RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m 68 1968).   HUBERT SEIWART Cf. Holmes Welch, The Buddhist Revival in China. (Cambridge, Mass. Cf. Y. Raguin, "Buddhismus auf Taiwan", in Buddhismus der Gegenwart, ed. by H. Dumoulin (Freiburg 1970) pp 113 – 116. a "Taoism' (by A. K. Seidel), in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, p 1042. For example, the Taoist Association of the Republic of China is run mostly by laymen who try to get rid of many of the more "vulgar" practices of religious Taoism and to restore the intellectual tradition of former times. These efforts seem not to be supported by many of the Taoist priests, possibly since they make their living by performing these practices. 10   See for example G. G. H. Dunstheimer, “Religion et magie dans le mouvement des Boxeurs”, in T’oung Pao, 47 (1959) pp 323 - 367; G. Miles, "Vegetarian Sects", in The Chinese Recorder, 33 (1902) pp 110; D. H. Porter, "Secret Sects in Shantung", in The Chinese Recorder, 17 (1886) pp 1 – 10, 64 – 73; M. Topley, "Chinese Religion and Rural Cohesion in the Nineteenth Century", in JHKBRAS 8 (1968), pp 9 - 43. 11 Cf. Wing-tsit Chan, Religioses Leben im heutigen China, (München, 1955) pp 109-156. T'ai-pei-shih 12 Such a healing-cult is treated by Wang Chih-ming Chi-lung-lu ti i-ko min-su i-sheng he t'a-ti hsin-t'u-men (unpublished B.A. thesis, National Taiwan University, Dept. of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1971) 13 An example of this is the Sheng-hsien-t’ang community in Taichung. The publications of the revelations of the mediums of this temple are distributed and read everywhere in Taiwan. 14 Some sects (e.g. Li-chiao), however, are copying Buddhist or Taoist ceremonies and dress so that it is difficult to decide whether the performers are priests or laymen. 16 Some of the "new religions” are treated in Hsiao Ching-fen, “The current situation of new religions in Taiwan", Theology and the Church, 10:2 – 3 (Tainan, 1971) pp 1 -- 28; 10 I-kuan is actually derived from a passage in the Confucian Analects (IV, 15). 17 The popular name is Ya-tan chiao. Other names are Tien Tao chiao, K'ung-tzu chiao, Ta Tao chiao, Lao-mu chiao 4. Cf. Tung Fang-yüan, Tai-wan min-chien tsung-chiao hsin-yang (Taipei 1976) p 123. 18 Tung, op. cit., p 123f. According to Su Ming-tung, T'ien-tao kai-lun (Kaohsiung, 1979) p 197, there are more than 300,000 followers of I-kuan Tao in Taiwan today. Li Shih-yü, Hsien-tsai Hua-pei mi-mi-tsung-chiao (Chengtu, 1948, repr. Taipei, 1975) p 32. 20 It seems certain, however, that the I-kuan Tao has followers outside Taiwan, esp. in Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore. In contrast to Taiwan, in these places the sect is not forbidden by the government and can operate openly (cf. Su Ming-tung, op. cit., p 198f). For the propaganda of the Communist government ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1996 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/3n209j641 186 teachers) of all Christian (Protestant) secondary schools, to gather up-to-date information regarding their respective views on church involvement in education, and to compare to see if there are any marked variations among the different denominations. The findings from the questionnaires were further examined to analyze the relationship between the perceptions of involvement in education and other educational concerns such as 'the employment of Christian teachers in schools', 'the relationship between school and the sponsoring church', 'the aims of setting Religious Education or Biblical Knowledge as a school subject' and 'the organization of religious activities in schools'. The survey was undertaken by post. A total of 299 questionnaires were sent out and 164 copies returned. The return rate was 55%. All the information obtained was put into a computer for detailed analysis. The second part of the study was a literature review. Materials about church involvement in education from publications of the various denominations were collected and reviewed so as to see if there are any unique denominational viewpoints on the objectives and ideals of church involvement in education. The target groups are limited to the six denominations which have set up most of the church schools in Hong Kong, viz: the Sheng Kung Hui, the Church of Christ in China, the Lutheran Church, the Tsung Tsin (Basel) Mission, the Methodist Church and the Baptist Convention. The findings of this literature review show that there are in fact significant differences in the objectives of involvement in education among the various denominations. These findings are in accordance with the data obtained from the questionnaire survey, and they also confirm that the interviewees have enough representative status. 2 Findings and Discussion* The findings obtained from ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and T-test both confirm that there are significant differences in the perceptions of objectives and ideals of church involvement in education amongst the various denominations. Table 1 reveals that the Sheng Kung Hui has the highest percentage in the column 'regard education as very important' (40%). Although the percentage in 'regard education as quite important' is lower, it has ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1996 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/3n209j641 189 found in the speech of the late Rev Peter Wang, the former General Secretary of the Council. "Church involvement in education should be regarded as a kind of social service. It also provides a good chance to spread the gospel by nurturing young people with the teaching of Jesus Christ, to love their families, show filial piety towards their parents, to love their schools, respect their teachers and truth; to love their neighbours and live in harmony with others, to love and serve their society with enthusiasm; and be a good citizen in the society. If we have nurtured our students in this way, we have fulfilled the aim of serving the society, even though the students have not been baptized as believers. From the data gathered in this survey, the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China has the strongest preference for education as the objective of church involvement in education. (Refer to Tables 1 and 2). The same emphasis is reflected from the literature of the Council. The Tsung Tsin (Basel) Mission changes with time in its perception of objectives. The direction of changes, however, is contrary to that of the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China. In the early years, the Mission was concerned much about education and social service. For example, the Basel Free School was founded in 1862 to provide free education for the Hakka-speaking Chinese. The school aimed to improve illiteracy in the society. It was the first girls' school set up in Hong Kong.7 In recent years, owing to the growing emphasis on evangelization, there is a considerable change in the Mission's objectives of involvement in education. For example, from the Mission's publications in recent years, the importance of evangelization through schools is obviously stressed. It is also made compulsory that all Tsung Tsin schools should organise a religious week in October each year. As such are to be implemented or supervised by the school, it does bring about due effects. In the past, there was no preferential policy held regarding the employment of school staff; that new teachers are selected, as far as it is possible, from among Christians. This shows that the Tsung Tsin Mission is concerned more and more with evangelization as an important objective of running church schools. According to the questionnaire survey, the Lutheran Church is the ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1996 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/3n209j641 192 Table 1: No. of Counts and Percentage of the Various Denominations' Inclined Objectives of Involvement in Education Regard Education as Extremely Important Regard Evangelization as Extremely Important Very Important Quite Important Extremely Important Very Important Quite Important Sheng Kung Hui 18 4 16 4 2 0 22% 4.44% 40% 8.89% 35.56% 4.44% 0 Hong Kong Council of CCC 1 10 10 9 0 0 3.23% 32.26% 32.26% 29.03% 32.3% 0 0 Lutheran Church 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 42.86% 14.29% 42.86% 0 0 Methodist Church 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 0 14.29% 28.57% 0 28.57% 14.29% 14.29% Tsung Tsin Mission 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 20% 0 60% 20% 0 0 0 Baptist Convention 0 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 30% 30% 30% 10% 0 0 Others 0 6 6 1 3 3 2 15.79% 15.79% 47.37% 7.89% 7.89% 5.26% Table 2: Rankings and Mean Scores of the Various Denominations' Preference in the Objects of Involvement in Service to the Society Education for the Whole Person Evangelization Providing Christian Nurture among Students Hong Kong Council of CCC (2.90) Hong Kong Council of CCC (3.06) Baptist Convention Sheng Kung Hui (3.02) Sheng Kung Hui (3.02) Baptist Convention (3.10) Sheng Kung Hui Tsung Tsin Mission (3.00) Baptist Convention Sheng Kung Hui (3.34) Methodist Church Others (3.10) Education Lutheran Church (3.43) Tsung Tsin Mission (3.40) Lutheran Church (3.34) Methodist Church Methodist Church (3.43) Others (3.50) Methodist Church (3.43) Lutheran Church (3.57) Tsung Tsin Mission (3.60) Hong Kong Council of CCC (3.61) Hong Kong Council of CCC (3.57) Tsung Tsin Mission (3.60) Others (3.61) Lutheran Church (3.71) Baptist Convention (3.60) Others (3.60) Methodist Church (2.43) Sheng Kung Hui (2.57) Tsung Tsin Mission (2.20) Baptist Convention (2.20) ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1996 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/3n209j641 194 Involvement in Education in Hong Kong (Theology Division, Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, March 1988) J Refer also to figures in Table 2 4 For details, see ibid Chapter 3, Part II 2 See, Wang, Peter 'The Church in Hong Kong in the 80s', in Message, January 1981 (Hong Kong Christian Council), p 2 7 See WH Yu. 'A Brief History of the Tsung Tsin Church (An Abstract)' in Tsung Tsin Bulletin. Issue No 42, 23rd March, 1987 *For details, see Ng, op cit, Chapter 3. Part III +7 See ibid Chapter 3, Part II 4 For example, see L H Leung, 'What is Christian Education?' in The Methodist Church Education Sunday Special Issue (1982), P1, and TS Chow, 'Christian Education: Education for the Whole Person' in The Methodist Church Bulletin, Issue No 22, 15th August, 1983 P3 For relevant discussion, see Ng, op cit, Chapter 3, Part II 5 For details, see ibid. Chapter 3. Part II 6 12 For details, see ibid. Chapter 2 ================================================================================