1928-01-05 — Page 2

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THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH,

MAN'S ETHICS AND

EVOLUTION.

LECTURE BEFORE LOCAL

R.P.A.

Speaking on "Reconstruction in Modern Ethics," -before the Rationalist Press Association' last evening, Mr. J. D. Bush delivered an interesting lecture on what he termed a brief study of ethical theorios, He said:

It is impossible, within the time at our disposal, to discuss ade: quatoly a subject of such complex and divergent views as Ethics The utmost that can be accom- plished, in the circumstances, is to touch on a few salient points that seem to us to have placed modern Ethics on consistent, and rational basis.

in

THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1928.

fying his inner freedom, is like wish bowing his will through.fear and coercion to an 'external au- thority..

Which Satisfies.

birds the burdens of parental care aro equally shared. The malo among. birds and mammals works for the good of himself hs well as others along truly altruistic lines. Kropotkin informs us that The controversy resolves itsolf | pelicans "always go fishing in into this: When mankind has ar numerous bands, and, after having rived at such n state of civilisa-chosen an appropriate bay, they Lion, when philosophy and science form a wide half-circle in face of grow more powerful and religion the shore, and narrow it by pad- has discarded its dogmas, which dling towards the shore, catching type of Ethics entisfies us more, all fish that happen to be enclos the evolutionist or the intuitionist ed in the circle. On narrow rivers (that is, the assumption of an in- and canals they even divide into can two parties, each of which draws nate conscience.)? There be no doubt, if we were to take up on a half-circle, and both pad- a consensus of opinions among dla to meet each other; just as the scholars of the world, that the two parties of men dragging two tendency would be to accept avolu long nets should advance. to cap tionist ethics. By considering ture all fish taken between the nets moral phenomena as phenomena when both parties come to meet." of evolution, which are in accor dance with the physical, biolo- gical and social laws, we are bet ter able to find a rational gener- alishtion so as to formulate the general rules of conduct from a clearly-defined cause of morality.

Co-Operation of Mammals,

The Secret of Keeping Young.

A good illustration of how Ethics, or moral philosophy,

separate and Individual action. takes account of those general

would fail whereas joint action WHO WOULD THINK SHE IS FORTY! principles that deal with the art

would succeed can be found in the of conduct, as logie does with the

wolves that inhabit the Russian art of thought. Ethical theory, In other words, modern philoso-steppes, who go out in pucks to the phers, as I have just said, are de- hunt for food. Then, also, beay- a word; began among Greeks as an attempt to formulate cidedly in favour of basing Ethics ers co-operate in building dams certain rules for the conduct of on the empirical knowledge of life, and ever since the time of science, such as phychology, poli- Socrates, who is generally regard- tical economy and biology.

We will now pause for a mo- ed as the founder of Ethics"pro-

ment to remind ourselves briefly of per, philosophers have been try- ing to give varying explanations Darwin's Evolutionary Theory.

A naturalist also tells us that of the origin of morality as well By introducing the idea of evolu as varying system of moral values. tion into the development of or one day, when he was hunting in

The problems of moral values ganic life, Darwin has turned a

a forest, he suddenly heard a loud new chapter in philosophy. He flapping of wings followed im are without a doubt the most fun-

has not only given the world a mediately by piercing streams. damental for the human mind, as they plumb the very depths of our whole series of empirical factors, He observed that an eagle was hapes and aspirations and ulti-which enable us to see how species trying to carry off a young mon- mately bring forth the highest originate and evolve

from the key while the latter, tightly clasp ideals. Obviously, our moral pro. lowest to the highest, but he has ing the branch with all his four also applied the sarae principles limbs, was calling for help. Al- in their scope, and necessarily of explanation to the problem of most instantaneously a whole Constitute the most perplexing and the true origin of the moral sense. troop of monkeys came to the true rescue, and about a dozen of the persistent af philosophical pro-According to Darwin, the blems, from the, remotest past to source of the moral sense is to biggest threw themselves 'upon the the present. The questions that be found in the social instinct. eagle, which, after a moment, re- have been raised again and again which is innate in the animals as leased his prey, and flew off very in Ethies may be stated briefly as well as in man. Darwin traces all badly seraped, scratched and bit.

feelings to the social instincts ten on every side, which lead the animal to take

Another similar incident was pleasure in the society of its fel- also recorded by the same na lows, to feel a certain amount of turalist. When he was in Aby sympathy with them, and to per-ssinia. his party, encountered form certain services for them." large troop, of baboons crossing

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reach out very far and wide

follows:

1. What is the nature of good

ness?

2. How is goodness to be at

tained?

3. How are we to conserve good

ness for the welfare of the individual and group?

To put all these questions into one familiar sentence, it will be: "What is the chief end of life or summum the highest Krood, .or bon, in the Latin phrase?"

Knowledge Is Virtue. Socrates says that knowledge is virtue; that is, virtuous or moral conduct is the result of knowledge. Plato, in his "Ideal Republie, tells us that in order to realise virtuous conduct, it pre- Supposes a certain form of society, the State. Aristotle declares that virtuous endeavour is to be at- tained by the help of reason, in that reason alone, can assure a wise moderation of passion and desire, and protect us from the too much or the too little." Aristotle, like Plato, fays" the emphasia

on

the ethical importance of the state, that is, Ethics and Politics are inseparable.

あい

and co-operation within the group, others were still in the lowlands, | becomes all the more pronounced The dogs belonging to the party as the social animal rises in the soon attacked these laggards, and senle of development. For, Dar-caused the old males to descend win, then, the moral sense is not from the mountain to come to the mysteriously endowed, nor is con, rescue. They assumed so throa-) science implanted suddenly in tening an air and uttered such loud man or animal. In "The Descent cries that the enemy drew back. of Man." Darwin' says that "noy But there was still left a young animal whatever endowed with babcon, which was perched on a well-marked-social instincts the high rock, around which the dogs purental, and filial affection being began to swarm. Then seeing the here included would inevitably danger to which the baby was ex- acquire a moral sense or con- posed, one of the most powerful science as soon as its intellectual of the males re-descended the powers had become as well, or slopes alone, slowly made his way to the little one, fondled it, and early as well, developed, as in

bore it away in triumph. "Even the dogs were surprised at the heroism shown, so much so that they allowed the hero to depart without molestation."

man."

Darwin's Proofs.

Darwin has brought forth suf- ficient evidence to convince any open-minded student of science

An equally striking example of

a little them-

that social instinct is a potent the sacrifice of the individual factor in the development of the when occasion arises, in the in-. moral feelings In man. Natur-terests of the community, is pre- Ever since the days of the So-alists, since the days of Darwin sented by the bees. cratic school of Ethies up to the und Huxley, have accumulated a

Experiment has found that if a present time, the two greatest opgreat mass of data to show con queen bee and some workers are posing views of the origin of moral clusively how an altruistic or taken from the hive and placed in obligation are: Heteronomous, universalistic action might gradua receptacle together, with a lit-1 or religio-ethical type, and the ally grow out of what seems to be the honey beside them, the work- Autonomous, or pursuit of the entirely egoistic or individualistic.ers feed the queen first, after higher volf-interest.

It is through the working of na- which they take The heteronomous or religio-tural selection that the racer selves. But later, as the store. of ethical type finds the origin and which have acquired' co-operation, honey diminishes, the workers sanction of moral conduct of the union or mutual-help have come to cease to eat, raserving the few individual in obedience and sub-possess the greater advantage in remaining drops of honey for the mission to certain precepts which the struggle for existence. The queen, until one after another are invariable and unchangeable. race that is backward in the so they die of starvation and ex

The autonomous type of Ethics cial instincts has been found to haustion. All these sacrifices are places the origin of moral conducting far behind in the cosmie pro- made in order to prolong, and if in spontaneous independent im-cess. For any, one doubting, this possible, to save the life of the ̈pulses.

line of reasoning, I.may cite a few queen, since it is on her that the The scientific moralists, in the examples: I shall not touch on future of the whole community light of modern science, are in-plant life, although in plant life

depends. elined to decide in favour of the we also find unmistakeabló evi. nutonomous type. They main- dence of combination to attain de tain that the man who refrains Įvelopment of the whole group. from a crime through fear of the Root, trunk, stalks, leaves and we cannot overlook" that there are law of the state may not feel a direct moral obligation to keep from criminal action. Then, also, the man who tries to order his life according to certain precepts merely for the sake of pleasing ones are cared for only by the of the strong bank and the sharp God or the Church and not satis-'mother. Among mammals and

SALESMAN ŞAM

BULLETIN

TOUGH LUCK! İSOM + GUZZ SUN INTO A SEVERE

STORM, IN THEIR IROUND-THE-

WORLD FLIGHT!

THEY'RE HEADED FOR TURKEY, BUT IT LOOKS AS KKHOUGH THEY MAY COME

DOWN ENROUTE

G£E,GUZZ, I THINK 'WE'D HAVE BEEN

BETTER OFF IF WED STOPPED IN AFRICA -

WHAT? WITH ALL THOSE CANNIBALS JUST WAITIN' TA GREET US? I'D RATHER BE

SOAKED IN WATER THAN. OIL!

flowers all work together in har- mony. The first example of fami- ly morality is found among birds and mammals. In the case of plants and of insects, the young

WELL, IF THIS." STORM KEEPS

| UP, GUZZ, WE'RE:( LIABLE TO LAND.

IN GREECE!

Two Life Processes.. In the evolution of organic life,

really two processes going on. namely, the cosmic process, that la, the universal life, and the ethical process, or the moral life. The cosmic, may stand for the triumph

(Continued on Page 13.)

We Agree With Sam

TURKEY (S WHERE WE'RE HEADIN' FOR - BUT IT STRIKES LA ME WE'RE GONNA HAVE A TOUGH TIME LAND- IN' ANY PLACE

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