But in the old days (a the intervening gap of air. We experimentalists in the history up to fifty years ago) scientists say that there is a difference of of physics. Ho succeeded in de knew of TO methods either of electrical potential between the monstrating that the stream con- splitting up atoms, or of detecting enda of the wires, and the result of sisted of negatively-charged par- what happened when they were thle potential difference (the word ticles, whose velocity was of the split up; and so they were content really means "electrical pressure") order of one-tenth the velocity of to deal with the atoms as if they is to drive the spark violently from light (1.e. about 20,000 miles a were the smallest existing units. cne wire to the other.

second), and whose mass scenied The world seemed to the scientists Now suppose that WO encloso to be about 1/1,800th of the masa of last century to be built up out this spark-gap in a glass tube of the smallest atom then known of about ninety different types of which

capable of being to science, the atom of hydrogen. tiny

particles, the atoms of the exhausted of air. and apply a Physicists had, therefore, Buc- chemical elements, hydrogen, oxy- auction pump to draw the air out ceeded in detecting the existence gen, carbon, iron and the rest. of the sealed tube. At first the of tiny particles very, very much

Our problem to-night is, in spark continues to pass noisily as smaller than any atom. great mensure, to discuss what before: but as the pressure is It is easy to imagine the stir happens when these tiny units, fron lowered, the noise diminishes, the caused in scientifle circles by this or oxygen atoms, are split into two electrical pressure required to force unexpected discovery. This was. parts; and to appreciate what a the spark acrose falls greatly, and however, but the prelude to a strong light has been thrown on the tube becomes filled with a whole series of discoveries, which their internal structure by aplit- beautiful, flickering alow, or rather, followved in rapid succession, and ting off from them still tinler with rapidly-shifting bands, of which, taken in combination, particles, which prove to be always light. The colour of the light showed that men's ideas as to the electrically charged.

1 emitted dependa upon many fac- (Continued on Page 12.)

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