1906-12-31 — Page 5

ALUNG THE CHINA CONNE

TIDAL CURRENTS, IN RIVERS.

[Continued from Wednardny.]

There is no appreciable tidal effect in rivers due directly to the tidal attractions of the sun and moon, but the tidal wave in a river is caused by the oscillation of the larger body of water into which the river empties. The sen resembles a large pond in which the water rises And falls with the oceanic tide, and a river is a Canal which leads into it. The rythmical rise and fall of the sea generale waves which would travel up the river, whatever were the cause of the oscillation of the sea and quite independent of any direct action of the sun and moon og. the water in the river itself. It may readily be shown mathematically that long waven travel in shallow water at a speed which depends only on the depth of the water, and that wayts are to be considered long when the-length is at least twice the depth of the water. Now the Lidnt wave in a river is many hundreds of times as long as the depib, and consequently it travels at a speed dependent only on the depth of the river. Moreover, its speed is very low compared with the motion of the great

tide wave in the open sea.

THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH MONDAY DECEMBER 31, 1906.

THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF HANGCHOW BAY.--||structed' are now matters for more or less For purposes of management and repair the Fangchow Bay or the estuary of the Ch'sien- conjecture, the chronicler of the province, wall is divided fato three major divisions with Tang Fiver has a very marked funnel shape. neglecting such information as irrelevant in a superintendent orar

cach These divisions From Yan,ise Cape (the extremity of Pu Tung comparison with fanciful legends, to be retold arengulo divided into many sections about a Peninsula) on the north to Keinu Polat on the in connection with so great a work. One of mild tong, and for each mile there are at south is considerably over sixty miles; while the most interesting of these stories refers to ordinary times four to six watchman who patrol the distance between banke at point thirty what was perhaps the first attempt at anything | their section much as railroads are usually miles further west is approximately only half like an adequate sen wall. It is to the effect patrolled.NET of this and in twenty milès more has again that in the reign of Emperor Huang Wu (as. The first cost of construction must have been been reduced to by lnlf, so that along, the A.D.) an official, Hia Hain, proposing to build enormous, and the mere existence of the wall meridian of Chapu it is only about, eighteen a sea-wall opposite the present site of Hangs suffices to show that it must have been of vital miles wide. From Ketu. Point ib a line ap-chow, issued a proclamation offering 1,000 importance and that the land it reclaimed and proxinutely northeast there extends for over cash" (about fifty cents gold) for every man now protects must have been of immense value eighty miles a chain of rugged islanda, begin land of earth that the people should bring to to justify such an expenditure. ́ ́... ning on the south with Chusan, by far the the river-bank, On the appointed day a "per largest, and ending on the north in the Saddle fect, cloud" of men, women and children came Group. North Saddle island being in the same to carry earth. At a given signal every out latitude as the low-lying and rounded corner of took up his load and carried it to the spot in Yangtie Cape. The most westward group is dicated by Hua Hain's licuidants. At this comprised by the Volcano Islands which lie juncture, Hua Hin himmall appeared and approximately due south from the Yangtse feigning surprise when told of the large sum Cape and shout midway across the mouth of to be paid per man-load, he ordered the people the Bay. We shall presently refer to this group away, saying it was nonsense to talk of such tions of changing water-level have been made threw down their loads and walked away. Not as one of the places at which definite observa high wages. Roused to indignation the people in studying the birth of the bore. Westward wishing to carry the earth back again, they of this.meridian the bay shoals pretty rapidly had unwittingly dropped it just where the wily in the southern half, and at times of low water, official wanted it. Thus in one day. Hus west of 121*3 Longitude the mud dries for two Hain, by his trickery, built a sea-wall of great miles from the southern embankment. It was height, and one that withstood the briney off the northeast corner of this extensive "flat" waters for many years)" that H. M. Ship" Kite" was lost.

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By Order,"

A. R. LOWE, Secretary.

[1357

Hongkong, 3! December, rood,

A. S. WATSON & CO., LIMITED.

As it exists to-day its total length is conn hundred and eighty miles, and for one-third of this distance it is faced, as at Baining, with heavy blocks of granite and varies from twani y-five to thirty feet in height above low water. Each successively higher layer of granite slabs recedes about five inches, thus formlog steps, a very welcome arrangement when after des cending to get camèra views, of, various "parts"

hastily to retreat before the on-coming tide, of the wall just before a bore was due, we hadA

"NOTICE."

NEW YEAR'S DAY.

..

LL Departments will be open for business

from 10 A.M. to 1 P.M. THE HONGKONG DISPENSARY. Hongkong, gist December, 190f... [1259

A

WANTED.

CHINESE CLERK and DRAUGHTS. MAN in the Sanitary DEPARTMENT. Salary: $480 to $660 by $50 atínually. For particulars, apply to the Secretary, Sanitary Board,

J. M. ATKINSON, P.C.M.O. Hongkong, 31st December, 1906. fr254

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

Perhaps a remark or two will suffice to clear bay is about eighteen miles wide. From this prayers were answered by the appearance of a refuges for the junks whose masters must needs | V BHOY 'SETNA beg to THANK ALL

The terms "ebb" and "flow" are applied to tidal currents, and often in an erroneous way,

away the misunderstanding, and we shall then more readily comprehend the exact nature of a bore by seeing inore definitely the relation be- tween tidal effects in a river and those along

said to ebb" when the water is receding from

But the must marked shoaling and constriction inthefigure of langehow Bay has yet to beribd. As already stated, at Chapy, which was formerly the port of Hangchow-fu, though now little more than a fishing village with the walled-in part of the town a huge green field with per haps a dozen houses on its southern side, the

paint inward the general direction of the bay in southwesterly and safe pavigation ends near Rambler Island, which is about eleven miles from Chapu. Here the wilth of the bay, for

than five miles and from here on inward for quite a distance the whole estuary with the exception of a very narrow region near the northern bank is a sandy shoal. Between rise and we often hear the wa terms used sy. Rambler Island and Haining is a range of hills nonymously; but, as will presently appear, this forming a promontory that extends well out is incorrect.

making the general direction of the Bay take a quartet turn and bringing it to the northwest ward. On this promotory is the town of Kanpu and a little beyond the projecting point of land, and well out in the middle of the channel, is a group of tow tide-washed islands. It is at these fate and around along the meridion of hill that an observer at the Haining Pagoda gets his first glimpse of the bore.

the open sen-coast. The current is properly water over six feet deep, has noriowed to less

the land sea-wärd, and to "follow", when it is

approaching the shore. On the open reacoast

ebb and flow are simultaneous with fall and

་

·

Let us begin by considering the tidal currents in a river of uniform depib, with so slow a pro. pèr current of its own that it may be regarded practically as a stagnant canal. The only cur rents to be considered are tidal, and in this case the law is very simple. Whenever at any poist on the river bank the water stands above the mean level for that place (the level mid-way between high and low water) the current is up- steam and progresses along with the tide-wave and whenever the water stands below mean level the current is down-stream and progresses in the direction contrary to the . lide-wave. Since the current is up-stream when the water is higher than the mean, and down-stream when it is lower, it is clear that when it stands exactly at mean level there is so-current either way and also that at the moment of high water the current is most rapid up stienm, and at low,

water it is most rapid down-sticam. Hence the tidal current flows" for a long time after Bigh,water has passed and when the waters level is falling, und "elbbs" for a long time aller low water and when the water-level is riting.

The law of 'al currents in a uniform

canal connecting with the sea thus differs entirely from that applying on an open sea coast, where slack water occurs at high and at low water, as in such a canal. But sivers gan dually broaden and become deeper as they approach the coast, and therefore the tidal cur- rents in actua! estuaries are intermediate he tween those of the open seacoast and those in a uniform canal.

A river has also to deliver a large amount of water into the sea in the course of a single oscillation, and its own proper current is superpoker on the tidal currents. Hence in actual rivers the resultant current continues to flow up-stream after high water is reached, with falling water-levels, but ceases Howing before mean water-level is reached, and the resultant current ebbx-down-stream after low water, and continues to ebb with the rising tide until mesa water is reached, and usually for sometime aftreward, the downward stream, in fact, insting longer than the upward one. The maments at, which the currents "change will differ in each river according to the depth, the time and the extent of the rise and fall at the mouth, and the volume of water delivered

by the river; but in every case the tide rises more quickly than it falls, on that the time interval from low water to high' water, is shorter than from high water to low weick,"

Still another peculiarity of the tide wave in a river is of cardinal importance in the present connection. The full theory of waves would be toplechnical to be included in this article and we ask the reader to accept ar a'fact, which can ba proved theoretically, that a ware cannot pro- gress along a river without changing its shape, The change is such that the front slope of the wave gradually gets sleeper, and the rear slope bacoma more gradual.. If this steepening of

· the 'front" or advancing slope of a wave were carried to an extreme, the wave would present the form of a wall of water; but the mere ad. vance of a wave into shallow water would by Stualf never suffice to produce so great a change

|

R. and Mrs. SORABJEE, DHUNJEE-

THEIR FRIENDS for the heartfelt sympathy shown to them in their recent sad bereavement. Hongkong, 31st December, 1905. [1258

The main difficulty in maintaining an effi cient seawall would seem to be to have an outer footing adequate to break the first violence of the incoming bore and to pre- vent the undermining of the foundations of the main bunding,—in fact it would seem In spite of this assertion of the native chroni essential that the tides should be entirely kept cler, however, a dyka built in this fashion was from entering behind the wall. At Haining sure to prove flimsy to withstand the impacts the Chinese engineers have apparently suc of such tides as sweep the Bay, and we are ceeded in accomplishing this very satisfactorily not surprised in find frequent reference to daily in a two-fold fashion-i.c., by a sea-foot proper sacrifices to the Water Dragon for protection, and by frequent projecting "buffer", a com- against the powerful waters. It was notbination which bealdes giving a substantial until the period of the Five Rulers that these sea-barrier also affords excellent and frequent brave the dangers and difficulties of pavigation.

a river so fiercely tide-swept as this is. At the level of the sixteenth ledge fram the top, in this sieplike face of the wall just refers red to, i.c., about twenty feet below the top of the wall, there extends outward a heavy granito platform several layers deep and about fifteen feet wide. At the outer edge of this several town of piles are set close together and deeply driven into the river bed. Here there is a drop Having connection with Company's Mail of four or five feet followed by another shelving. Kranite platform, somewhat wider than the first and similarly edged with several rows of much VENICE and TRIESTE, all MEDITER- heavier and more numerous piles. Here there is a further drop of six or eight feet to a sandy beach which for a yard or two is rock` strewn and studded with piles, ajgged fringe of which about ten feet further nut marks the outer edge of this remarkable barrier.

his great services to the people, which

man of works as well as of faith, the great Prince Ch'ien," Hangchow's most famous man. Many places of interest about the city still bear his name in recognition of

included besides the less tangible, though none the lers real, benefits of a wise and capable go- verament, the more "substantial" benefits arising from the efficient fortification of the capital city, the preservation of the West Lake as a water supply, the building of public roads institutions of learning, and canals, and, in view. of present considerations, the unst worthy of all, the long seawall which stands to-day as the greatest monument of his skill and efficien- cy in caring for the public weal. Its erection was begun probably about 911 or 915 A.D. it extends from Hangchow to Chuan-tha near the mouth of the Huang-pu, (the river on which Shanghai is situated) a 'distance of one hun,

northern shore, is a sharp indentios protected of work and should take an equal share of fame by a good sized bill, which forms Bore-shelter with the Grand Canal and the Great Wall of Bay.

China, for its engineering difficulties were cer Junks going from Chapu road to Hangchowtainly infinitely greater. take three days, and shelter first in Bore-shelter Bay and second at Haining platform. Boats

At intervals of half a mile, at least in the im-

Intimations.

THE

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Steamers to ADEN, SUEZ, PORT SAID, MESSINA, NAPLES, LEGHORN and GENOA, also

RANEAN, ADRIATIC, LEVANTINE and SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS up to CALLAO. (Taking Cargo at through Rates to PERSIAN GULF and BAGDAD, also BARCE LONA, VALENZA, ALICANTE, ALMERIA and MALAGA).

Just at the western end of this turn in the dred and eighty miles. It is a stupendous piece mediate vicinity of Haining; huge projecting HE Steamship

Unfortunately there appears, to be no record of how these difficulties were really overcome,

beltens in semi-elliptical form have been built of brush and piles. The ends of the brush which has been starked and interwoven in 'horizontal layers are presented on all sides and down through the mass several concentric rows of stout piles have been drived. These

drawing over three feel should not be used although as usual the native historian has fetz buffers are slightly higher than the seawall it-

The return from ungehow to Chapu road can- not be accomplished safely under three tides in any boat. Thus in spite of being situated

on the main tributary of the bay of the same

anme, the city of Hangchow the capital of the rich and populous province of Cheking, the centre of a great silk producing district and of the manufacture of the best silks, being the sole source of the silk fabrics supplied to the Imperial household, and a great cebire of Chinese Cultur and literature, has practically no direct communication with the sea. There a small canal connecting it with laining, but practically its whole export trade passe through Shanghai by way of the water route we have already described. he population of this ancient and imponant city is estimated at 350,000 and in 1905 the total of the trade of the port amounted to 17,496,980 Haikuan Tacis. Marco Polo commented upon the vast array of ships in the harbour of Han.chow, but now only a little shipping is found in the bay; so that either the tides in the bay have greatly changed since the days of Marco, or that famous traveller has given us another item on which to charge him with exaggeration,

The city itself has certainly lost the gran- deur which he ascribed to it although the famous Western Lake outside the west wall, and extending nearly its whole length, has pro- bably lost little of its natural beauty which prompted the saying

"Above us lies the heavenly blue,

While here below lies Hang and Soo." But as others already pointed out while Hangehow may owe its chief fame to this

lovely lake with its templed islands and sur rounding hills on whose slope giant trees and groves of tall bamboo-afford grateful shade fur spacious temples, now mostly in decline, it certainly swes its very existence toward the southwest to the construction of the sea wall, called by natives the bore wall...

It is probably true that some thousands of years ago the great flat area now forming a considerable part of the provinces of Chekiang. and Kiangsu was under water and that the Yangtze, gradually increasing its dele, reclaim ed the land. The inhabitants to assist the river in its lead-forming process, built sea- walls, using the various islands as corner. stones. The wall or dyke confioing the waters of the Haining-Hangchow Canal is probably one of these early structures, which has better withstood the ravages of time and tide. As

impelled to leave a rather poetic narrative con cerning an achievement so vital in its import ance to the inhabitants of so large a region. It is to the effect that in the eighth month of the fourth year of the K'ai l'ing, the energetic and dauntless Prince Chien "began the con- struction of a great wall along the borders of the Chien-tang Kiang." But the daily intush of the tides destroyed the work st fast as it was laid, so that a petition was addressed to Heaven, praying that the tides be withheld for two months until the Prince could get the seawall well under way, Another petition was addressed to Wu Tsu-hau and burned in Frince Ch'ien's ancestral hall, praying that he restrain his wrath over this interference with the tidal movements for a liule while. Ard to make results doubly sure, he also wrote 'a poem to the Water Dragon, whose yamen is in the briney deept, beseech ing the leap of the waters' control for a brief time, that he might succeed in completing the wall to the salvation at his people.

self and also extend out beyond the last row of

"ISCHIA, Captain Dodere, will be despatched as above, on FRIDAY, the 11th January, at Noon,

At BOMBAY, the Steamer is discharging in Victoria Dock

For further Particulars regarding Freight and Passage, apply to

CARLOWITZ & Co.,

Agents.

[1160 Hongkong, 31st December, 1906.

CATAL

ORIEN

piles which forms the edge of the wall's sea. foot. Topped with earth which affords a rool- ing place, for bushes and small trees, they cons stitute a notable feature of this very creditable piece of Chinese engineering. Some idea of the destructive force of the bore may be had by inspecting the first buffer east of the pagoda It is about one-third demolished, so that instead, of a well rounded form it now consists of four or five distinct terraces, which are probably. constantly settling down and pushing the lower terraces into positions affording less realstance to the tide. On the other hand the buffer just west of the pagoda is in splendid repair For straits, ceylon, AUSTRALIA, and behind.it high up on the topmost granite platform several junks were enjoying a safe shelter.

COMPY

THE PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY,

INDIA, ADEN, EGYFT, MEDITER RANEAN PORTS, PLYMOUTH- AND LONDON. (Through Bill of Lading used for BatayT), Persian GULF, CONTINENTAL, AMERI CAN and South African Ports.)

THE Steamship

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Comic Opera Scores

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RECEIVED BY EVERY MAIL.

Hongkong, 29th November, 1006

UNSURPASSED FOR QUALITY

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HALL'S "BOAR'S HEAD"

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The stones on the top of the wall are from twelve to sixteen inches wide, six- teen to eighteen inches thick, and from three and a half to four feet long; and most of the blocks used both in the wall and in This done, he had three thousand arrows the platforms of the fasting seem equally as made and covered with deer's hair, dyed in large. Along the top of the wall adjacent cinnabar and furnished with points of burden-

stones are fastened together by heavy iron ed iron. These arrows he placed, in six

montities in the shape of a double wedge four separate piles distributed over the lands daily or five inches broad, two linking each pair washed by the tides. He then took a great

of states. Whether the lower layers of blocks number of squares of silk of several different are mortised in the same way we were unable to olors, and great quantities of choice articles determine, though a friend has reported that he of food, at d some incense, six portions of each has observed these links also to the slabs form item, and placed them in six separate incense ing the footing-platform, though we saw burners by the side of the six piles of bows none. in the part we examined. On the top and arrows. All this was accomplished before of "the bunding from Hangchow to be the gong of the third watch had sounded, after yond Haining, about forty-five miles, there which he awaited the crming of day. When is a broad earth roadway, suitable for riding or morning broke he poured out three libations even driving, though the latter might be risky... the lay before sailing. The Cand of wine, and prayed to the six Gods to "Senda anique.country road for the past of the 600,000,000 soldiers, and Liu (Ch'ien Lin) will province we have seen. Back of the roadway with this arrows exterminate the uncanny, there is a further embankment some ten feet scaly Dragon, and so cause the ocean to dry bigh and about fifteen or twenty feet thick, up and prevent the thousand sprites and the which completed the barrier to the encroach one hundred demons from bringing in the meat of the boisterous tides. Practically all of destructive tides Grant my wish, O Shen the houses near the river are built on levels Chun, and quickly aid, sustain and command lower than this bank. me to do this great work," On the morrow be had five hundred skilled archers shoot at the proper moment directly into the heads of the op-coming billows, Each man took up six arrows, ore for the head of each billow, and when they had shot five arrows straight into as many lofty waves, the waters suddenly,

"SIMLA," Captain C. D. Goldsmith, carrying His Ma- losty's Mails, will be despatched from this for BOMBAY, on SATURDAY, the 13th January, 1907, at Noon, taking Passengers and Cargo for GUINNESS'S EXTRA the above Ports in connection with the Compa- ny's S.S. Chime, 8,000 tons, from Colombo, Passengers' accommodation in which vessel is secured before departure from Hongkong,

Silk and Valuables, all Cargo for France, and Tex for London (under angement) wift be transhipped at Colonie inte the Mail steames proceeding direct to Marseiles and Loodether Cargo for London, &c.ill be conves dirom Bombay by the R.M.S. Oceana, due in London on the 23rd February, 1907.

Farcels will he received at this Oberg 4

turned and fladt

The Baining pagoda, which has been men tioned already, is apparently not very old and was probably built as we shall note later on, by a Buddhistic believer in feng skút as a protec, tion to the bond and the cly against the ravages of the "serpent's bead. It is a fair specimen of its class, and certainly forms the most prominent eminence on that section of the wall and together with the more recently

to mark a vantage point from which to view the approach and passage of the wonderful wave which sweep past at every tida

: ··· [To ́ós concluded.}

Value of Packages are required For further Particolars, apel.

E. A HEWETT,

Superintendent, Hongbere, 31st December, 1906. ?

NEI

· NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DEBTS..

TEITHER the CAPTAIN, the AGENTS, nor the OWNERS will be RESPONSIBLE for any the Crew of the following vessel during her BTS contracted by the Officers or stay in Hongkong Harbour ***

E. B. SUTTON, Arnerican ship, Captain Butmann-Ambold, Karberg & Co

STEAM TO CANTON..

of form without the concurrence of the natural these walls were multiplied and extended, they ing great piles by the river bank among which constructed pavilion just below it, serves wall BK Now Twini Screw Steel Steamer.

curront of the river. The downward current of caused the projecting north point formed by the river proper has, in fact, a very important the alluvial deposits of the Yangtze and the influence in heading the sea-water back, and Ch'ien sang Kiang to extend seaward, thes this co-operates with the natural change in the forming the present funnel-shaped mouth of Ɛshape of a wave as it runs into shallow water," the latter river, as already noted, and obstruct- so as to exaggerate the steepness of the fronting to a considerable extent the progress of the alope of the advancing wave,

ocean-tide, the penbem promontory defecting

There are in the estuaries of many rivers "broad flats or shoals of mud or sand which are nestly dry at low water and in such situations the tide not unfrequently rises with such great rapidity that the wave assumes the form of wall of water, and is then propeily called a * hore.""""Let us note briefly the way in which the Hangchow Bay affords typical circum stances of this sort so that we there have a most striking care of this interesting phenomenon,"

Whereupon the Prince lost no time in driv. strong creels of bamboo, were woven, the whole being filled with earth and large stones. Thus he connected the two ends of his wall and shut out the destructive waters, and thus, we may add, does the historian avoid telling

us the true details of the very part of the cons BIXTEEN men were arrested shortly after struction which in its successful accomplish-o'clock last night, the romlt of s

lexoqitad bý Detective Ser

it inwards and the shoals causing it to heap upment constitutes the chief wonder. into an increasingly powerful wave—the fore- upper of the present bore. Against this rab of water the poorly constructed dykes were insufficient and the people along the shores of Hangchow Bay, especially on the northern side, frequently suffered great losses,

But it was not enough almply to build the second floor wall. It must be kept in repair and curiously man werd sough, the native chroniclers have secounted most minutely for the cost of the upkeep, which is said to be on the average Tie, 250,000 per annum, which has led many people of this region" to call this; seawall “Chlua's Second Just when and how and at what cost the Great Sorrow," giving place only to the Yellow. present substantial son wall was con River as ber "First Great Sorrow":

THE GREAT. SEA WALL.

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