1930-06-26 — Page 2

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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, THURSDAY, JUNE 26, 1930.-

PRINCIPLES OF FLYING.

LECTURE BY SQUADRON LEADER FREEMAN. Members of the Hongkong Ely- ing Club assembled t Volunteer Headquarters yesterday evening to hear an interesting and instruc tive lecture on the elementary principles of flying, which was de- livered by Squadron Leader. S. Freeman. It was the first in structional class" that has so far been held, and Squadron Leader Freeman is to be congratulated on ahoosing the simplest language for his explanations, so as to be understood by all Much of what he had to say was illustrated by blackboard drawings, so it is not posable to reproduce his lecture in full, but the following are ex- tracts which give the trend of his talk. The speaker was introduced by Mr. C. D. Lambert, acting Wing Commodore..

Squadron Leader Freeman said. in part

TIENTSIN CUSTOMS

MUDDLE.

NEWSPAPER MAKES A

SUGGESTION,

un-

Tientsin, June 26. The Customs situation is changed. Shipping companies are dealing with the duty difficulty by refusing to release import cargo or accept export cargo without guarantees. from the receivers or shippers that they will be res ponsible for further claims either end.

at

The Peking and Tientsin Times in a leader says.The position is intolerable, and is directly due to the supineness of foreign diplomatic representatives, who ought to have foreseen the possi bility of this crisis weeks ago and have taken adequate means to pre- vent it."

The paper suggests that the only way out of the muddle and complete demoralisation of the Customs service is to deposit the surplus revenues in an approved Every pilot should have at least; bank until the political issue has an elementary knowledge of the been settled; with the withdrawal principles on which an seroplane of both Lt-Col. Haley-Bell and works, how and why it flies, and Mr. Lenox Simpson, and the ap how it is controlled. To go at allpointment pro tem of a commla aerosioner agreeable to both sides.- deeply into the theory of dynamica requires considerable Reuter.

knowledge, but. mathematical simple explanations can be given of most of the facts familiar to the pilot. It must, therefore, be understood that some of the ex- planations I will attempt to give are necessarily brief and fncom- plate, but I hope they will serve the purpose of giving potential pilots some knowledge of why an aeroplane flies and how it is con- trolled.

If air flows past a body it exerts a force on it and the size and direction of the force depends on the size and shape of the body and the velocity of the air flowing past it. The same principles of re- lative velocity apply if the body moves through the air, that is to say that if an aeroplane or any other object moves at 50 miles an hour through the air it behaves in the same way as if it were kept to the stationary In relation ground and a wind force of 50 miles an hour was caused to blow on it.

The Lifting Force.

If a body is flat and held at a small angle to. the air flow, the re-

cresses as the angle of incidence increases. Thus, although it is desirable to obtain as much lift as possible from the aerofoil this cannot be done without increasing the resistance and it is necessary This is to find a compromise." done by experiment and definite values have been obtained for each type of aerofoil at varying angles of incidence for given speeds..

It has now been seen that by driving an aerofoll through the air, a lift can be exerted on the planes, the lift depending on the shape and angle of incidence of the aerofoil and also on the speed at which it moves.

Parts of a Plane.

The ordinary type of aeroplane in composed of aerofoils, coni- monly termed the wings, to give the necessary lift, a body known as the fuselage to hold the pilot. crew etc., an, engine and airscrew to propel it through the air, and certain subsidiary acrofoi's fitted to provide stability and control.

The wings are fitted so that the

nearly

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right angles to the flat surface, that is, at an angle to the air flow The wings which lift an aeroplane are designed so that when moved through the air horizontally the force exerted on them by the air is as nearly vertical as possible, since it is this force that lifts the weight of the aeroplane,

It has been found that the most suitable shape for causing a re action at right angles or nearly so, to the wind, is not a flat plane but one of a tapered section; a body of shape which is called an aerofoil (a plane wing) and the shape of the aerofoil varies, de- pending on the duty for which it will be employed. This aerofoil is thicker at the front edge (the leading, edge) and tapers towards the back edge (the trailing edge) The air flow round an aerofoil of this shape results in an increased pressure at the bottom and a re- duction of pressure or suction on the top, the difference of pressure being greater on the top than on the bottom.

It may be opportune to point out that when maintaining aircraft, the wing surfaces must be kept in good condition and what is not always appreciated is that damage or defects to the top surface may have more serious results than damage or defects to the bottom

whole system, acts, very through the centre of gravity of the aeroplane. The total lift asts through a pivot known as the centre of pressure and all the time the centre of pressure coincides with the centre of gravity the aeroplane remains stable in a fore and aft direction.

OBITUARY.

DEATH OF A HONGKONG RESIDENT.

The centre of pressure. how- ever, moves in a fore and aft direc-

News was received yesterday of tion, depending upon the incidence, the death of Mr. George Henry of the plane. If, owing to some Arnold, chief accountant of the disturbance, the incidence is tem- South China Division of thei porarily increased the centre of Vacuum Oil Company, which oc pressure moves forward and incurred whilst on a voyage home, troduces an upsetting force which across the Atlantic. tends to still further depress the tall. To overcome this and to give stability, a small plane is fitted some distance behind the centre of gravity of the aeroplane. This is known as the tail plane. If this plane is set so that, normally, it has no lift, when the nose of the machine is tilted upwards it takes up incidence of itself and exerts a lift which tends to right the aeroplane.

The speaker went on to tell his listeners of the operation of the elevators fitted on the tail, and explained how, when they were lowered or raised by means of the control column in the pilot's seat, the tail assembly was raised or lowered, thus enabling the pilot to surface.

obtain climb and descent. He The angle between the aerofoi went on to deal with aileron con and the air flow is known as the trol, rudder and turns, and took angle of incidence. As the angle his audience through an imagin-

The late Mr. Arnold, accom- panied by his wife and family, proceeded on home leave. from Hongkong on the Empress of Asia on April 30. He travelled via Canada, and spent a few weeks there, before continuing his voyage across the Atlantic. He passed away on June 22nd.,! the boat just one day before reached England.

Mr. Arnold, who has been with

SPECIAL

the Vacuum Oil Company for six SCOTCH WHISKE years, was a very well-known and highly respected resident of the Colony and the many friends of the family here will learn of his demise with very great regret: Before joining the Vacuum Company, he was employed as Chief Writer in the Naval Dock- yard. He had been in indifferent health for some years and had within the last three years under- gone two operations in Shanghai.

Oil

of incidence increases, the liftary verbal flight, describing the He leaves a widow, three children component of the reaction in method of taking off afd landing, and a grown-up son, who is also creases, until It reaches & both with a land plane and sex-employed in the Vacuum Oil maximum of about 15 degrees, after lane.

Company, and to them much which it falls rapidly. This is At the conclusion, Dr. F. J. Farr sympathy will be extended in the commonly referred to as the stall-proposed a vote of thanks to Squa-heavy bereavement they have sud- Ing point.

dron Leader Freeman for his in-denly been called upon to bear. In the same way, the resistance! teresting lecture, and the vote was Fho late Mr. Arnoid was about; component of the aerofoil in carried with applause.

45 years of age.

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