RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d
MILITIA, MARKET AND LINEAGE

59

part of further studies of militia, both within Kwangtung Province and elsewhere in China. It is possible that the approach to militia used in this article could be applied to other, more significant, military organizations as they existed in nineteenth century China. For example, recent studies of the regional armies of Tseng Kuo-fan and Li Hung-chang indicate that they were, initially, amalgamations of local militia forces.78 A more detailed analysis of these militia could contribute to a greater understanding of the particularistic relationships which appear to have been important in maintaining regional armies as viable organizations over relatively long periods of time.

NOTES

This article is based upon research in Hong Kong between 1963 and 1965. I am grateful for the financial support provided by the London-Cornell Project for East and South-East Asian Studies. A number of colleagues have commented upon the subject matter of the article during its various stages of preparation. I would particularly like to thank the following for their advice: Dr. Christopher Turner, Dr. George C. Bond, Mr. James Hayes, Professor Maurice Freedman, and Professor Göran Aijmer. A draft of the paper was read to the Sociology Seminar, School of Social Studies, University of East Anglia. I am grateful to my colleagues in this context for their comments. Place names will be rendered according to A Gazetteer of Place Names in Hong Kong, Kowloon, and the New Territories, Hong Kong Government Printer, Hong Kong, n.d., but published 1960.

2 Brine, Lindesay. The Taeping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of its Rise and Progress. London, 1862, pp. 11-12.

3 Krone, [R]. “A Notice of the Sanon District", Article V, Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, pt. VI, Hong Kong, 1859, p. 71.

4 Freedman, Maurice. Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and Kwangtung. London, 1966, p. 115.

5 The Governor of Hong Kong, commenting upon robbery and piracy during the year 1903, said: "they are the most common offences in the Southern provinces ... the Provincial Authorities do not attempt to deal with such cases until some village is reported as being specially notorious as harbouring robbers, when, if the authorities do not consider them too strong, a force is sent out and as many as possible arrested or the village destroyed." Papers Laid Before the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, 1903, Hong Kong, 1904, pp. 348 ff.

Freedman, op. cit., p. 112, quotes an account of such an expedition which took place in "about 1870" and resulted in the beheading of more than a thousand people.

6 Hsiao Kung-chuan, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, Seattle, 1960, p. 503.

7 For a detailed account of these events, see: Wakeman, Jr., Frederic, Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1970
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ww72j0241
28

STEPHEN UHALLEY, JR.

had not had sufficient time to inform Anking of his impending approach.18 Nevertheless, Elgin made no effort himself to notify the uninformed Taiping garrison. Instead, as soon as the Taipings opened fire at the head-on approach of the strange vessels it was returned with a vengeance. After the Taiping batteries had been quieted, the ships' cannons fired into the city itself. This was done even though the English observed the country people running into it for protection from the attacking Imperialists.19 The English did not stop at Anking, but continued upstream. On the way back from Hankow, when again approaching Anking Elgin took precautions, and "thought it necessary to take a pretty high tone with the rebel authorities..."20 He sent Wade ashore with a message of warning, reflecting that "to menace with capture by two small gun-boats a great city, walled and garrisoned, might have been in bad taste elsewhere, but in China it was the thing to do.”21 On shore, Wade found out that the Taipings had since been informed of what had happened at Nanking and that they were highly apologetic for making the same mistake at Anking. Wade refused a present of oxen and other provisions. An invitation to visit the Taiping commander at Anking was similarly rejected. Wade departed with a final verbal warning indicating "how simple a matter it would be for us to sweep them away utterly, were we provoked to do it.”22

On this return trip, Elgin decided to stop by at Nanking once again, this time to acknowledge receipt of a formal written apology which had been sent from the Taipings soon after the first visit, but which, because of the speed of the English ascent and the presence of the Imperialist fleet on the river, had failed to reach Elgin. The apology awaited, therefore, the return of the English and was delivered to them when they again passed by Wu-hu.23

As one of the few visits by Western officials to Nanking, this event deserves more attention than has been accorded by historians. The handling of the story of this visit is of interest in itself, for it sheds some light on how easily misunderstanding of the Taipings grew, as a result of both conscious prejudice and improper reporting. One contemporary writer, Commander Lindsay Brine, for example, who has a general reputation among historians for his relative objectivity in writing on the Taipings, gives three pages to the visit,24 His account gives details of the conversation
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1970
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ww72j0241
34 

STEPHEN UHALLEY, JR., 

12 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 231, Inclosure No. 1, Shanghai, January 6, 1859, BB, IX, 454. 

13 Ibid., Inclosure No. 2, p. 455. 

14 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 228, p. 445. 

15 Ibid., Inclosure 1, p. 447. 

** 

16 Wade, in adjoining sentences, says that "The prices put upon the articles we named were not exorbitant and, "This part of our errand done we took our leave, glad to escape from the pressure of this most disorderly mob, and the offensive atmosphere they created." Ibid., p. 448. 

17 Oliphant, II, 361. 

18 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 228, p. 445, 

19 Oliphant, II, 362-364. 

20 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 228, p. 446. 

21 Ibid. 

22 Ibid., Inclosure No. 2, pp. 448-449. 

23 Ibid., Inclosure No. 4, p. 450. 

24 Lindsay Brine, The Taeping Rebellion in China, London, 1862, pp. 226-228. Despite his reputation for relatively dispassionate reporting Brine makes similar omissions in discussing other episodes as well. In discussing the visit at Wu Hu he uses only passages from Oliphant that reflected poorly on the Taipings without mentioning that the Taipings graciously complied with the request for supplies - pp. 223-226. Regarding the bombardment of Anking, Brine does not mention that the Imperialists were attacking the city simultaneously -- pp. 220-221. 

25 Only the surname of the Taiping leader is given in Wade's account, which is the basis of the other versions of this visit, That it was Li Ch'un-fa is a surmise concurred in by Jen Yu-wen in personal conversation with the writer. As a lieutenant of Li Hsiu-ch'eng it is likely that Li Ch'un-fa was well-disposed toward foreigners, as indeed, he seems to have been depicted in Wade's own account. 

26 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 228, Inclosure No. 5, pp. 450-452, 

27 Ibid., p. 451. 

28 Elgin to Malmesbury, No. 232, Inclosure of Elgin to Seymour, Shanghai, January 6, 1859, BB, IX, 455. 

29 This poem was not included in the Blue Book collection of documents, but was subsequently translated and printed in Oliphant, II, 334-341, and in Brine, pp. 229-236. It will soon be made available once again among Franz Michael's documents of the Taipings to be published in the near future. The Chinese text, which should be consulted, for the English translation is inconsistent, is found in Jen Yu-wen, T'ai-p'ing Tien kuo tien-chih t'ung-kao (TPTKTCTK), Vol. II, 881-883. 

30 We learn of the use of this specific form of address from Chester Cheng's recording of the cover letter in his book on Taiping documentary materials in the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, Cheng does not mention the important poem itself - Chester Cheng, Chinese Sources for the Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864, Hong Kong, 1963, p. 150. It is possible that the word shang was used as an honorific in place of the more usual kuei, a word that may have been proscribed by the Taipings because of its phonetic similarity to kuei meaning devil.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
246

LIST OF MEMBERS

LIFE OVERSEAS MEMBERS:

HUGHES, Mrs. G. M.

HURT, Miss E. J.

IRETON, Mrs. P. H.

JOHNSTON, J. J.

JORDAN, Dr. D. K.

KIDD, S. T.

KNOWLES, Miss Moira G.

KNOWLES, Mrs. W. C. G.

KURATA, Mrs. L.

LINDSAY, T. J., M.B.E.

LOTHROP, F. B.

MANSFIELD, Miss M. B.

McBAIN, G.

McDOUALL, J. C., C.M.G.

MICHAELIDES, Miss E. O.

MIDDLEBROOK, R. W.

MILL, Capt. C. S. Jr.

MILLER, C. F.

O'BRIEN, J. R.

PLAG, Rev. A.

POLAND, T. D.

ROBINSON, Prof. K. E.

ROTHE, U.

SINFIELD, G. H. C.

c/o C.V. Starr & Co. Inc., 102 Maiden Lane, New York, N.Y. 10005, U.S.A.

Woodlands School, Woodlands Drive, Scarborough, Yorkshire, England.

P.O. Box 362, Langley, Washington 98260, U.S.A.

P.O. Box 65, Marshall, Arkansas 72650, U.S.A.

Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, U.S.A.

c/o Hong Kong Government Office, 6 Grafton St., London W1X 3LB, England.

3, Kirkmay House, Marketgate, Crail, Fife KY10 3RF, Scotland, UK.

Wakes Colne Place, Nr. Colchester, Essex, England.

478, Edison Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K2A 1TQ, Canada.

3, Bareena Avenue, Wahroonga, N.S.W., Australia.

176, Milk Street, Boston, Mass. 02109, U.S.A.

31, Fairlawns, Maldon Rd., Wallington, Surrey, England.

c/o Imperial Chemical Industries (Japan) Ltd., Central P.O. Box 411, Tokyo, Japan.

The Old School, Souldern, Bicester, Oxon., England.

The British Council, Halls Croft, Old Town, Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

165 East 66th Street, New York 21, N.Y., U.S.A.

132, Greenbriar Court, Jacksonville, N.C. 28540, U.S.A.

c/o Bank of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

St. Paul's, 1 Roma Avenue, Kensington, N.S.W. 2033, Australia.

7000 Stuttgart 1, Roemerstr. 41, Germany.

15, Bellevue Lawns, Delgany, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.

The Old Rectory, Church Westcoat, Kingham, Oxford OX7 6SF, England.

Wohnstift Augustinum Apt. 778, 5483 Bad Neuenahr, Germany.

Hong Kong Tourist Association, 159, Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938
256

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS

KNOWLES, Miss Moira G.,

3 Kirkmay House,

Marketgate,

Crail.

Fife KY10 3RF, SCOTLAND.

KNOWLES, Mrs. W. C. G.,

Wakes Colne Place,

Nr. Colchester, Essex.

UNITED KINGDOM.

KURATA, Mrs. Lucien,

478 Edison Avenue,

Ottawa,

Ontario K2A 1TQ.

CANADA.

LANCHESTER, Mrs. G. W.,

Alderfen,

Surlingham,

Norwich NR14 7AW,

UNITED KINGDOM.

LI, Dr. Choh-Ming,

81 Northampton Avenue, Berkeley,

California 94707,

U.S.A.

LINDSAY, Mr. T. J., M.B.E.,

3 Bareena Avenue,

Wahroonga,

New South Wales, AUSTRALIA.

LOTHROP, Mr. Francis B,

176 Milk Street, Boston,

Massachusetts 02109, U.S.A.

MANSFIELD, Miss M. B.,

51 Fairlawns,

Maldon Road,

Wallington,

Surrey,

UNITED KINGDOM.

MCBAIN, Mr. George,

c/o Imperial Chemical Industries

(Japan) Ltd.,

Central P.O. Box 411,

Tokyo,

JAPAN.

MCDOUALL, Mr. J. C.,

The Old School, Souldern, Bicester, Oxon,

UNITED KINGDOM.

MICHAELIONES, Miss E. O.,

The British Council, Halls Croft, Old Town,

Stratford-upon-Avon,

UNITED KINGDOM.

MILL, Capt. Charles Stuart, U.S.M.C.,

132 Greenbriar Court,

Jacksonville, N.C., 28540,

U.S.A.

MILLER, Mr. Carl Ferris O.,

c/o Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch,

C.P.O. Box 255. Seoul,

KOREA.

O'BRIEN, Mr. J. R.,

+

St. Paul's,

1 Roma Avenue,

Kensington,

New South Wales 2033, AUSTRALIA.

PLAG, Mr. Albrecht (Rev.),

7000 Stuttgart 1, Roemerstr. 41,

GERMANY (F.R.).

POLAND, Mr. T. D.,

15 Bellevue Lawns,

Delgany,

Co. Wicklow,

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND.

ROBINSON, Prof. K. E.,

The Old Rectory, Church Westcoat, Kingham,

Oxford OX7 6SF, UNITED KINGDOM.

ROTHE, Mr. Ulrich,

Wohnstift Augustinum, Apt. 778,

5483 Bad Neuenahr,

GERMANY.

SINFIELD, Mr. G. H. C.,

Hong Kong Tourist Association,

159 Bay Street,

Toronto,

CANADA.

SPERRY, Mr. H. M.,

64 Hillbrook Drive, Portola Valley,

California 94025,

U.S.A.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m
216

FABER, Mrs G.A.G. FAWCETT, Mr B.C. FRASER, Mr A.P. GALVIN, Mr J.A.T.

GEORGE, Mr Timothy J.B. GIEDROYC, Mr Michael J.H. GOLDNEY, Miss C.M. HARDEN, Mrs Guy T., Jr. HAYDON, Mr E.S. HECHTEL, Mr F.O.P. HOWARTH, Mr Richard H. HUGHES, Mrs Marion HURT, Miss Evelyn J. INGLES, Miss Jean M. IRETON, Mrs Polly H. JOHNSTON, Mr James J. JORDAN, Dr David K. KIDD, Mr S.T.

7

KNOWLES, Miss Moria G. KNOWLES, Mrs W.C.G. KURATA, Mrs Lucien LANCHESTER Mrs G.W. LAUFER, Mr E.M. LAUFER, Mrs B.M. LI, DR Choh-Ming LINDSAY, Mr T.J. LOTHROP, Mr Francis B. MANSFIELD, Miss M.B. MICHAELIONES, Miss E.O. MILL, Major C.S., USMC MILLER, Mr Carl F.O. NICHOLS, The Hon. Mr E.H. O'BRIEN, Father J.R. PLAG, Rev. Albrecht POLAND, Mr Thomas D. RITCHIE, Mr Douglas J. ROBINSON, Prof. K.E. ROTHE, Mr Ulrich. SINFIELD, Mr G.HC. SPERRY, Mr Henry M. STEVENS, Mr Keith G. SWIRE, Mr A.C.

TILL, The Very Rev. Barry TURNER, Sir Michael WARD, Miss Janet E.A. WELCH, Mr Holmes H. WHITELEGGE, Mr D.S. WOLF, Mr John

ORDINARY OVERSEAS MEMBERS

ANDERSON, Dr Eugene N., Jr.

BARR, Mr J.W. BEVERIDGE, Mr R.J. BOND, Mr Michael W. CHAR, Mr Tin Yuke CHINN, Mrs Caroline Lee CLARK, Mrs A.T. COOPER, Dr Eugene

DE FAZIO, Mr & Mrs M.F. EASTON, Ms. Linda

FESSLER, Mr Loren FITZGIBBON, Mr Desmond GARD, Dr Richard A.

GILMAN, Ms Claudia

GOODRICH, Prof. L. Carrington

HARRISON, Prof, B.

HEMMING, Miss Janet M. HODGSON, Mr A.F.

HODGSON, Mrs Kirsty Hamilton HOGAN, Mr James HUYSMAN, Mr J.

KNEEBONE, Mrs Susan

KRAMERS, Dr R.P. LIU, Prof. Ts'un Yan LU, Mrs Sylvia MACLEAN, Mr Roderick MATHIAS, Dr John R.G. McCOY, Mr John

MORGAN, Mrs Carole MYERS, Mr John T. PARR, Mr M.J.

REDFERN, Mr O'Donnell S. REID, Mr A.J.H. SCHWARZER, Mr C.A. SELWYN, Mr J.B. SMITH, Dr Ralph B. STEEDS, Mr David

STOKES, Mr John

STRAUCH, Dr Judith STURM, Prof. Fred Gillette VILLIERS, Dr John WATSON, Dr James L. WICKBERG, Professor Edgar
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1982
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mk61z420p
367

ARMERDING, Mr. L.E.

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS

BAKER, Dr. H.D.R. BAKER, Mr. W.E.

BALL, Mr. J.M. BARNETT, Mr. K.M.A. BENNISON, Mr. L.L. BERTUCCIOLI, Dr. G. BLACKMORE, Mr. M.

BLACK, Sir Robert BLAKER, Mr. D.J.R.

CAPLAN, Mr. M. CARLSON, Miss R.E. CATER, Sir Jack CLARKE, Rev. C.S. COCKELL, Miss J.V. COLLIN, Mr. P.H. COSBY, Mr. L.P.S.G. CRANMER-BYNG, Prof. J.L. CUMMING, Mrs. D.M.

DUNCANSON, Mr. J.D.

EWING, Miss E.

FABER, Mrs. A. FABER, Mrs. G.A.G. FAWCETT, Mr. B.C. FRASER, Mr. A.P.

GALVIN, Mr. J.A.T. GEORGE, Mr. T.J.B. GIEDROYC, Mr. M.J.H. GOLDNEY, Miss C.M.

HARDEN, Mrs. G.T. HAYDON, Mr. E.S. HECHTEL, Mr. F.O.P. HOGAN, Mr. J. HOWARTH, Mr. R.H. HUGHES, Mrs. M. HURT, Miss E.J.

INGLES, Miss J.M. IRETON, Mrs. P.H.

JOHNSTON, Mr. J.J. JORDAN, Dr. D.K.

KIDD, Mr. S.T.

LOTHROP, Mr. F.B.

MACLEAN, Mr. R. MANSFIELD, Miss M.B. MICHAELIONES, Miss E.O. MILL, Major C.S. MILLER, Mr. C.F.O.

NICHOLS, Mr. E.H.

O'BRIEN, Father J.R.

PLAG, Mr. A. POLAND, Mr. T.D.

RITCHIE, Mr. D.J. ROBINSON, Prof. K.E. ROTHE, Mr. U.

KNOWLES, Miss M.G. SINFIELD, Mr. G.H.C.

KNOWLES, Mrs. W.C.G.

KURATA, Mrs. L.

LANCHESTER, Mrs. G.W. LAUFER, Mr. E.M. LAUFER, Mrs. B.M. LI, Dr. C.M.

LINDSAY, Mr. T.J. LISOWSKI, Prof. F.P.

SPERRY, Mr. H.M. STEVENS, Mr. K.G. SWIRE, Mr. A.C.

TURNER, Sir Michael

WARD, Miss J.E.A. WATSON, Dr. J.L. WHITELEGGE, Mr. D.S.

LISOWSKI, Mrs. W.Y. WOLF, Mr. J.

LOES, Dr. S. de

ANDERSON, Dr. E.N.

ORDINARY OVERSEAS MEMBERS

BARR, Mr. J.W. BEVERIDGE, Mr. R.J. BOND, Mr. M.W.

CHAR, Mr. T.Y. CHINN, Mrs. C.L. CLARK, Mrs. A.T. CONROY, Dr. R. COOPER, Dr. E.

DE FAZIO, Mr. & Mrs. M.F.

EASTON, Ms. L.

HEMMING, Miss J.M. HODGSON, Mr. A.F. HODGSON, Mrs. K.H. HUYSMAN, Mr. J.

FESSLER, Mr. L. FITZGIBBON, Mr. D.

GARD, Dr. R.A. GOODRICH, Prof. L.C.

HARRISON, Prof. B.

KNEEBONE, Mrs. S.

KRAMERS, Dr. R.P.

LIU, Prof. T.Y. LU, Mrs. S.

MATHIAS, Dr. J.R.G.

McCOY, Mr. J.
================================================================================