Korea is too poor to be of any value to Chin and to feel the burden off her shoulders ought to be a great relief to China, She will streng then her control over the country by binding in friendly intercourse and control, Englan by supporting neutrality will also make a staunch friend of Korea, and, Korea, who feels she cannot ex st by herself and must lean on some great Power, will gladly repose herself in the aims of an English and Chinese guarante Failing this she will listen to Russia, Japan, and America, as heretofore, and openly defy England and China. Then will come the crash, for which Russia is preparing with such Intense activity, notwithstanding the avowed intention of China to put off constructing her frontier railways, and to go comfortably along with troops armed with all kinds of rifles and heavy ordinance-allo same before!
My uncalled for, it is true, but sincere advice to the Chinese is to-
ist. Avoid war with Russia by removing the bore of contention in Korea and giving the cointry conditional independence.
2nd.-Prepare vigorously for war, by arming the troops throughout the Empire with the latest magazine rifle, and drilling them on a uniform
system,
THE HONGKONG TELEGRAPH, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 4, 1890.
in the construction of sewera.
sewer
provide means of flushing the sower, by dis- part of the Drainage Work should be in hand, thus afforded me of seeing work in progress, I charging, suddenly, from time to time, a can-before I leave the colony. If an opportunity te siderable volume of water, so as to cause a rapid current through it. This may be done, shall be much better able to advise and direct levels in a tank or by water derived from some honie, than if merely left a set of plans and either by collecting the sewage from higher future operations, as Consulting Engineer, from other source such as the water-works or perennial specifications with the Resident Engineer., springs. In the present instance, numerous flushing. It is preferable, whenever practicable, natural springs will afford an ample supply for that the sewer should keep itself clear of deposit, without flushing. The suddenly discharged flush displaces an equal volume of nit, which must escape somewhere, and so produce smelis from the vents, which will be aggravated by the
which is stirred up by the flush, fact that deposit has taken place, temporarily,
12. I propose shortly to report to you on the the High-level District treated in this report, and drainage of a second section of the city, between the sea, and bounded castward by the City Hall, Lastly, I propose to report on the drainage of the flat portion, to the eastward of the City Hall.
APPENDIX I
for sewers; it has not only here, but everywhere, fire was maintained for two hours, but not until then weighed in the balance and found wanting the expication of that time did its heat disturb the condition of things in the sewers sufficiently 5. This decision has been arrived at
to establish an upward draft, and cause anioke principally by the consideration of recen1 experience, as to the ventilation of sewers. This to appear at the summit of the ventilator. This question Eas received great attention of late experiment does not shew that there never was an upward current: It merely shews that there years, and large additions have been made to the stock of knowledge on the subject. At the may be a strong and persistent downward cur- same time much misapprehension exists as to rent; and it demonstrates the difficuky, amount the causes which pecessitate it, its objects and ing almost to an impossibility, of producing an effects. Before proceeding to describe the artificial current through a system of sewers in any
des red direction. On this point, another experi proposed sewerage of the High-level district,
ment of Mr. Santo Crimp may be cited. He closed I propose to discuss, as briefly as possible, the principles of sewer-ventilation; and to define every known opening to the Wimbledon sewer, except those at the top and the bottom. To the
Note on the evolution of gas by sewage. what it is intended to effect, what it can effect,
Experiments made by the late Dr. Letheby and what it cannot do. These principles affect, upper opening, he attached á ventilating fan,
which exhausted the air from the not merely the High-level scheme; but every
22. It will not be possible, wholly to exclude on the generation of sewer-gas from sewage, rain water from house-drains and from sewers. show that a gallon of sewage containing 1828 sewerage scheme whatsoever. To these general sufficiently rapidly to remove its whole contents data, a brief discussion will be added of the very five minutes. Nevertheless, whilst the
the air, gave, in "nine weeks 12 cubic inches general principles which have to be attended tofan was at work, his apparatus, at the lower To do so, absolutely, would complicate house grains of organic matter, when excluded from opening, continued to register a steady down- drainage. If backyards were provided with two ward flow, just as it did before the fan sets of drains, there would be no means of of gas per hour, consisting of 73'833 of marsh commenced to work The whole of the air preventing sewage from being poured down the gas 15 899 10187 of nitrogen, and o'081 of storra-water channel. Again, the rain-water. sulphuretted hydrogen." It is to be noted that removed by the fan, as well as that which
which flows off court-yards, stable-yards, and the this is the result of a laboratory experiment, and flowed out below, must have entered by some pn-trapped house-drain or other undiscovered like, is practically, as foul as sewage, parti after decomposition has purposely been allowed (Haldwin Latham, Sanitary Engineering, page opening. Indeed it may safely be asserted that cularly at the commencement of a shower. It to take place. the ventilation of a system of sewers, in the will, however, be seen that the sewers, even
The sewage of Hongkong will probably amount sense of producing a steady flow of air through when reduced to the minimum practicable size, 325) it to some one point, has never been effected. in accordance with the principles laid down Nor, indeed, with the materials and appliances at above, will yet have a margin of carrying to about 3,0:0,000 gallons a day. If this were fall. House-drains, on the other hand, may condition, it would evolve, according to Dr. command, does it seem likely to be effected. If capacity, sufficient to provide for a slight rain-collected in a tank and kept till it was in a putrid per day or sufficient to fill a room 37' by 37 by the air from a large system of sewers at one point, and producing are indraft at another, it water. The sewers need not be enlarged, on would have to be so powerful as to create a this account. The proposed system crosses and 37: vacuum, near to it, sufficient to un-trap-house-re-crosses natural water-courses, at frequent drains. Even if it did not, any house-connection intervals. At these points, overflows should be which might become un-trappel, owing to constructed, by which the contents of the sewer leakage, or from "evaporation, would admit can escape. Then the sewer will carry as much as it can; and in heavy storms, the excess will enough air to destroy the current in the more
escape by the storm-overflow, to the nearest remote parts of the system.
water-course, down which, by that time, a roar ing torrent will be flowing
14. In a well-constructed and well-managed system of sewers; and house drains, no such 7. No such accumulation and stagnation can
heroic system of ventilation is required. Nor take place in any properly constructed sewer, and the sewage, even if received, already putres does it seem to be even desirable. If the sewer cent, from defective house-drains, passes through tainted air will remain in the sewer, it is at least as harmless there as anywhere else. What has auch sewers so quickly, that but little true gar can be evolved in transit. Indeed the chemical to be done, is to provide a sufficient number of composition of air taken from any ordinary openings, more properly called "vents" than sewer differs inappreciably from that of the air ventilators," which, if the air, contained in the outside. In most cases the most refined analysewer, tends to escape; will allow it to do so, in tical methods would probably fail to establish the open air, where it is relatively hartless, rather than by house-drains, into the interior of dwellings, where it is deadly,
any difference whatsoever.
+
The sewage will flow so rapidly through the sea within a few minutes of its leaving the house, sewer that each gallon of sewage will be in the say in twenty minutes as an extreme limits Supposing that the people of Hongkong ate so neglectful of thele house-drains, that all the sewage enters the public sewer in a state of active putrifaction; then each gallon will evalve, in transitu, about 04 cubic inch of gas, or in all 700 cubic feet of gas per day, or sufficient to fill a 12"-pipe, for a length of about go feet.
It is to be hoped that the house-drains will not be neglected, but even if it were, the amount of real gas to be evolved from the sewerage in the public sewers would be trivia).
APPENDIX II,
Movement of Air in Sewers. Santo Crimp on the movement of sewer-air at Wimbledon.
Proceedings Ins, C.E. Vol. XCVII. Part III. Page 383 ei seg.:TM*
SEWER-AIR EXPERIMENTS AT WIMBLEDON.
4. Compared with 1889, there has been an tons; and a decrease of foreign tonnage of 61a13 increase of British tonnage amounting 26,576 tons. There has also been a decrease in the junk trade of 289,018 tons.
5. Compared with the average of the past 3 years, there is a decrease under the British fing of 4.6 ships and 167,033 tons, of Foreign ships, 6. The general trade as represented by the there is an increase of 53.510 tons. amount of shipping from and to the various countries does not show on the whole any marked alteration. Cochin-China. Siam, and the Golf of Tnquin show a falling off while the Coast of China and Formosa (in British ships) and India and Singapore show the chief increase. There. is however a considerable falling off in the Junk trade between Hongkong and Coast of China and Forhiosa
7. The trade with Great Britain and Continent of Europe does not differ materially from that of 1889.
3. 3669 sleamers, 15 sailing vessels, and 26,957 junks arrived during the year, giving an average of over 84 vessels daily arriving in the waters of the Colony. Of the steamers, over 69 per cent. were British and of these, more than so per cent, were "ocean going." |
STEAN-LAUNCHES.
9. On the 31st December, there were or steam-launches in the Harbour; of these so were were privately owned, to were the property of licensed for the conveyance of passengers, 41
tion, 6 launches the property of the War Depart-
ment,
EMIGRATION.
the num-
10. There has been a falling off ber of Chinese leaving the colony for Ports. other than those in China or Japan. One cause of this falling off is said to be a reduction in the rate of wages paid to coolies in the Straits Settle ments. I am inclined to the belief, however, that the principal cause is that the Coolie Bro kers or "Catchers" who go into the interior to procure emigrants, are not just now as successful as they have been hitherto in securing clients. The fact of fraudulent practices on the part of these "Catchers" has become known in the interior, and the Mandarins have consequently put a check on the people, who are already rather chary of placing themselves in the handa of the Catchers." This is not an unmixed benefit. On the one hand, the number of coalies who are cajoled into emigrating is reduced, but on the other hand, those on whom no deception is being practised are distrustful and thus deterred from going.
6. It is usual to speak of "sewer gas," a though it were some specific gaseous substance, such as oxygen or hydrogen, or ordinary coal gas; and to assume that sewage evolves this objectionable substance in large quantities. Now, as a matter of fact, sewage, even when containing the full amount of fecal matter, and 3rd-Hurry up the frontier railways with all purposely retained in a stagnant and patrifying possible speed, and don't let Russia drag the condition, is found to evolve but little true gas. country into war until you are ready.
The rases which it does evolve are marsh-gas. 4th.-Borrow all the money you may need for carbonic acid and a little sulphurated hydrogen the enterprise ; for is it not belter to be ready on These gases are produced by the decay of alia fan or furnace were erected, for withdraw have to carry off a considerable amount of rain- i Letheby's experiment, 50,000 cubic feet of gas the Colonial Government. There were, in addi- borrowed money than not to be ready at all, and vegetable matters, in the presence of water. be destroyed in consequence? Remember that They are not intrinsically poisonous or disease these who lend to you will have an interest in producing. In a large un-ventilated-sower, con the maintenance of the integrity of your Empire.taining deposit, an elongated cesspool in short. Disregard this warning and you will soon these gases may accumulate and make the air unfit to sustain life. A man entering such a realize the painful truth of all I have written.
Karca is at present grozning under the sewer might lose his life. by suffocation. He vacillating policy of her great suzerain and would not be poisoned, any more than a man neighbour. No business concern can flourish who is drowned on falling into the water, is without a fixed purpose and strong administra poisoned by it. tion, neither can any nation. Let Ching, then, act vigorously and promptly in assi ting the Koreans to develop their own administration, abolishing foreign jobbing adviserships to the King, and herself putting the country on a firm footing of neutrality with the co-operation of England China and England will by this course take the wind completely out of the sails of all, the intrigues which are now going on at Sedl, and, ipse facto, become paramount in cases of importance in the country. China should have her own representative at the capital, just as & What does take place is that the sewage, England has in Afghanistan, but no others. Too especially putrid sewage, imparts a most dis many cooks spoil the broth, and at present there agreeable smell to the air with which it comes are far too many political cooks and cook's in contact. In some cases also, it imparts to it apprentices in Soul. Why do l' hint at the doom most poisonous qualities. The quantity of of the Manchu dynasty? Because the Manchus odoriferous matter, in sewage tainted air, hough are not Chinese, and if they suffer serious defeat, painfully apparent to the nose, and even capable and the throne shows signs of tottering, the of producing immediate physiological effects, Chinese, knowing only too well to whom they nausea, and so forth, is so minute as to elude owe their disasters, will rise to defend their own the most delicate analytical methods. Just as country proper, leaving the Manchus and Man- a drop of altar-of-rases will scent a whole room;
16. Now a sewer, which has also to act as a churia to fall into the hands of Russia, and-or to use a more suitable parallel the smell of
storm-water channel, must have a section, many propitiate her if need be. I have heard intelligent cooking cabbage or onions will infect a whole
times la ger than if had to convey sewage only Chinese state these acntiments boldly, and during house or neighbourhood. Yet the chemist would the previous Russian scares, 1880 and 1885, have, to say the least, great difficulty in detecting and it will contain a larger volume of air, tainted with sewage, than a sewer, properly constructed, the same views. were freely expressed, and the odoriferous principle of roses, cabbages.or formed the subject of a thrilling leader in the onions in the air of the room, house or district for sewage only. When, from any cause, an The nose is more sensitive than the balance of escape takes place, the large combined sewer Shanghai Courier in the spring of 1880.
will give forth a larger volume of tainted air, and the analyst.
9 Nevertheless the fact remains that a small produce a greater and more extended nuisance, than of the smaller volume escaping from the (Late of Rayal Korean Customs Service.) amount of sewage will impart a bad smell to
large quantity of air. The smell is stronger and small sewer. The stream of sewage in the more offensive when the sewage is putrescent, large sewer, exposes a greater area capable of than when it is fresh; when concentrated than imparting contamination to the contained air. when amply diluted. It is, moreover, far from Its damp sides, above the normal level of dry- certain that the odoriferous emanation from sew-weather-flow, are coated with low forms of age is the thing that produces disease. Indeed fungoid growth, moulds, and the like, which it seems probable that it is not. The disease-doubtless contribute to the contamination of the producing agent is usually supposed to be a yeast air and to the establishment of putrefactive like gerth, having its origin or habitat in the action. The large, sewer, therefore, is a large sewage; but so far its existence in the air of sewers storeroom of sewer tainted air. The motion of this air is produced by causes, uncertain and has not yet been demonstrated. It is only inferred from the fact that such organisms are beyond our control; and it will, from time to found in the bodies of persons suffering from time, pour forth in large quantities, whenever and wherever the forces acting on the contained diseases, attributed to sewer tainted air or water, Air smelling of sewage has been in contact there.air cause it to issue forth. It is clear, therefore, with, and may, and frequently does, contain that the section of sewers should be reduced to these subtle disease-producing particles, whatever the minimum, and they should not be so designed they may be, for undoubtedly it often produces as to convey large amounts of rain-water as well disease. Certain it is that sewage-tainted air cannot be breathed for a continuance, without danger to health.
CHESNEY DUNCAN,
⚫le "Korea and the Power" pago jr, Üna 12.
?
MR. OSBERT CHADWICK ON THE
HIGH-LEVEL SEWERAGE.
sewerage of the high-level district of the city of The following report of Mr. Chadwick on the Victoria addressed to the Colonial Secretary, was laid on the table at the Legislative Council meeting on the 30th alto.:-
In continuation of the reports, which I have already submitted to you, with regard to the recommendations made by the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the cause of the fever, &c.; I have now the honour to lay before you, my recommendations as to the sewerage of
that district.
a
ro. Before proceeding to discuss the remedy for sewer smells, some facts may be mentioned as to the motion of air in sewers. It is popularly supposed that so called "sewer gas" has a tendency to ascend; probably because it is assumed to be, like some of the better known gases, lighter than air. Lofty ventilators are erected; and they are supposed to emit con- tinuously, an invisible, but offensive and deadly cloud, like smoke from a chimney. But the air in sewers differs inappreciably from the air out- aide them, and its movements obey, not the arrows inscribed on plans by the draftsman, but the general physical laws of motion. Like everything else in the universe, it remains at rest, until it is acted upon by some unbalanced force, and when thus acted upon, it moves in the direction of the force.
1. In my previous reports I merely expressed concurrence with the statement, that the sewer age of the district required improvement. Having made an examination of the district in question, and of that adjacent to it, eastward, between the same altitudes, I find that many similar con -ditions obtain in both. The topographical features are such that the joint area may be treated as one sewerage scheme, which will be absolutely separate and distinct from the sewerage of any other portion of the City of Victoria I propose therefore to discuss, not merely the sewerage of the Western district; but that of what may be called the High-level district. The boundaries of the High-level district are, approximately, as follows: To the northward or below Caine Road, as far as Ladder Street, thence westward by Bonham Road to its junction with Pokfulum Road; and on, by Hill Road and Queen's Road to Belcher's
11. If the air in inclined or vertical pipe Point. To the south or above the present boundary, is the Pokfulum. Aqueduct. To the becomes warmer, and consequently lighter, thin cast, the boundary is Shelley Street, though a the air outside it, there is an unbalanced pressure few houses, east of this, may be connected to it.
at the lower orifice, and the air ascends and To the west, the boundary is at present undeter escapes at the top. If there be a source of heat mined, but may be taken as a line draws in a within the tube, suficient to heat and rarify each southerly direction from Belcher's Point. The successive portion of air as it enters, a High-level district, therefore, comprises the steady upward current will be the result. In an grenter portion of the area reserved for Euro-ordinary chimney, the fire supplies the heat, but pean dwellings. Its sewerage system may be even in this case, the upward current in not 10 arranged as to be wholly distinct from that always as steady as could be wished. Chimneys of the City below. Indeed it will scarcely be an sometimes smoke. exaggeration to say that no Chinese tenement will pour its sewage into this systém,..
3. The sewerage-system (if it melts the name), which has hitherto obtained in this and other districts, has been to drain tenements to the nearest natural storm-water channel, or nullah. When the open channel has become offensive, owing to the sewage poured into it, the nuisance has been abated, or rather hidden, by covering fi over. In this manner a number of large covered storm-water channels have come into existence, which follow the courses of natural water-courses, and which convey both rain-water and sewage to the harbour.
23. No hard-and-fast rule 'can be laid down, as to the amount of rain-water which may be admitted to house-drains. It should, however, be excluded, as far as possible; and carried off, by surface channels, to the storm-water system. As a rule, the rain-water from courts and yards maiter many accumulate. The advantage of this only, should be admitted: places on which foul arrangement, as regards the householder, is great, for it facilitates the maintenance of the house-drain. It obviates any necessity 15. The above stated facts and principles lead for house-drains of the prodigious diameters, which are but too common in Hongkong, to the following conclusions as to the best way
Tabating the nuisance, caused by escapea of and which can only be kept clear of deposit The common by a lavish use of water. of 3-wer-tainted air from openings. It has been shewn that a small amount of sewage will mint argument in favour of these huge drains is a large volume of air. Clearly therefore, the "make them big enough and they will not choke as a recessary incident in the working of a drain. less the quantity of air, exposed to the tainting-up" thus assuming the existence of deposits action of sewage, the better; thus leading to the conclusion that the size of sewers should be Now if a drain is well laid and provided with reduced to the minimum size practicable. proper traps, any solid object that can pass through the trap, will be carried away by a reasonable flush. Of course an object large enough to obstruct a small pipe will not choke a nucleus of deposit. What happens is drains of large one, but will remain in it, and form a immoderate size is that deposit goes on accumu- lating, perhaps for many years. The drain becomes a cess-pool Ultimately, it either chokes up altogether, and the sewage escapes by leaky joints; or the deposit goes on accum- ulating, until the sectional-area is diminished to that proper for the flow, and passage is main- tained by it, permanently, or till some casual obstruction takes place.
as sewagc.
24. A case once came under my netice, where the architect most certainly provided a 'house- drain of ample size to prevent it from becoming choked. It was six feet high, and four feet wide. It did not choke for upwards of a century; and might have gone on for another hundred years, but for an outbreak of typhoid fever in the house that it drained: and a consequent examination of the drains. It was found that this ample channel was full of black deposit, up to the crown of the arch. Along this however there was a narrow water-way, equivalent in section to a six-inch pipe, the size of pipe ultimately used to drain this large mansion (Spencer House), 25. Having thus described the principles, which should be observed in the design of a system of sewerage, not only for the High-level District but generally. I will now proceed to the examination of the plans, prepared by Mr. Cooper, for the sewerage of this district. I find that the design is in strict accordance with the principles laid down, in the previous paragraphs
Month
Jammary February..... March
July
June
August. September October November December
emperature
35.73 | 41.70 34.75 42.30 30.50 47.30 41:30
32,00
17.10 54.25 $8,00
30.10 $7.75
35.80 37.70
44.70 53.30
16.40 50.63 41.00 48.83
Mean. Mean.
[ 47.06' 49.08
Difference.
No. of Daya
Up. Dawn, Both.
B
10
12
418
48.30 2.85 40.60
Maan. Total Total Total,
07 49.61
773 The sewer experimented upon was. 1,860 feet long; and had an average gradient of about 1 in 19, so that it was nearly na steep as the sewers of Hongkong....
"During the entire series of experiments the actual volume of air recorded as passing down hill exceeded that recorded as passing up-hill by nearly one-third. currents on 97 days, *** ** * The direc- were recorded as on 273 days as against up-hill tion of the current was determined by that of the wind; whilst the currents were either strong or weak or imperceptible, according as the wind was fresh or light, or calms prevailed. * * *
Whilst down-hill currents
E
In gusty weather the currents were at one moment rapidly up-hill, and then suddenly the direction would be reversed, this occurring again and again in the space of a few minutes,"
J
M 申
"In a large brick sewer the currents were found to be io opposite directions, at one and the same time, at two points not more than 200 These exhaustive experiments shew clearly of this report, which were fixed before the that there is no permanent upward current,
yards distant from each other."* examination of the plans was undertaken.
17. The manner of determining the minimum si+
will be discussed later on, as well as the conditions under which rain-water may be admitted, and to what extent. The true remedy, however, for stenches from sewer-vents, is to make the sewage, passing through the public seweis, as little offensive as possible. To this end, it should be discharged into the sewers, fresh, before putrefaction has commenced, and it
26. A main-sewer runs from along the northern should be freely diluted with water. In other words, the remedy for the principal inconveni- or lower boundary of the Caine Road, Bonham Road, and conducts the sewage to an out-fall at ences, experienced in connection with sewers, consists mainly in good house-drains, properly Slaughter-House point. This position of the out-fall is the natural one, assuming that this made and properly used; in an ample water. supply, not lavished or wasted, but well-applied. district is to be kept separate, from those below An abundant water-supply is, even now, posit. It is the point to which the formation of the sessed by many, and in a short time, will be ground, conducts the effluent of the district. within the reach of all the inhabitants of Victoria (provided always that its distribution is well administered). The Government may assist the house-holder in obtaining good house-drains. But the people themselves have the, prevention of nuisances, mainly in their own hands. If they will take care of their house-drains, the sewers will lock after themselves. Unless the public, generally, co-operates with the Govern- meat in sanitation, by looking after the interior arrangements of their dwellings, by insisting on the drains being well constructed and decently maintained all expenditure on sewers will be, if not useless, very much reduced in value, as regards the public health. If they do so co- operate the task of the Government in main tining the sewers becomes a simple one, certain
of success.
ra. If the air in the tube is colder and denser than the air outside, then it will descend, and escape at the lower opening. If there were
18. The area, the sewersge of which is about something in the tube, a lump of ice for example, that would cool the entering air, then a descend to be discussed, is almost entirely inhabited by ing current would be the result. Owing to Europeans, and principally by the wealthier eddies, produced by buildings and the like, the classes of that community. It is scarcely to be wind may cause a greater pressure on one open-anticipated that such a population will neglect ing than on the other, and a movement, from the to take the simple precautions, necessary for the opening where the pressure is greatest, towards proper management of their house-drains. Their habits are such as lead to an abundant consump that where it is least. Lastly the passage of a current of water through the tube may induce, by tion of water. Any reasonably well constructed friction, a current of air in the same direction as system of sewers is certain to be successful. If any failure does take place it will be the fault of the inhabitants of the district, and not of the Government, or of the designers of the system
that of the water.
of sewerni
3. From the point where these.comblacd 13. The causes which produce movements of channels cross Queen's Rad, to their mouths at air in sewers are slight, and not easy to trace. the Praya, they have but little fall, and they are But as a matter of fact, downward currents cra
19. In determining the size of sewers, the filled up with sea water on the rise of each tide as often, Indeed more often, observed than Excepting, therefore, during heavy rain, the upward, This was the result of a series of following principles should be kept in view current through them is checked in the lower experiments, made with self-registering apparatus The normal dry weather-flow should fill the and flatter parts, and a deposit of earth, stones by Mr. Santo Crimp, on the sewers of Wimble- sewer to about one-third of its diameter. That and sand mingled with sewage, takes place den. These observations which extended con is to say the sewage, proper, with any sub-soll giving off offensive emanations which may, and tir nously over a whole year, shewed conclusively water that may be admitted, should, during the often do, rise to the upper regions above..
this preponderance of the downward current. My hours of maximum flow, fill the sewer to one- In my original report on the sanitary con we observations here and elsewhere, though third of its diameter. The gradient of the sewer dition of Hongkong, T proposed to remedy this nether as exhauilive or conclusive asthose of M... should be such, that with this amount by diverting the sewage proper and dry-weather Crimp, tend to the same conclusion. One case, of water passing through it, the velocity shall, flow from the combined sewer and storm-water which happened in Malta, is instructivo. A on no account, be less than a feet per second, channel, at the point where it enters the flat co fain rontilating shalt some so feet high and preferably more. This velocity is the least that region, and conducting it by a separate pips of rely conspicuous, was supposed to pour forth will prevent deposit, and will scarcely serve to Gel & gas continuously, so as defect the mended certain improvements to the starra-water neighbourhood, Tas Committee appointed to part of each day considerably greater than a feet channels, in their steeper parts, so as to render enquire into the Cholera Epidemic of 1887, per second should obtain, them more suitable for the conveyance of sew determined to see whether this ventilator (among age. These recommendations however, have bitic's) did continuously pour forth sewage- not been carried outs nor, with the exception of fainted air. A manshole, near to its connection A few lengths of pipe sewer, constructed since the with sewerage system, was opened and come arrival of Mr. Cooper, has any improvement burning matter as inserted into the lower part been made in the construction of street-newere, of the ventilation pipe. A strong downward As far as sewerage is concerned, matters are now current was observed, so much so that the very much in the same condition as they were amko drove the men out of the sewer. More In 1882. I now propose to effect the interception fuel was added till a roaring fire was established; at an earlier period. All recent experience and the man-hole cover was then put on. The shows that a channel, suitable for the conveyance of a tropical rain-fall, is not a suitable condolt
* Vid Appendix 1° Appendix 11:
20. To prevent casual obstruction, it is found that certain minimum slice of sewers should be used irrespective of the duty that they have to perform; say " for principal sewers, and 6% for branches. To provide for new buildings also, seven must be made somewhat larger than the size which would be in accordance with the flow of sewage from existing tenements, Nor, in the case of pipes, is it possible to adjust the shes with any minute accuracy. The graduation of sizes in the market does not permit one to do so, 217 For these reasons, it will be advisable to
They agree exactly with what was found to take place in the Peak Drainage.'
THE HARBOUR MASTER S REPORT FOR 1889.
1-Number, tonnage and crews of vessels entered.
II.Namber, tonnage and crews of vessels cleared.
III.-Number, lonnage and crews of vessels IV-Number, tonnage and crews of vessels of each nation entered." of each nation cleared."
Total number, tonnage and crews of vessels entered at each Port.
VI.-Total number, tonnage and crews of vessels cleared at each Port.
HARBOUR DEPARTMENT, HONGKONG, 8th March, 1890. 27. Wherever the Praya sea-wall has its
Sir, I have the honour to forward the follow- foundation in deep water, which is now the case form Kennedy Town to Peddar's Wharf, and ing Annuit Returns for this Department for the will be, even more so, when the Praya Reclama-year ending 31st December, 1889. tion is complete, there is no important reason which gives the preference to any one point, as an out-fall, over any other, provided always that the sewage is conducted out to a point well below low water-mark; and into a strong run of tide. Salient points are preferable to re-entering angles, on this account." It will be well to limit be number of out-falls, simply to reduce the cost of construction; and to concentrate the flow through them, so as to produce a brisk current, thus preventing deposit, either in the out-fall pripes or at their month. Fresh sewage is very
VII-Return of junks entered from Macao. rapidly assimilated by fish and crustaces, and as it will be delivered into from 10 to 30 feet of
VIII-Return of junks cleared for Macao. water, it will be so diluted as to produce no IX-Return of Janks entered at each port nuisance, certainly nothing comparable to that from China and Formosa, inevitably caused by the mass of craft whichX-Return of junks cleared at each port for frequent the Prays. The proposed out-fall, China and Formosa.
X-Gross total number of junkes entered at | therefore, is free from objection.
each port.
XIL-Gross total number of junku claared at each port.
XIlI-Return of junks (local trade) entered. XIV-Return of junks (local trade) cleared. XV.-Summary of arrivals and departures all vessels, and of all Chinese passengers. XVI. Return of vessels registered. XVII-Return of vessels struck of the Re gister.
28. The sizes of the sewer-pipes, as proposed by Mr. Cooper, are certainly ample; and will suffice to convey, not only the sewage proper, but a considerable amount of rain-water also. Indeed I think it possible that it may prove desirable to reduce the diameter, in some fastances at least. But on this point I cannot give an opinion until I have made the necessary calculations; a somewhat lengthy operation, which would have unduly delayed the submission of this report, had I waited for their completion. 29. No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down'as to the position of ventilating openings; each case should be decided on its merits. They should be as far from dwellings as practicable The middle of the road should be avoided, and above all, they should be as inconspicuous as possible. And beer met a p
go. Mr. Cooper estimates the probable cost of the works for this district at $19,000. I'am of of opinion that this sum will amply suffice to cover the cost of the necessary works. For think it desirable that the two nullahs which bound inland lots Nos. 941 and 946 should be regulated in the manner described in the wald report. The cost of the work may be estimated at $6,000, making a total of $25,000
31 Unless the Surveyor General requires the larger part of the sum of $50,000 already voted on account of E. Va mila, drainage and sanitary, the works may be commenced under authority of this vote, as soon as the necessary specifications and working-drawings can be prepared I recommend therefore, that authority be given to commence this work as soon as possible," 1 think it most important that some!
of
XVIII-Amount of feesreceived under section of Ordinance 8 of 1879
XIX-Return of Chinese passengers ships ships cleared by the Emigration Officer.
XX. Returd of vessels bringing Chinese passengers to Hongkong from places out of China,
XXI.-Return of marine cases tried. XXI-Diagram oftonnage of vessels entered. XXIII-Retorn of the work performed by the. Government Marine Surveyor.
XXIV-Return from Imports and Exports (Opium) Office,) va
SHIPPING.
2. The shipping returns show 30.777 arrivals with a tonnage of 6,371,087 tons, and 30.611 departures of 6,301,640 tons, making a grand total of 61,388 vessels and 12,672,691 tons,
3. The following statement shows how this amount of shipping is apportioned
Zor Belako.
Foreign
unke Ly forsiga
Jonat
Crand
3,6,500, 159.
II. In my Annual Report for 1888 x alluded. to the abuses connected with Chinese Emigra- tion. I have since had' no,cause to alter the opinion which I then expressed. An abuse which I did not therein refer to was that of "impersonation" at the examination before the Emigration Officer, This is sometimes detected at the final examination on board, when the coolie, having plucked up courage, declares that he does not want to go, and it is then discovered that although he has a "contract ticket" which has been passed by the Emigration Officer, he himself has never been, subject to examination. It also frequently occurs that coolies are found on board the vessel with tickets similar in all respects to those issued by the Passenger Broker. but which have not received the Emigration Officer's stamp, thus shewing that the holders of these tickets have never been examined as to their willingness to emigrate. Enquiry as to the origin of these tickets is always unsuccess. ful, the coolic has always received it from "a friend" whom he cannot or will not give up,
12. Dering 1889, direct emigration to Deli to this, it used to be done through Singapore. (or Medan) in Sumintra was introduced; previous
with 272 emigrants. When somewhere, near The first ship that left here direct was the China Singapore, there was a revolt of the coolies and the captain was forced to take the vessel into Singapore. The reason given for the out-break was that the coolies were told at Hongkong that they were going to Singapore, and they did not want to go anywhere else. A similar lacident the year, and there has been one more case occurred on board the steamer Kiel later on in reported in 1890. These "out-breaks" are to my mind easily accounted for. 'I'am of opinion that they are brought about by the Chinese Brokers at Singapore, who desire to re-establish what was to them a lucrative business, and in order to accomplish this they endeavour to bring direct emigration lato disrepute. They have their emissaries on board the ship and these telling them that they are being deceived. succeed in stirring up the coolles to revolt by
13. Whatever safeguards are adopted for the protection of the, emigrating Chinese coolies, it will I think always be possible for them to be to some extent circumvented by the wily and unscrupulous Chinese Brokers. I think, however, that if the proposed system of Licensed Boarding Houses and an Emigration Wharfis established, a severe blow will be dealt to these rascals, and I have hope that when the system is adopted, we shall bear little about rralEmigration abases. REGISTRY OF SHIPPING.
14. During the year, six vessels of 1,694 tons were registered under the provisions of The Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, and seven Certificates of Registry were cancelled. Return No. XVIII shows the remainder of the work done in this Branch.
MARINE MAGISTRATE'S COURT. 15. Fifty-three cases were heard in this Court during the year. Refusal of duty (17), and Assault (11) were the principal in the case of ships, and Throwing Ballast into the Harbour (9), and Leaving without Clearance (6) in the case of Junks.
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FOST OF MASTERS,
MATES, AND ENGINEERS UNDER SECTION 15 OF ORDINANCE NO 8 OF 1879. 16. The following table will shew the num ber of candidates examined for certificates of competency, distinguishing those who were suc- cessful, and those who failed
Grada,
Starters First mate...qatı Only majo Second matek presen
First class engineers
Becond class engineer.......
Paused. Falled
39
3
19 MARINE COURTS UNDER SECTION 13 OF ORDINANCE NO. 8'or 1879).
17. The following Courts having been held during the year
i. On the 5th February, 1889, a Marine Court sitting as a Court of survey to Inquire inta the seaworthiness or otherwise of the British alexmship Pasig, Official No. 58,335 of Hongkong. The vessel was found to be seaworthy.
2. On the 26th April, 1889. Inquiry as to the stranding of the British steamship Afghan, Official No.: 78,572 of Rochester, on the N.E. head of Lema Island, on the moming of 12th April, 1889. The Master's (Thomas Golding) Certificate of Competency was returned to himzoggpongo 3. On the 18th June, 1889. Inquiry respecting certain charges of misconduct brought against David Longwill first mate of the British barque Sir William Wallace, Oficial No. $3.245 of Newcastle, N.S.W., by Timothy Richard Brown Master of the ald ship. The First Mate's Certificate of Competency was returned to him/
No comments yet.
Private notes are available after approval.