1904-03-08 — Page 5

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The Hongkong Telegraph

HONGKONG, TUESDAY, MARCH 8, 1901.

NAVAL GUNNERY.

The February number of The National Review contains an interesting article from the pen of Mr. Arnold White, un the recent reports relating to the sighting of naval guns. The subject has been discussed in several quarters at home, and it was thought possi ble that when Parliament met last month some questions would be addressed to the new Secretary to the Admiralty respecting the defective sights supplied for guns on some of the British cruisers. It will be within the recollection of many that HM.S. Couturion, which conraissioned at home, for the China Station, in November last, arrived here several weeks ago, and is frequently seen in the waters of the Colony. In a recent issue we stated on good authority that it is practically admitted, by the authorities at Whitehall, that the sighting of her big guns are so bad that it matters little at what object they may be pointed. Mr. Arnold White calls atten tion to this fact in his interesting article, and asks, should war break out before the ship reaches China, who would be responsible A. S. WATSON & Co, for the condition of her ro-inch guns? "If Royal Commission were held on the sub ject of the shooting of the Navy, so vital a question as the sights of the Centurion could not be ignored.” Soon after the cruiser left for the reinforcement of the squadron

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Hongkong, gth March, 1904.

TELEPHONE NO. 158. CABLE ADDRESS; ACHEE," HONGKONG

A. B. C. CODE. 4TH EDITION.

ESTABLISHED 1859.

under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Gerard Noel, Mr. Arnold White received, for publication, the following letter from a naval gunner!

En route here (Malta)

Utir

A CHEE & CO., ad

祥 利廣

17, QUEEN'S ROAD,

FURNITURE

DEALERS.

DRAWING-ROOM,

|

THE communicable diseasts notined during the week ended 5th inst. were three cases of enteric fever (two European, one of which was imported, and one Chinese), and two fatal Chi- nese cases of small-pox..

THE Hon. Treasurer of the Alice Memorial

and Nethersole Hospitals begs to acknowledge with thanks the following donations to the funds of the Hospitals;--

Wong I Kwan

$20

THE Austrian Government having decided to appoint a military attaché in the Austrian Leg ation at Tokyo, has nominated Captain Count

Egon Mels Collaredo-Mansfeld to the post.

He left Tokyo at the end of last month.

THE Dupul of sugar in Java last year was very large. At Sourabaya heavy stocks of it still These are expected to be await shipment. cleared off this month, China and Japan ate the best markets for the article. Korea also is a large customer.

READERS are reminded of Madam Candutu's

farewell concert which takes place in Si Andrew's Itall to-morrow evening. This talented lady will be assisted by several local artistes and another crowded house should welcome the performers with the same enthusiasm displayed on the occasion of Madam Candutti's first ap- pearance in the Colony several weeks ago.

DURING the singing of the National Anthem in the course of an entertainment at Albany Ladies' College, one of the largest in Western Cape Colony, two Dutch girls pulled down the Union Jack which adorned the hall, tore it into shreds, and trampled on it, amid the applause of the others. Many of the disloyal young ladres are receiving Government grants, and this is one way in which they show their gratitude 1t is stated that all except a very few in the college are bitterly anti-British.

follows

--

THE prizes in the gift of the Journal of Tropi. cal Medicine for essays on subjects connected with tropical discuses have been awarded as The Hellias Prize of Lto, presented by Mr. E. . Bellos, C. M. G., for the best acle on "The Systein of Drainage and Sewerage (Domestic and Municipal) test Suited for Tropical Climates," has been awarded to Captain 1. W. Cornwall, 1. M. S., and Major F. Smith, D.S.O., R. A. M. C, who divide the prize between them, the papers being adjudged of equal merit. The Lady MacGregor prize of L10 for the best article on "A Critical Examan ation of the Practical Value of Anti-Typhait Inoculation," has been awarded to Major F. Smith, D.S. O., K. A. M. C. The Sivewright Prize of 1o, presented by Sir James Swe. wright, for the best essay on Intestinal Affect- ions in Warm Climates," was not awarded.

CHINESE FOR THE RAND,

A telegram to the Sydney Evening News states that the reply of Mr. A. Lyttelton, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, to ile protest of Cape Colony against the miroduction of Asiatic labour into the Transvaal, is similar

to his reply to Mr. Seddon, the Pleinier of New New Zealand.

Mr. Lyttelton refers to the unanimity of the Bloemfomeia conference, and adds that it would be all the more difficult to justify a refusal to accede to the wishes of the Trans- vaal in the matter of Chinese labour in view of The precedent long since established in the

case of Natal.

THE ORDINANCE,

|

THE WAR.

THE RUSSIAN REFUGEES.

DEPARTURE BY THE S. S. "AUSTRALIEN,"

At 9.15 this morning, a Naval Dockyard launch and lighter were sent off to the Italian cruiser Ebo, and the Russian refugees from the Varyag were taken away to the M. M. mail steamer Austration. The men looked well and hearty, their flourishing condition being the best of proof of the good treat ment they received on board the Elha. They will proceed to Colombo, as will also their comrades who were taken to Saigon by the Pascal. From the Isle of Spices the sailors will proceed to Russia in a vessel chartered by the British Authorities, the Japanese Government having agreed to their being liberated on parole. As the lighter left the Alba's side, the Russians cheered again and again, thus showing their appreciation of the kindness shown them by their Italian comrades. The band of the cruiser, played the Russian National Anthem as the men

left.

THE FLEET.

H.M.S. cruiser Tail arrived from the North this morning. She left Chemulpo on the 4th inst.

THE MANCHURIAN QUESTION. Diplomaticus writes to The Times that per haps the most important document in con- nection with the above question is the “Note Verbale" of April 25, 1895, by which the Rus sino Government, supported by France and Germany, called upon Japan to retrocede the Lian-tang Peninsula to China. The official text of this note has not hitherto b en published.

I have, however, a translanon which runs as follows:-

The Imperial Russian Government, having examined the terms of peace demanded of China by Japan, consider that the contem plated possession of the Lino-tung Peninsula by Japan will not oni, constitute a constant menace to the capital of Chios, but will also render the independence of Korea illusory, and thus jeopardise the permanent peace of the Far East. Accordingly the Imperial Gor trament, in a spirit of cordial friendship for Japan, hereby counsel the Government of the Emperor of Japan to renounce the defaiuve pussession of the Lian-ung Peninsula."

The importance of this document scarcely needs emphasizing. It lays down very clearly the principle involved in any foreign occupa

tion of Manchuria, and thus anticipates the case of Japan in the present negotiations. What was true of the japanese occupation in

1895 is doubly true of the Russian occupation

GANTENARY OF THE BIBLE SOCIETY

Copable of acting together with effect. This should give them a great advantage, of which a skilful admiral might avail himself, and would probably give them more than equal chances H. E. the Officer Administering the Gover in a general action. The Chi-Yin, taken mant presided at a meeting of the British and from the Chinese, should not altogether be Foreign Bible Society, held in St. Andrew's

· omitted, though--she is twenty years old and Hall last evening, to commemorate the conten- has only a speed of fourteen knots, as sheary of the society. Among those present were has been reconstructed. Let us now turn to Mr. R. A. B. Ponsonby, Private Secretary to the powerful armoured cruisers possessed by His Excellency; Right Rev. Hishop J. C. Hoare, bath Powers. These vessels have been des. Rev. F. T. Johnson, Rov. J. H, France, Rev, F. cribed as battleships in disguise, and though Icaly, Rav. T. W. Pearce, Rey, T. Wright, not fit to "lie in the line" against well arm; Rev. W. J. Southam, Rev. E. W. Hipwell, Rev. oured and armed battleships, would do good F. Blanchett, Rev. C. H. Hickling, Rev. W. service against the latter when partially dis- Bridie, Rev. R. F. Gottschalk, Rev. R. Wells, abled, the difference between modem powerful and Professor Sharp, armoured cruisers and battleships being mach less than between frigates and line-of-battle ships of former days...

Proceedings commenced with the singing of a bymn, after which the Rey, F. T. Jahnson, Colonial Chaplain, offered prayer.

In these ships Japan has a distinct advant His Excellency then addressed the meeting, age, as she bas six powerful armoured cruisers and took occasion to mention that the British of more than 9,000 lons and twenty knots speed, and Foreign Bible Society has a special and capable of acting together, which will be inpleasant relation with Hongkong through two creased to eight when the two late Argentine well known residents, of whom one, the late cruisers Kasuga and Nissin have reached their Mr. Granville Sharp, bore the name of his destination. The two latter are smaller, being illustrious ancestor, the great philanthropist, only 7,700 tons, but they are well protected, who was also one of the founders of the Society. their speed is good, and they throw a broadside Having pointed out the nature and extent of heavier than that of any of the Russian cruisers, the good work which the Society is accom Against this the Russians will have five plishing in various parts of the world, the amoured cruisers when the Dmitri Doskochairman called upon the Rev. T. W. Pearce anives out, but they are all different both in speed and armament, whilst the Inst-named to deliver an address. has a speed of only fifteen knois, and is an old vessel of less than 6.000 tons. The great weakness, however, of the Russian arme oured cruiser is that the gun protection of all except the Gromoboi and Bajan is practically all, and the former of the two last named is the unly one, which is as powerful as any of ibe Japanese' armoured cruisers. If we turn now to protected cruisers, the Russians have six good ships superior to any possessed by the Japanese, and two more which may be considered fast scouts. Against these the Japanese have some twelve fairly good second- class cruisers and two third-class cruisers, but they are all comparatively small stups, the two largest and most modern being the Chitose and Kasugi, of 4.700 tons and as knots, built in the luited States. In this class of ship the Russians have a distinct superiority, and though their battle fleet were defeated and the cominand of the sea rested with the Japanese, the powerful fast protected cruisers of the Russians and the armed vessels of the Volun- teer fleet would be capable of giving much trouble to the Japanese, hampering their military movements and injuring their com-

Mr. Pearce dealt at soms length with the.. objects which the Society had in view and the means which were used for the multiplication and distribution of the scriptures. Toʻhorough ty appreciate what it had done for Britain one must consider the place of the Bible in the life of the British people. By what processes has the Bible become, as Professor Huxley declared

merce.

In destroyers and torpedo boats the relative forces are fairly equal, though, from their proximity to their home arsenals and their minute attention to detail, it is probable that the Japanese boats will be found to be in a more efficient condition than those of their opponents.

The National Epic of Britain". Why is it familiar to noble and simple from John & Groats to Land's End? The answer lies in part in the story of the Bible Society, which was the first to provide for an adequate circulation of the scriptures in the Highlands of Scotland, is the Principality of Wales, in Ireland, and among the working people of London. Its foreign work, which commenced with the printing of Scriptures for Spanish and French prisoners of war (of whom there we30,000 in England when the Society was unded), was rapidly extended throughout and beyond the Continent of Europa. Colonial expansion had been con- emporaneous with the expansion of the Bible Society. To its work in our colonies is due much of the love and loyalty of our people everywhere to the home country, and the work of the Bible Society is not the smallest of the guarantees for the solidarity of our Empire. The speaker next showed that the Bible Society has done and is doing useful work in Hong- kong and, finally, that its activities in China commencing with Robert Morrison, whose memorials are in the City Hall Library, has now become a chief factor in the evangelization of the Empire.

From the above brief résumé it will be seen that the opponents are fairly matched as re- gards ships, but strategically the Japanese are far sironger than their opponents, They will be fighting practically in their own home waters, their dockyards are well supplied, and in easy communication with each other, while it is impossible to suppose that the resources of Vladivostock and Port Arthur are adequate to-day. Moreover, this menace to China and

for the maintenance and repair of a fleet which The Bishop of Victoria speaking as a mis Korea is of the more serious moment to Japan would be a severe tax on Portsmouth or Plysionary gave an impressive address on the than ever it was to Russia Another point mouth to keep in an effective state in war valite of the Bible for mission work in China, This is a most important point, and one which when he began his missionary career he was we may be sure has not escaped the appre called upon to undertake the work of teaching worth noting is that this statement of the views of the Russian Government in 1895 entirely

ciation of our astute Japaneso friends, who are disposes of the contention on which Russia far better acquainted with the resources of the and training young Chinese catechists and bases her refusal to-day to give any assurances

Russian dockyards than ourselves,

evangelists. On inquiring of his Bishop as to I now come to the personnel. To take the the methods and the books to be made use of in regard to the integrity of China to Japan.

Russians first. There is no Navy in Europe, in this work, the reply was, "As the work is This question, she says, is a question confined

except the German, which has made such vast to treaty negotiations between herself and improvement in efficiency in the last twenty new you, must form your owa, methods, and years as the Russian. Their officers are, there are no books except the ons book—the China, and consequently Japan has nothing to do with it. In 189;, however, the question was

technically and scientifically, equal to the best Scriptures." The speaker could bear testimony naval officers in the world, and their patriotism to the power of this one book in forming the is undoubted. I have many friends among also in pure law confined to treaty negulations between Japan and China, but it was precisely them, and I should be sorry to underrate them, character of the native Chinese teacher and in that limitation of st against which the Russians but they have had little opportunity for practice fitting him for his sacred calling. We ourselves in squadron work, and their methods of signal- may well envy some Chinese preachers and protested. Japan to-day is more moderate than Russia was in 1895. She does not seeking and power of joint action was-in 1895, at

least, when I last had an opportunity of teachers their knowledge of the New Testa- to obtain the revocation or amendinent of observing them-far inferior to that of the ment. We cannot altain to the same thorough. Japanese. Their crews, too, although of fine neis or the same facility in the use of the book.. physique and generally well disposed, lack Among the more striking incidents quoted by individuality and intelligence. On all these the Bishop to show the love of the Chinese for points of such essential importance I have little doubt as to the superiority of the Japanese the Bible and their delight in making it known personnel. Their officers are extremely capable. was the instance of two Chinese officials who I note also that you make no reference to and their loyalty and patriotism has a religious were visiting in Scotland and who, when asked

fervour: while the men, Easterns though they

to write in a visitors' book, some quotation, or the important question of railway rates in

are, appear to me to have be individual

gem of literature reproduced the one the whole Manchuria Even were Manchuria evacuated

capacity and intelligence whit, we are apt to in accordance with the very inoderate proposals attribute to our own men-of-wars-men

of the "Great Learning" and the other the My int mate knowledge of the Japanese whole of the sermon on the Mount. In order of Japan, the right virtually reserved by Russia

to estimate the work which the Bible Society to impose differential rates on her railway, in Navay dates from 1894-5, when I learnt to

is doing, we must bear in mind that there are conjunction with the railway monopoly assured admire the conduct of their fleet in the war be

tween Japan and China, and from the zeal of to her by the Anglo-Russian Agreement of their officers and from the extraordinary deter results which cannot be tabulated, unseen forces April 28, 1899, would place foreign trade in mination inherent in the nation to learn by ex- that are working through the Bible as distri Manchuria entirely at her mercy. I happen perience, I cannot doubt that they have con-buted in China. Having due regard to the tmued to advance towards perfection. That to know that in the pourpuriers for the 1899 this is the case I know from a recent letter enterprise which this Society is so nobly carry- Agreement equality of treatment on the rail from a naval officer now serving on the Chinuing on we should be full of thankfulness to way for all foreign Powers, including Russia Station, who assures me "that they have little, Almighty God for Bible work in the Empire of herself, was stipulated for. Later, however, if anything, to learn from any foreign Navy" China..

Mr. Hamilton Sharp, is proposing, a vote. Count Murasieff fenced with the question and This is high praise, but I cannot doubt that it is true, and that the officers will know how to ultimately postponed it to a separate agree-make the best use of the material at their of thanks to His Excellency the Officer.

The draft ordinance for regulating the intro. duction into the Transvaal of unskilled non-treaties already in force, although she might European labourers from south of 12 degrees well do so in view of the 1895 precedent. All north of the equator was published on January he asks for in effect is that the treaties in force 7.

to-inch guns have been carefully [35 | examined by Captain—and the gun

nery lieutenant, and it is found that the sights and elevating gear are hopelessly wrong, winch means that if we go into action our main armament is practically of no use. The records. show that Capt. Scott, of the Excellent, pronounced the ship as unlit to leave Portsmouth. We shall now be blamed for bad shooting, and perhaps held up to nd:cule as the Formidable was. Surely, some one ought to hang for sending a ship to China with her principal weapons of at- tack and defence Ins de combat." Com- menting upon this, Mr. Arnold White de clares that, under a properly managed Navy, it ought to be impossible to believe that any warship is put into commission, especially a commission in China, where war may break out, until the gun sights are shipshape and workmanlike.

The draft makes provision for the appoint To the casual reader it will

ment of a superintendent and inspectors; the be difficult to understand how such a state

prohibition of importation except under licence of affairs can have been allowed to continue

for the exploitation of the minerals in the from month to month, not only without Witwatersrand only; written contracts ob altempts made to remedy it, but apparently ligatory, enjoining unskilled employment only without attention being given to the matter. on the mines; labourers to serve licensed We find that the County cruiser Donegal was employers only; immediate repatriation at the i supplied with such defective sights that the close of the terin of employment; transfer of officer conducting the gamery trials declined contracts; return and registration prohibiting to carry out the programme, the Formidable labourers trading or leasing or acquiring land and enforcing residence in the place missed the target twenty-six times out of

employed except under permit; the giving of twenty-seven owing to a similar deficiency: bonds for the performance of the contract; the shooting of the heavy guns of the enforcing repatriation where the laboures are Raamilies is nut to be relied upon; and, in | unwilling; empowering the Lieutenant-Go all probability, the Centurion was in the sernor to maker gulations enforcing the same condition when her gunnery trials were conditions for the protection of labourers, etc; carried out. It is generally admitted that and finally, nothing to prevent the introduction shooting is one of the principal qualifications of British Indians for employment on the PHOTOGRAPHIC of ship, and the Efficiency League, which

DEPARTMENT.

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DEVELOPING and PRINTING

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GOOD WORK.

(45

PROMPT RETURN. Hongkong, 8th January, 1904. CARMICHAEL AND CLARKE,

CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND SHIPBUILDERS, SURVEYORS AND CONTRACTORS.

REPAIRS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.

TELEGRAMS: "CARMICHAEL," Hongkong. "A. B. C. Code, 4th Edition.

A. 1 Code,

Lieber's Standard Code.

TELEPONE, 131.

Hongkong, 20th March, 1903,

brought out the facts relating to the sighting of the Centurion's guns, should have the thanks of the Empire for drawing public attention to this instance of gross negligence. The British Navy is upheld by great traditions, and fostered by the instincts of a nation which is beginning to realise how much depends upon maintaining its efficiency, and yet when questions dealing with its effectiveness are brought to the notice of the authorities they are shelved and allowed to remain in statu que until circumstances compel im

mediate attention.

railways.

A further clause provides that no contract

shall be for a longer period than three years, norsball it be renewed for a longer period than five years, inclusive of the original period. There is no reference to the number of labourers who shall be first of all imported.

A representative of the Volksstems had an in- terview with General Botha on the imported labour question.

J

shall be observed, and that no new treaties in conflict with them shall be negotiated.

nient, which has never been concluded. (Sen disposal. Blue Book, China No. 2, 1849, pp. 19, 2, 24,

59

When in the following year the United States obtained its open-door pielge from Russia, the railway rates question was again evaded. (Cuma No. 2, 10, p. 6) Since then nothing has been done to settle it.

THE OPPOSING FLEETS. Writing to the Navy League Journal in February last, Admiral the Hon. Sir E. R. Freemantle gives the following interesting appreciations of Japan and Russia's sea-power

The General stated that far from changing in the East -- hisformer views, he is more convinced than ever Let us take first the battleship strength. of the undesirability of importing Chinese or Here, undoubtedly, the Russians have an similar workpeople. He strongly deprecates apparent advantage. When the latter have all the Boers signing any petitions on the subject, battleships now on passage added to the ships being of opinion that the solution must be already at Port Arthur, they will have eight to first found for the native question and settled, Japan's six, mostly good vessels of fair speed so as to afford data of the industrial needs, and protection, but they are of different types, Until then importation of Chinese would be and it is more than doubtful if they have clean premature and dangerous experiment. He bottoms and are in all respects efficient. The maintains that petitions' are futile. "In the Nicolai F, which has been mentioned as being absence rf representative Government, there-bound to the Far East, was reported at Cher- fore, it is impossible for the Boer leaders to bourg on her way to the Baltic. The six japan accept any responsibilly, which should be ese ships are, on the other hand, of a uniform exclusively borne by those who wish to import speed of eighteen knots, and even their two smaller ships, the Yashima and Fejl, of BUB-Lieutenant R. L. Jerman has been pro- the yellow danger moled to the rank of Lieutenant in His General Botha maintains that the great ma. 12,300 tons, throw a heavier broadside than Majesty's Flect, for services during the opera-jority of Boers are totally opposed to Asiatic any of the Russians. They form, indeed, an tions in North China in 1930,

exceptionally powerful homogenous squadron

LOCAL AND GENERAL.

THE following appointment has been made at the Admiralty-Lieutenant R. T. Down, to the Tamar, for the Fame, temporary, to date

Oct, 28, 1993.

labour.

THE Beer to drink in the tropics is the Bear THE Beer to drink in the tropics is the Bedr Bmade in the tropics-SAN MIGUEL. AN MIGUELA

made in the tropica-SAN MIGUEL

Beer to drink in the tropics is the Bear ide in the tropics

to drink in the tropics is the Bea

let made in the tigsics-5AN. MIGUELI

If I had a doubt on these points it would be dispelled by the complete confidence felt by Japanese officers, who are sn through that they are not blind to say deficiencies in their own service, while they are extraordinarily well-informed as to foreign navies, and I am inclined to credit them with having as intimale krowledge of their opponents, strength and weakness as the Russians themselves.

CANTON NOTES,

(From Our Correspondent.}

Administering the Government, recalled the interest the late Queen Victoria, took in the work of this Society, and expressed the opinion that it is fitting for His Majesty's re- presentative to preside on such an occasion. 1. The vote of thanks being pccorded by accla mation, the meeting was brought to a close..

TELEGRAMS TO AMOY, SHANG-

HAI AND BEYOND.«

Mr. Olaf Nielsen, Superintendent of The Great Northern Telegraph Co., Ld, informs us that communication with the above places vin the Great Northern. Telegraph Company's cable was restored yesterday evening.

SHIPPING AND MAILS,

CANTON, 6th March. Commissioner F. W. Maze and staff Jef Canton yesterday to take up their positions at the nearly opened port of Kongmoon,

The popular Captain A. W. Dizon has been relieved from his command of the 3.5: Fatskar by Captain Valentine. The former has been officially appointed by the combined com the West River and has at once proceeded in panies as their Agent and Superintendent on Kongmoon. The company's fleet at present comprises, on actual West River trades, the s.s: Nanning, Capt. C. Butchart; 6.5. Saimnm, Capt Branch, and 1.8, Tak Hing, Capt. Thomas, to which is to be added at once the 15. Lin Tin launched last month by the Hongkong and Whampoa Deck Goard the steamer purchased The L. C.3. N. Car is Suf from Messrs. Banker & Co. which is also inculta for this pont via the Strait on, 5th the Dock Co.'s hands. The above steamers and may be expected here, OK:2 2nd

The Imper run in conjunction with the five palatial steamers running direct from, Hongkongiz, as. Hantow, Kinshan, Powan, Faiskas and Honam

HE Beer to drisk in the tropics is t

"Mails due. American (Gaelic) guli inst. English (Simla) tith inst Indian (Aumrang) 15th inst. Canadian (Empress of China) American (China) 25th inst

can f

Page 5Page 6

Y

SEOUL, KOREA'S CAPITAL.

Close to the Seoul Hailway Station rises the Terminus Hotel, just outside the wall, but 'we prefer to lodge in the heart of the city, where our windows will look out upon the palace, Who knows but we shall catch a glimpse of the emperor,

A string of jinrikishas picks up our luggage, and we are en route in a moment. There seems to be a thicket coming toward us-a thicket which, as we pre-ently see, is compos. ed of perfect mountains of faggots loaded upon the backs of decile "bullocks, each carrying a load fit for an elephant. Low-bending porters; staff in hand, stagger along under burdens as heavy as those the buttocks carry-sometimes a whole tree in their grip; then, to clear the road for us, they turn asu'c. And here, too, are the sturdy women of the common people, and middle-class women with green dominus over their head, only their little noses showing. Oh, you veiled ladies of Islam, your fashions last longer than those of Paris. This one has flourished in China since the days of the Mings. Men pass in and out among these groups of phantom ladies; they go with sacerdotal solemnity an: they are all dressed in white, with hats almost as absudt as the stovepipes we bare somehow gained not to laugh at Yes and here are donkeys, with jingling bells; | clumsy horses, and setan baits, in which you sit with your knees under your chin, as if neatly tucked away in a dog kennel. All this motley throng of men and beasts is wriggling about beneath the broad roofed pavilion at one of the eight gates of the city.