1931-10-02 — Page 9

PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF COLONY'S BUDGET.

STERLING-PAID OFFICERS' PAY AT

CURRENT EXCHANGE.

BETTING TAX PROPOSED.

THE

HONGKONG

TELEGRAPH, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1931.

stary-

The Expenditure.

New Launches.

out internal

Here's why-

the most careful drivers

are using the new crack- proof Texaco Motor Oil.

It stands up and fights off wear-it lasts Many extra longer. miles of quiet, efficient performance prove it.

Available at Garages and Service] stations throughout the Dolony.

in the sterling equivalent of the tlon at 31st December, 1932" on surplus of $9,849 and surplus] dollars he receives inerennes, The the top of the second page of assets of $8,423,896. Government, Sir, does not consider Appendix V, has been recast

Under Special Expenditure pru- to Fluctuations in exchange can vision has again been made for It fair that one section only of the give a clearor and fuller state- easily alter the whole picture, but new launches for the Saaltary and community should bear such a dia- ment than hitherto of the assets if the ductuations are upwards it Police Departments, and also for proportionate share of the burden and liabilities. The details of should be possible to paint the renewing. the boilers in two ot balancing the budget. The Revenue are grouped in a more picture in roster colours than launches of theas departments. example set by Government has not ueld and logical manner, whilst those I am adopting to-day.. All these items were provided for been generally followed by the the footnoten, taken in conjunction

In the 1931 Estimates, but in the business firma of the Colony. Car- with the Treasurer's

memorandum,

intorests of economy, the work was tain mercantile houses have found will, I

I como now to the Estimates of held over. The Harbour Master will, I hope, provide Hon. Members it necessary to reduce salaries, but with sufficient information as to Expenditure. I shall only deal now reports that all these four these are not firms which should be the various increases and de- with the more outstanding items, launches are unsafe and unservice- taken as a barometer for the ad- creases. The Abstract of Ex-trusting that the footnotes explain able it is therefore essential to fustment of Government salaries.penditure has been altered by with sufficient clearness the minor, Other large business firma, so far totalling all expenditure other decreases and increases.

put the work of building and re- bollering in hand early next year. as the Government in aware, havo than Public Works Extraordinary, Head 2.-Cadet Service-There In addition to the boiler, launch not found It necessary to curtail in order to emphasize

the has been one retirement and one S.D. 2. has been found to require to any appreciable extent the difference between recurrent and resignation, and as no appoint- special repaira estimated to cost

ㄖㄨˊ In the Budget statement made at yesterday's meeting of dollar equivalents of their sterling ernary expenditure.

subject

from surplus balancements to Hongkong were offered $10,000. It is also necessary to the Legislative Council, it was disclosed that revenue during salaries. The Government,,

worn CCM at the Civil Service examination replace the accepted has been shown in a separate line. the current year has exceeded expectations, with the result that to certain amendments.

h net reduction of two posts. it in expected to end the year with a surplus of $50,000, instead the recommendations of the Salarica The particular item this year is held in London last August there parts of Police launch No, nal

mator launch 11.0, 9. Commission na putting the sterk for the Naval Arsenal scheme, of an anticipated deßleit of over two millions.

Hends 3 and 4--Sontor Clerical A small committee, consisting of The only new impost to be imposed is a Betting Tax, and relation to other sterling paid em- charge against Surplus Balances. Clerical Service. There is a net members, under the Chairmanship

ing paid officers in their proper which is considered a proper

and Accounting Staff, and Junior | two Ofetal and two Unofficial re- To charge it against curront the total revenue for 1932 is estimated at $33,091,510, withployeen in the Colony, and that revenue would mean ofthe reduction in the former of one of the Harbour Master, has recent- expenditure totalling $33,981,661.

Intion becontes disorganized if the In announcing that sterling-pald Civil Servants will be paid Government servants are made to ing Public Works Extraordinary Class II post, of two each in Classy been set up to enquire into the at the current rate of exchange, the Colonial Secretary contended suffer, in the dollar equivalents of to that extent, or raising further ste and Probationers and of five adequacy and use of Government stenographers; in the latter, of launches, This was one of the re- that they had been hearing a disproportionate share of the the salaries, a reduction which has taxation the Governmently expect. two Cinas III posta, one Class IV commendations of the Retronch

not been inflicted on those with ed that will re-post, two, Class V posts, and six ment Commission. the Colony's burden.

whose sterling salaries their own Lover the expenditure from the

Class VI posts. were correlated. In this connexionnale of the land in question.

The provision of $6,400 under the following quotation from para-Another alteration in the form of OfficeThe steel cabinets

Hend Colonial Secretary's sub-hend 32 is for the training of are one Government Marine Surveyor graph 669 of the recent report of the Estimates is Head 36

of a regular programme of who is due Works Department, In-part the Committer

for leave next year. year, and then to be paid out to on National Ex-Public penditure presented to Parliament stead of scattering the staff in full equipment for the Secretariat, the The staffing of the Government the officers concerned.

I do not think that any of the In July last in of interest:

detail under the different sub chler office of record in the Colony, Marine Surveyor's Department, departamente, all staff coramon to

to and the expenditurn cannot be which was dealt with by the Re-items under Other Charges call for "If in view of the present the department as a whole, s. postponed without detriment to trenchment Commission, is still special comment. As stated ear- economic position it were possible

the orderly preservation of the under consideration. The other ller in my speech, the amounts pro- foremen, Overseers, to arrange that all classes of the engineers,

items under Special Expenditure vided have been cut to the mini-. Community should suffer an allmengers, etc., is grouped under records. round reduction

"General Staff." Specialists such Head G-Secretary For Chinese are I think sufficiently explained mum, and possibly at the exponne

of a certain amount of efficiency. Income, as Land Surveyors and Meter Affairs. Provision is made for by the footnotes. whether derived from earnings, Readers remain under their sub-two female Inspectors of Mul-tasi.

Special Expenditure. In order to bring costs of

down to a lower departments, whilst the electrical A production

The largest sum under Special sub-department is retained na level, or investments, we

$18,500 for motor Expenditure Reparate entity. The distribution should have hesitation in proposing that

of the General Staff is, however,

cycles, $12,000 of which is in con- all public

Aet out in detail in Appendix III.

noction with the scheme of reduc Servants and pensionera, Mund-

The sub-head "Conveyance Allow

ing the number of European soc- cipol as well as State of what-

ances" has been reduced from two

tion sergeants by substituting ever grade or kind, old age

pages to a few lines, showing the inspectorate staff it is impossible Appointment will be sought. The motor cycle patrols. The differ gensfoners. widows and war amount for each sub-department to ensure that there the law is initial grant to the Flying Club ence between the pay of ten Lance Sergeants, at the minimum, and disappears, and as there appears instead of for each individual being obeyed. It is considered to be little likelihood of the nub the cost of twelve motor cycles is officer. Theno alterations have more regular to pay the press been made solely for the sake of censor staff from personal emelä-sidy to commercial aviation being $26,000; and the cost of the motor ments than from the general vote required, no provision has been cycles does not form an annual clarity and convenience and

charge. The twelve push cyclos Services, made for next year. trust that Hon. Members will Other

will serve the dual purpose of mak Head 16-Fire Brigade. The St. John Ambulance Brigade has ing more efficient the patrols In already generously handed over to the northern part of the Now Ter- Government two motor

amburitories and along the boundary, have budgeted for an expenditure Head 7-Treasury. The Trea-lances, on condition that Govern and of enabling-a-small- but com- of $34,981,661 to meet which we surer not being a Cadet Officer is ment will maintain them, and will third. of now provided for under this head, shortly be presenting a expect to receive $33.991,510 and to withdrawn and the post of Deputy Treasurer Provision is accordingly made for

$1,000,000 from of

our disappears. In addition to the Asiwo more Sub-Officers and three

sistant

ABBLEROT shown

under more Ambulance Attendants.

The motor general service tender have already remarked, is to

anid:

NEED FOR CAUTION STRESSED.

Aum

will have

yen

il

of

no

of

penalaners, should share in the reduction, including those whose pay had already been reduced in

with accordance mendations. We cannot, how ever. Justify the singling out

our recom-

servants OWN

stand.

Wo

we

ta

pay

salaries without

the

approve.

18

Baloncing the Budget. Hon. Members will see that we

1 revenue!

Police Officer has also been detailed for this work which is by a Cadet Officer, an directed Assistant Secretary for Chinese Affairs, under the general super vision of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. Without an adequ le

from

ferred.

Miscellaneous which it has been

Expensive Machines,

trans-

in accommodation

The Flying Club, Head 13-Air Services.-The two posts of mechanica have never been illed; they have therefore been dropped from the Estimates. Should it be found that they are necessary, fresh sanction for their

payment.

Fire Risk.

per:

pact body of men to be rushed to any danger spot. The provision under Sub-head 35 includes a motor lar work. It is hoped that as a result

cycle combination for simi

Head 24.-Prison Department

Increase of ten Indian guards. This the first half of the scheme for the replacement of ten Europeans. by twenty Indians recommended by the Retrenchment Commission. There is also a further increase of ten Indians, which the footnote explaina is due to understaffing. About 50, or 41% of the Indian more overdue for home leave. warder staff are twolve months or This Increase of ten will be a per- minent increase, but in order to

The Hon. Colonial Secretary | prosperous one for business moved the first reading of a Bill generally, shipping always except- to apply n

not exceeding ed. The low dollar his hit cer- Twenty-six million six hundred tain trades, but has benefited othera, and forty-one thousand seven Morey has been plentiful, building hundred and eighty-seven Dollars is going on all over the Colony, to the Public Service of the year particularly in Kowloon and on the

Praya East, and the 1932.

Stock Ex- The Ion.

Colonial Treasurer change has been almost unhealthily

active. seconded.

I know that

is not The Hon. Colonial Secretary | possible to judge of prosperity from Joutside appearances, but we nikn- I rise by Your Excellency's con-age to make a brave show in Hong- mand to move the best reading of kong in spite of our difficulties; a Bijl intituled "An Ordinance to and wa do undoubtedly Impress vinitors with our appearance of apply a sum not exceeding Twenty- six militon six hundred and forty-prosperity compared with other and one thousand and seven handred less fortunate places. Our trade returns show a reasonable healthy and eighty-seven dollars to the Public Service of the year 1932 volume of business, though admit- These Ogures as Hon. Members are ledly the business has to be dono

of public servants and pen. no doubt awafe are exclusive of with a lower margin of profit than

sioners from the rest of the the charges for Military Contribu-with the ease in years gone by. But

community for special sneri- For the renewal of elvil war in tion and Puble Debt.

fice." We meet. Sir, at a moment of China and the events of the Inst

Can Afford to Pay. considerable financial perturbation,few weeks, we should have looked The preparation of the Budset hat! forward to the year 1932 with more

Twelve months ago the local proceeded on normal lines, affected confidence than we have felt for Snancial position WAR

more mostly by the low dollar and the some years past. As it is, how- obscure than it is to-day. Govern- view to balancingony with a fever, the disturbing elements are ment, therefore feit justified in Surplus Balances. This last sum, Treasury, an officer is being second- ensential need for

of these measures kidnap- its the Budget and so much in evidence that we are at calling on insuring our financial stability, the moment forced to be cautious for a sacrifice. To-day meet the special expenditure con- cu from the Public Works Depart provided under Special Expenditure ping and armed robberies in the for the conveyance of New Territories will be effectively when the news

of the Annefii in our estimate of the outlook for know better where We

nected with the resumption of ment for assessment work though la rede apparatus. At pro-chocked. The forty revolvers are crisis in Englund reached na last the immediate future.

We know. for instance, that Naval Arsenal; a scheme which for the present this latter officer will of fire

afford can Monday week. It is too early to

The Finances,

hese has already received the approval continue to be paid from Head 35. sent equipment is piled on to the Are replacements for the European

contingent, consequence say what effect this eriala and the

of this Council. Apart from this imposing any

The two accounting machines are engines, which are in

Prison Staff. measures taken to meet it

My task this year in presenting undue burden on the community. item we are able to present a expensive, but the amount taken seriously overloaded. It is propos on this Colony. Should they re-the Budget has been considerably In view of these considerations it balanced budget, though not with over the counter at the Treasury ined to have one tender for Hongkong sult in any appreciable rise is the lightened by the Memorandum of is only right that exchange rates out much travail. The depreciat-rates and permit fees of one kind and one for Kowloon, but for next There is a reduction rent

your provision for

one only is made. sterling value of the dellar nur the Colonial Treasurer which deals for the payment of salaries shoulded dollar has made the balancing and another is so large and so con- The pedestal pean warders and a corresponding position, su far as the balancing of fully with the financial position of be restored to something more in of the budget a cause of grave tinually growing, that it is

found in the Public Works Department the budget is gonerned will be to the Colony and with Government's accordance with the facts. The anxiety to the Government. Our that the office that extent improved, bat we do proposals for financing loan works. Secretary of State after full con preliminary efforts left us with a becoming insufflefent for the in- Store but can only be released on Thirty will be installed not know what general reactions I shall therefore confine my re-sideration of

circum heavy deficit, and when it came to creasing number of clerks requir next year, leaving ten to be install

it is anticipated thint the there may be which might affect marks for the most part to matters stances has therefore directed pruning down the expenditure to ed. us adversely, and no nelion han of policy and to the more outstand that sterling salaries shall as close the gap, we found that our machines will save six clerks, and ed in the following year. been taken to revise the Budgeting matters in connexion with the from the 1st January next unil reductions would so reduce the at the same time be able to cope which was already settled before Estimates of Expenditure for next further notien be converted at

efficiency of our administration with a far larger number of re- The Government Civil Hospital the news reached us.

current rates of exchange with the that an increase of taxation was ceipts.

and the Mental Hospital are both in When the inst Budget was pre-provish that for the present, pay-this reason that the Government --A new vote "Scavenging" $1,600 the fire point of view. It is there the less of two evils. It was for Head 10.-District Office South. serious need of improvement from Factors of Doubl.

sented to this Council, it was anti-ment shall not be made at more Another disturbing fetar the cipated that there would be a de-than twenty dollars to the pound decided a fortnight age to impose has been inserted under this head. fore necessary to make their are efforts of which cannot be foreseen theit of over 2 millions at the sterling. With exchange at 111⁄2d certain new Taxes, which are It is considered that some of the fighting apparatus efficient, though has arisen within the last few days end of the present year. The re- this proviso would mean a eut of estimated to produce a gross in-villages of medium size, such as

institutions as soon as funda 32 the Manchurian imbroglio which Ivised estimate shows that revenue 14.1/5% and double that amount crease of some $2,190,000 in the Tui O and Tsun Wan, in the News It is intended to rebuild both work of present arrears of leave it will probably be necessary to has been such an unfortunate reae, and expenditure for the year are with an 11d. dollar. The provisa revenue. The Government also Territories, should for reasons of mit, the expenditure has been kept engage temporarily for alx to tion in the Anti-Japanese datar-expected to show a surplus of about will apply to all sterling, paid hopes to introduce before the end health be more adequately scaveng- down to the minimum. The Dennis aine months a further ten guards, bances in Hongkong last week-end. 500,900. This is the more remark-officers irrespective of whether of the year a Betting Tax estimated. Tsun Wan is particularly bad. Turbine Pump, is a replacement but the authority of the Finance ffongkong desires to maintain able as the estimates were based on they have dependents in a golded to bring in some $250,000. Later on it may be found necessary which will bring the Brigade more Committee will be sought before position of the strictest neutrality 1/4d, dollar, whereas

actually country or not.

for Government to provide these up to date. With the present ten any appointments are made. in this dispute between its

A Betting Tax. two the dollar was round about a shil-

villages with municipal services, to dency to erect higher buildings it The Retrenchment Commission.

The increase in the number of friends China and Japan, and caning or less until the unexpected

These new Taxes have been greater extent, in which case the is essential that the Fire Brigade wardresses and the six servants only express its regret at this fur-rise last week.

The other matter Un which specially chosen, the Petrol tax as levying of a rute will have to be should be equipped with apparatus and messengers are all for the ther selback to the cause of

One reason for this satisfactory I wish to say a few words before being one which will be so widely considered.

to reach pence in

per floors of these new female prison at Lai Chi Kok, upper Ching

position is the excens of over 32 coming to the Estimates is the diffused us to have a barely appress.-The volume of business done is made under sub-head 18.

Head 11-Post Office (B) Wire-buildings. The necessary provision which it ia anticipated will be While therefore the Anancial million over the original estimate Retrenchment Commission. A ciable effect on the cost of living.

ready next March. crisis at home, the troubles in of Revenue. As the Treasurer hanHon. Members are probably aware, and the other as being luxury by the Government Radio Tole- Head 16-Supreme Court. The

There is a large increase forwarded to taxes falling most heavily on those graph Service continues to expand. pust of Deputy Registrar at £070 the sub-hend "Fael." $9,000 of Manchuria, and Currency probirans obuted largely to this excess, Government last May, and the

pointed out, land sules will have the Report WIER

best able to afford them. materially in Hongkos

I trust To deal with the expansion it is has been abolished.

this however is a transfer from affect our position

in the near while the placing of the liquor and Government desires to acknow that the Council, bearing in mind necessary to increase the staff by Halsbury's "Laws of England". future, we must for the moment tobacco duties on a sterling basis edge its indebtedness to the the paramount obligation for a three clerks and five radio post- which I am informed are constantly

the sub-head Light. Owing to confine purselves to the

frequent and woll justified com- referred to in Court by Bench and Thetors in February last is estimated to Commissioners for the thorough, balanced budget, will concur with men.

Government more within our comprehension in bring in about $900,000 in ad-ness with which they tackled their the

plaints from residents in the both

Counsel, are being published in a the

Cars for Conveyance, considering the immediate problemditional revenue by the end of the important task. Coples of the necessity for the further taxation

new edition. It is very necessary

neighbourhood of Victoria Gaol, of the Baiget for 1932.

year. There is, in fact, a plethora Report were circulated to Memand in the choice of the methods Head 12.—Imports and Exports that the Judges and the Attorney

gas cookers were a few years ago Oflee.The post of Senior Revenue General should be possessed of tho

aubstituted for the wood burning These factors are in themsgives of money in the Colony which has bers of the Executive Council and adopted to meet it. quite sufficient to engage all our resulted in what might almost he were also sent to the Secretary of The additional revenue thus to Officer has been abolished. A con- latest edition, and a copy is also atoves then in use. The price of onergics. The fresh outbreak of called a land boom, while, as will State. It has been receiving the be obtained enabled the Govern-siderable reduction has been found necessary for the library. The gas has been advanced 33% in- unrest in China and the setting up be Heen from the Treasurer's most careful consideration ofment to reconsider certain items possible on the "Vote Forms and edition, which is expected to com-volving a large Increase on this of a rival Government in Canton memorandum, there has been Government and a report, showing of expenditure, and, as the result

for the Statistical prise some thirty volumes, is to be Regters" By general review of fees and licences, which of the recommendations of this Gnal reconsideration, wo Bra by having this work|publishod at the rate of Ave or six The vote Subsistence of Pri-.

the increases in which, though small have been carried out and com-were able to increase some of the done by the Prison Depart volumes a year.

soners has increased by 60% s in themselves. amount in the agmenting on the Commissioners

ioners reduced maintenance votes of the mont. It should be noted that, Head 17 Attorney General-a result of improving the diets generally, is course of

of Public Worka Department, to despite this increase of work for It is anticipated that there will be in accordance with the rocom- ment in the Revenue of the Colony.

be Improve the Education

to the Statistical Office, the vote qualified Cadet Officer available mendations of the Committee pre- grants, The Salaries Compromise.

to the Secretary of State, with a recommendation that ment and to begin the building of on page 89 of the printed Estimates General in the spring of next year. Medical and Sanitary Services. The next most important factor both the Report and Government's a new magistracy for Kowloon, has been reduced by 16 per cent. Salary for six months only, to in in enabling us to balance the Bud- Commentary on it be published the present building being atterly lied en eficere engaged en die holder of the post, has therefore for the Gaol Printing Shop 'Two votes totalling $33,400 are Hitherto the department has re-eluda leavo pay for the present entered under Special Expenditure get in the saving with the dollar at It was hoped to have made inadoquuto for its purpose. 1/- of about fourteen lakhs effect publication synchronise with the The present estimates appear in tillery work on the Island to draw been provided under this head. ed by converting half the salary first reading of the Budget, but dollars as the largest estimates conveyance allowances

Government is fully satisfied that the Gaol printing establishment" of sterling paid officers at the arti-the Repo recommendations are

vide their is voluminous and with which the Colony has ever

With

Head 28-Police Force.-Pro- is an economical proposition. For Our fullaat sympathy goes out were also effected in Other Charges far reaching, and it was not found forgotten that all sterling Agures etc., officers are less ready to pur- the European contingent posts of special supervisory staff fe email been faced, but it must not be the increased cost of cars, petrol, bationers are reduced by one. In the amount propo donc the to the people of Chinn in the series and Special Expenditure. Public possible to do so. A considerable axe ranverted at twenty dollars to chase cars, and it has been found one Inspector, one Sub-Inspector. The only difficulty-is-to-find-an of unparalleled floods which have Works Recurrent were curtailed, number of the recommendations the pound

one Sergeant, sixteen Lance-Ser- adequate number befallen them. This Government whilst the revised estimate

of prisoners has contributed some help to the Public Works Extraordinary falls upon will, however, be found re- of all proportion to any recent fances have boen roduced by $1,000 or the heading "Anti- | takes twelve months or more "toj

for which have already been acted the dollar figures This Inflatos Rocessary to provide a car for the

to an extent out department. Convoyance allow-ge

the three re suitable for printing work, It under sufferers in the Kwangtung floods short of the original estimate by flected in the departmental years comparisons with earlier au a direct result,

Piracy Guarda") have been train printor. Theas two and would have done moro hnd its three lakhs.

catimaton..

years would only bo profitable if Hend 18. Harbour Department abolish. Substantial reductions own financial position permitted. The position can, I tlak, not

The Estimates. The outlook in Chinn at the moment unreasonably be described as satis-

the sterling and dollar expenditureThe fall of the dollar has result will also be found in all the pikar and twenty one the work of ten of each year could be showned in increases in the fuel voter branches of the Police Force.

men respectively. cannot be called reassuring, but we factory, Admittedly we are not I now propose to pass to the separately. I have not been able of departments generally, and These are for the most part recom-

Infant Welfare. all know the wonderful recupera as prosperious as we should like. Estimates of Revenue and Ex- to find any previous budget fram- particularly of the Harbour Demendations of the Retrenchment Head 25.-Medical Department tive power of the Chinese, and we but we are able to pay our way penditure, and first of all I would nd on a shilling dollar and wo partment. Fixed convoyanco Commission

which have been-As explained in the footnotes feel assured that, if only China without any serious strain on the draw the attention of Hon, have looked back as far as 1860. allowances have been withdrawa adopted by Government,

the salaries or fees which Go could be given a few years of peace.community. Ono.of the chief conions that have been made in the surplus of assets over liabilities: regularly travelling on duty, and

Members to some minor altera- Wo bogan this

from those officers who are not A year with Q

sum of $4,000 in thre

is provided for ernment. pays to the three Un them would be such an increase of tributors to this happy stato of

feen for film censors. Hitherto veraity Professors of Medicine prosperity as would wipe out the affairs has been the sterling pald form of the Estimates. In the of $9,861,079. We expect to finish the appropriate vote has been these fees were paid direct to the Surgery and Obstetrics In vary memory of the present dis officer. The saving of fourteen Introductory pages will be found the year with surplus of duced by 88,900: provision is made consors by the companies. It is sultants will be covered by From such information as I have ing, with the dollar at 1/-, 16 per revenue and the actual expendi-pose to withdraw $1,000,000 for pocket travelling expenses by an tions for the foon, in the ease of calve from patients for their

lakhs was effected by he forego etatements showing the actual $0.418.547. From this we pro- for refunding to them any out of more in accordance with regule fees which Government been able to obtain, the past year cent of his salary; as the dollar ture for the past ten years. The one special work and estimate to increase of $1,500 in the Transport Government servants, to be credit idee, here or the has not been an altogether un- decreases, no the percentage cut "Estimate of the Financial posi- finish the year, 1982 with a revenue. Vote.

ed to revenue, na will be'done next

have caused us-much anxiety.

our strict neutrality We have

hope merited the goodwil of all

the

vote.

on

the rival faetions, and we have been gregate to a considerable improve and

will shortly improve the Fire Brigado equip-"Stationory, Prison Department" for the post of Asslatant Attorney - sided over by the Diracist · of

able to maintain cordial relations with our near neighbours In Kwang- tung und Kwangst. But these dis- turbancea cannot but have an ad-

ferno effect on trade and commerce,

and nature herself seems to have conspired with man to increase the difficulties of the Eastern world.

The Floods.

tress.

ficial rate of $11/6d. Economics many of

and

B

and pro-

own motor cars.

The Police.

(Continued on Padi