RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d
197

SHARPLEY, Mrs. W. S. M. New Zealand Commission, P.O. Box 2790,

SHEPHARD, A. J.

SHING, D. -

SHOEMAKER, J. F. -

SHU, Dr. H. T.

SIEGEL, H. W.

+

-

SINFIELD, G. H. C..

SLEVIN, B. F.

SLEVIN, B.

SMALL, Dr. D. H.

SMITH, L.*

SMYTH, Miss L.

SO, Dr. Chak-lam

SPANKIE, D. R. A.

SPERRY, H. M."

SPOONER, M. G. -

STANLEY, Major H. F. -

T

STANTON, W. T.*

STEVENS, Major K. G.*

STEWART, Miss E. M.

STOKES, J.

STONEY, G. S. -

STONEY, Mrs. G. S.

STOWE, C.-

+

-

-

+

H.K.

c/o Colonial Secretariat, Lower Albert Road, H.K.

Florida Mansion, Block C, 11th Floor, Paterson Street, H.K.

73 Kadoorie Avenue, Kowloon,

70 Mt. Davis Road, Ground floor, H.K. c/o Bayer China Co., Ltd., Room 1916 Union House, H.K.

Apt. No. 406, 1061 Don Mills Road, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada,

A3 Magazine Heights, 17 Magazine Gap Road, H.K.

c/o Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, H.K.

Dental Unit, Kennedy Road, H.K.

Flat 10-8, Dragon View, 39-41 MacDonnell Road, H.K.

Physiotherapy Dept., Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon.

Dept. of Geography & Geology, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

Economic Survey Section, British Trade Commission, Room 704 Shell House, H.K.

Lime Rock Road, Lakeville, Connecticut, U.S.A.

The Registry, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

c/o H.K. Tourist Association, Realty Building, H.K.

Dina House, Duddell Street, H.K.

G. Sy Hq. FARELF, Singapore.

Flat 23, 3 Caldecott Road, Kowloon.

Queen's College, Causeway Bay, H.K.

Flat 1, "Ravencourt", 24 Mount Austin Rd., H.K.

As above.

Flat No. 112, 75 Macdonnell Road, H.K.

STRICKLAND, Mrs. P. G. c/o Caldbeck Macgregor & Co., Ltd., Union House, H.K.

* Life Member

Please notify the Hon. Secretary of any inaccuracy
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1970
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ww72j0241
230

SERSALE, Miss S. M.

SHANNON, Capt. J. M.

SHEPHARD, A. J.

SHING, David -

SHOEMAKER, J. F.

SHU, Dr. H. T.

+

SIEGEL, H. W. -

SINFIELD, G. H. C. -

SKELSON, Mrs. R. E.

SLEVIN, B. F.

SMALL, Dr. D. H.

SMITH, L.*

SMYTH, Miss L.

SO, Dr. Chak-lam

SPANKIE, D. R. A.

SPERRY, H. M.*

SPOONER, M. G.

+

STANLEY, Major H. F. -

STANTON, W. T.*

STEVENS, Major K. G.*

STEWART, Miss E. M.

STOKES, J.

STONE, G. S.

L

11-A, Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, H.K.

c/o M.O.D. Chinese Language School, Lyemun Barracks, B.F.P.O.1, H.K.

c/o Colonial Secretariat, H.K.

Florida Mansion, Block C, 11th Floor, Paterson Street, H.K.

73 Kadoorie Avenue, Kowloon.

70 Mt. Davis Road, Ground floor, H.K.

c/o Bayer China Co., Ltd., Room 1916 Union House, H.K.

Apt. No. 406, 1061 Don Mills Road, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada.

A3 Magazine Heights, 17 Magazine Gap Road, H.K.

c/o Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, H.K.

c/o Messrs. Glyn Mills & Co., Kirkland House, Whitehall, London, S.W.1, England.

Flat 10-B, Dragon View, 39-41 MacDonnell Road, H.K.

c/o Physiotherapy Dept., Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon.

c/o Dept. of Geography & Geology, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

c/o Economic Survey Section, British Trade Commission, Room 704 Shell House, H.K.

Allied Bank International, St. George's Building, 10th Floor, H.K.

c/o The Registry, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

c/o H.K. Tourist Association, Realty Building, H.K.

Dina House, Duddell Street, H.K.

G. Sy Hq. FARELF, Singapore.

P

Flat 4, 180 Argyle Street, Kowloon.

c/o Queen's College, Causeway Bay, H.K.

Flat 1, "Ravencourt", 24 Mount Austin Rd., H.K.

*Life Member

Please notify the Hon. Secretary of any inaccuracy
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1971
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/z029vt43g
241

STAFFORD, Peter

STANLEY, Major H. F. -

STANTON, W. T.*

STEVENS, Major K. G.*

STOKES, J.

+

STONEY, G. S.

STONEY, Mrs. G. S.

STOWE, C. -

STRAUSS, Prof. W. P.

c/o The Mandarin Hotel,

Connaught Road, C., H.K.

c/o H.K. Tourist Association, Realty

Building, H.K.

Dina House, Duddell Street, H.K.

9 Cherry Glebe, Mersham, Ashford, Kent,

England.

427, Boubury Road, Oxford, England.

Flat 1, "Ravencourt", 24 Mount Austin Rd.,

H.K.

As above.

Unknown.

Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong,

Pokfulum, H.K.

STRICKLAND, Mrs. P. G.

c/o Caldbeck Macgregor & Co., Ltd.,

SU, Dr. Chung-jen*

SU, Ming-hsuan

SU, Samon

SWIRE, A. C.*

SYKES, Major A. E.

TALBOT, H. D. B.

TAN, Khek-seng*

TANG, Mrs. Jack C. -

TANG, Sir Shiu-kin

TARARIN, P. A.* -

THOMAS, L. F.

THROWER, Prof. L. B.

TILL, Very Rev. B.*

TISDALL, B.

+

+

TOMLIN, Mrs. Ian.

·

-

Union House, H.K.

155, Blue Pool Road, Flat A, 1/F, H.K.

45 Hankow Road, 9th Floor, Flat "C",

Kowloon,

c/o Shanghai Commercial Bank Ltd., 12

Queen's Road, Central, H.K.

c/o John Swire & Sons, Ltd., 66 Cannon

Street, London, E.C.4, England.

c/o M.O.D. Chinese Language School, Lycmun Barracks, B.F.P.O.1, H.K.

c/o Dept. of Geography, University of

Hong Kong, H.K.

A1, 7th floor, Villa Monte Rosa, 41A

Stubbs Road, H.K.

7C Bowen Road, Bowen Mansions, Apt. 402,

H.K.

Room 1701, Central Building, H.K.

623 N. Harper Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif.

90048, U.S.A.

c/o Colonial Secretariat, H.K.

6-B, Alberose, 134 Pokfulum Road, H.K.

c/o Morley College, 61 Westminster Bridge

Road, London S.E.1., England.

1 Garden Terrace, G/F, H.K.

19, Tai Tam Road, Lower Flat, Stanley, H.K.

* Life Member

Please notify the Hon. Secretary of any inaccuracy
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
CONTENTS

Page

PRESIDENT'S Report for 1974 · 1

HON. TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1974 · 8

THE LIBRARY, 1974 · 10

TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRANCH: · 12

The Paper Chase-Archives and the Public Records Office of Hong Kong (A lecture given on 7th January, 1974) - A. I. DIAMOND · 28

Adventurers in Hong Kong: the Marquis de Morès and David de Mayréna (A lecture given on 29th March, 1974) - HENRY JAMES LETHBRIDGE · 58

Dogs and Horses in Ancient China (A lecture given on 27th May, 1974) CAROLE MORGAN · -

ARTICLES: · -

The Craft of God Carving in Singapore- KEITH G. STEVENS · -

"Oh for the Joys of England": Lt. Orlando Bridgeman's Letters from China and Hong Kong, 1842-1843– ROBIN MCLACHLAN · -

Father Ernesto Gherzi, S. J., 1886-1973—G. J. BELL · 68

Notes on the Sources of De Mailla, Histoire Générale de la Chine-Richard Gregg Irwin, with Introduction by L. Carrington Goodrich · 76

The Monuments of Vientiane and Luang Prabang (Report of the RAS Tour to Laos, 23-24 January, 1974)— MICHAEL SMITHIES · 85

The Hong Kong Region: its place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573....-JAMES HAYES · 108

REPRINTED ARTICLES · 136

Place Names of Hong Kong and the New Territories (1958) K. M. A. BARNETT · 160

Legends and Stories of the New Territories: Kam T'in (1935-38) (continued) SUNG HOK-PANG · -

NOTES AND QUERIES · 188

The European Grave on Shek Kwu Chau, Hong Kong JEAN MOORE · -

"Fung Shui" Woodlands-L. C. SHEN · 190

Unusual Trees in Hong Kong: the Cassia Bark Tree- L. C. SHEN · 191

Traditional Farming Techniques and their Survival in Hong Kong-P. L. SIAK · 196

Programme Notes for Visits to Places of Interest in Hong Kong and Kowloon, 1974: Kennedy Town, Old Wanchai, Old Western District, the Diocesan Boy's School and La Salle College, and Ceramic Factory and Sam Tung Uk, N.T. JAMES HAYES, CARL SMITH, HELGA WERLE et. al. · -

BOOK REVIEWS · 235

LIST OF MEMBERS · 245
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
LIST OF MEMBERS

251

LIFE OVERSEAS MEMBERS:

JORDAN, Dr. David K. - Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A.

KNOWLES, Mrs. W. C. G. Wakes Colne Place, Nr. Colchester, Essex, England.

LINDSAY, T. J., M.B.E. 3, Bareena Avenue, Wahroonga, N.S.W., Australia.

LOTHROP, Francis B. 176, Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

MANSFIELD, Miss M. B. The Royal Naval School, Haslemere, Surrey, England.

McBAIN, George c/o Imperial Chemical Industries (Japan) Ltd., C.P.O. Box 411, Tokyo, Japan.

McDOUALL, J. C. - The Old School, Souldern, Bicester, Oxfordshire, England.

MEFFAN, Mrs. I. E. - c/o Swire, MacKinnon, C.P.O. Box 703, Tokyo 100-91, Japan.

MICHAELIONES, Miss E. O. The British Council, Halls Croft, Old Town, Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

MIDDLEBROOK, R. W. 165, East 66th Street, New York 21, N.Y., U.S.A.

MILL, Capt. C. S., Jr. - Indian Hill, Pittsboro, N.C. 27312, U.S.A.

MILLER, Carl Ferris O. c/o Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, G.P.O. Box 255, Seoul, Korea.

PLAG, Rev. A. 7000 Stuttgart 1, Roemerstr. 41, Germany (F.R.)

ROBINSON, Prof. K. E. The Old Rectory, Church Westcoat, Kingham, Oxford, OX7 6SF, England.

ROTHE, Ulrich 'Wohnstift Augustinum' Apt. 778, 5483 Bad Neuenahr, Germany.

SINFIELD, G. H. C. Hong Kong Tourist Assoc., 159 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

SPERRY, H. M. 64, Hillbrook Drive, Portola Valley, California 94025, U.S.A.

STEVENS, Major K. G. - 9 Cherry Glebe, Mersham, Ashford, Kent, England.

SWIRE, A. C. c/o John Swire & Sons Ltd., 66, Cannon Street, London, E.C.4, England.

TARARIN, P. A. 623, Harper Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif. 90048, U.S.A.

TILL, The Very Rev. Barry c/o Morley College, 61, Westminster Bridge Road, London, S.E.1, England.

TURNER, Sir Michael c/o The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp., 9, Gracechurch Street, London, E.C.3, England.

WARD, Miss Janet A. c/o National Provincial Bank Ltd., Bideford, North Devon, England.

WELCH, Holmes H. 4 Holden Lane, Concord, Mass., USA
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1975
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j0995146d
CONTENTS

PRESIDENT'S REPORT

TREASURER's Report

THE LIBRARY: and the Library Rules

TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRANCH :

I

Page

1

9

13

16

A Hong Kong Spirit-Medium Temple-JOHN T. MYERS

Merchant Organisations in Late Imperial China: Patterns of Change and Development-WELLINGTON K. K. CHAN

28

China's Economic Planning and Changing Geography—CHIAO-MIN HSIEH

43

∞ NOA

48

61

71

88

ARTICLES:

Incident between the Hong Merchants and the Super-cargoes of the British East India Company in Canton, 1811—J. L. Cranmer-BYNG

The Great Plague of Hong Kong-E. G. PRYOR

Notes on Chiuchow Opera-Helga Werle

Condition of the European Working Class in Nineteenth Century Hong Kong-HENRY JAMES LETHBRIDGE

The Employment of Foreign Military Talent: Chinese Tradition and Late Ch'ing Practice-RICHARD J. SMITH

113

The Pacific Oyster Industry in Hong Kong-BRIAN MORTON AND P. S. WONG

Captive Surgeon in Hong Kong: the Story of the British Military Hospital, Hong Kong 1942-1945- DONALD C. Bowie

NOTES AND QUERIES:

...

The Pottery Kilns at Wun Yiu, Tai Po-J. W. HAYES

The Noon Day Gun-CARL T. SMITH

The German Congregation in Hong Kong until 1914-CARL T. SMITH

139

150

291

292

292

295

Boat People's Ceremonies observed from Island House, Tai Po-D. AKERS JONES

300

The RAS Photographic Survey in Hong Kong—H. A. RYDINGS

311

Chief Marshal T'ien, patron of the stage, of musicians and wrestlers-East and South East China-K. G. STEVENS

303

Chang Yu-tang and an old Hanging Scroll from Cheung Chau-FRANCIS S. Y. SHAM AND JAMES Hayes

Hung Hom: an Early Industrial Village in Old British Kowloon-Carl T. SMITH AND JAMES HAYES

Typhoon Preparations in 1903

BOOK REVIEWS

318

324

327
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1975
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j0995146d
Plate 20. Tien To Yuan Shuai with two of his eight assistants; from the collection

of K. G. Stevens, 1970.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1976
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/hq382988q
NOTES AND QUERIES 

297 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1 Chinese Buddhist Monasteries, J. Prip Møller; published G. E. C. Gad of Copenhagen, 1937. 

2 'The disposal of the Buddhist dead in China' P. W. Yetts, JRAS, July 1911. 

3 New China Review, Vol. II, 1920. 

4 Truth and Tradition in Buddhism: K. C. Reichelt, Commercial Press Ltd., Shanghai 1928. 

5 Buddhist China, R. F. Johnston, 1910. 

6 Récherches sur les Superstitions en Chine. Vol. VII, H. Doré, Shanghai 1931. 

7 Temples of Anking: J. Shryock, Paris 1931. 

8 From Far Formosa; Rev. G. L. MacKay, 1896. 

9 Mythical & Practical in Szechuan, James Hutson, Shanghai, 1915. 

Hong Kong, 1976. 

KEITH STEVENS 

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE BAKER COLLECTION OF NEW TERRITORIES GENEALOGIES IN 

THE BRITISH LIBRARY 

Vol. No. Village (and Gazetteer* reference) 

*. 

Ping Shan (p. 163) ♬ 

Tang Clan Association Handbook 

Surname 

Tang 

(Hong Kong Branch) 香港鄧氏宗親會特刊 Tang 鄧 

Ping Long (p. 199) ** 

4. 

Sha Lo Tung (p. 197) 

M 

5. 

Economic Survey of Ping Shan (p. 163), 

屏山1956. 

6. 

Chung Mei (p. 193) Æ 

涌尾 

7. 

Siu Kau (p. 194) 4 

小落 

Chung đề 

Cheung # 

Lei 李 

Lei李 

8. 

Chung Pui (p. 193) M† 

9. 

Kam Chuk Pai (p. 194) 

金竹排 

** 

Lei李 

Wong 王 

10. 

Nai Tong Kok (p. 193) 

A 

Lei 

11. 

Tai Kau (p. 194) ★ 

大落 

Lei李 

12. 

Wang Leng Tau (p. 193) ††† 

Lei李 

13. 

Unidentified 

Tang 鄧 

* A Gazetteer of Place Names in Hong Kong, Kowloon and The New Territories (Hong Kong, Government Printer, n.d. but 1960)
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1976
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/hq382988q
租呂

Plate 27. A replica of the Sixth Patriarch of Chinese Buddhism, Hui Neng on the altar of Huang Ta Hsien in the San Yuan Temple in Tai P'ing Shan Street, Hong Kong.

(Plates 27-28 supplied by Mr. K. G. Stevens)
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
PRESIDENT'S Report TREASURER's Report THE LIBRARY

CONTENTS

Page

1

6

10

TRANSACTIONS :

Brunei: A Historical Relic - LEIGH WRIGHT

Behind Japanese Barbed Wire: Stanley Internment Camp, Hong Kong 1942-1945 - G. C. EMERSON

A Journey to Yenan 1946 - W. A. REYNOLDS

ARTICLES:

Two Essays on the Ch'ing Economy of Hsin-An, Kwangtung - J. T. KAMM

Under Altars - K. G. STEVENS

Social Organization and Ceremonial Life of Two Multi-Surname Villages in Hoi-p'ing County, South China, 1911-1949 - YUEN-FONG WOON

"Little Fujian (Fukien)” Sub-Neighbourhood and Community in North Point, Hong Kong - GREGORY E. GULDIN

Reprinted ARTICLES:

Cheung Chow - Long Island - W. J. HINTON

Memories of the District Office South, Hong Kong - W. SCHOFIELD

NOTES AND QUERIES:

Notes for the Royal Asiatic Society Visit to Tai Mo Shan, 3rd April 1976 — (I) L. B. and S. L. THROWER (II) JAMES HAYES

Notes for the Visit to the Tang Family Graves, 11 December 1976 - DAVID LIU and JAMES HAYES

Royal Asiatic Society Visit to Tsuen Wan, 10th December, 1977 - A Village War'. JAMES HAYES

The Rural History Project in Yuen Long and Field Notes on the Social History and Fung Shui of Kam Tin - J. T. KAMM

Bean Skim, A Product of Blood and Sweat

Four Chinese Banks Fail, Partners Blame Head

Two Letters From Wartime China

A Further Note on Feng Yun-Shan and Gützlaff - Jen Yu-wen

Reptiles New to Hong Kong - J. D. ROMER

The Public Botanic Garden of Hong Kong

Birds of Tai Mo Shan - MICHAEL Webster

Occurrence of the Birds - J. D. ROMER

12

30

(55)

85

101

112

130

144

179

(185)

199

216

218

220

228

232

234

236

237

Page 15

Page 16
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
86 

K. G. STEVENS 

It is generally understood that the "spirits who counter or cope with misfortunes”, and whose names appear on the green sheet of paper, are the main occupants of the Under Altar and others who share occupancy are there on sufferance. Only two of the five or seven spirits of the Under Altar appear in image form, the Local Wealth God and the Five Demons. The remainder are represented only as titles listed in columns. 

The green sheet of paper on which the Under Altar spirits are listed is either pasted, or framed and hung, on the rear wall of the Under Altar. The titles, apart from the two outside ones which are standard, can be in any order. The local Wealth God, however, seems most frequently to be the title in the centre column. The lists which are very similar on both sides of the Pearl River estuary, are as follows: 

Right hand column: 

Left hand column: 

Centre column: 

"The Boy who averts calamities (or suffering) on the right" (右使化難童郎) or (右使化難童郎) 

"The Boy who averts misfortune on the left"(左便消災童郎) 

The Local Wealth God who distinguishes right from wrong both in the Human and Under Worlds (He has the title of "Cheng Chen") (正真財君) 

The other columns are as follows: 

The Two Great Spirit Generals who avert misfortune(冰消瓦解二大神將) The Five Demons who bring fortune (五鬼郎君運財童子) 

The Two Gods of Mourning (二位客星君) 

The White Ape (Monkey), Star God, the Prince of the Palace of the East (東宮太子白猿(猴)星君) 

Marshal Yin, The King of Thunder who averts the hundred sufferings/calamities (百解雷王殷大元帥)
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
88 

K. G. STEVENS 

of a better place. In most temples he stands slightly off to one side from the middle of the Under Altar behind the incense pot. The same God Carver explained that the other, similar image in the Under Altar, is the Black and White Demon (). He too is standing, dressed in sackcloth and has his tongue protruding. He has a black face, the same four characters down the front of his dunce's cap. He too, holds the wand with its tattered decoration which he uses to lead souls safely into the Afterworld and before the Judges of Purgatory. He is sometimes known as "The one who leads the souls" (). The usual image, the Local Wealth God who is occasionally known as the Filial son (#7) according to the Macanese carver, is taller, stands in sackcloth, but with a white face and wearing a dunce's cap without characters.

This statement by a man who is at the heart of image making and whose other statements have been well borne out by temple keepers in both Hong Kong and Macau, has thrown a cat amongst the pigeons, as a careful examination of Under Altars reveals that very few images have black faces or characterless caps. All, with and without characters and with black or white faces, are referred to without exception by the individual temple keepers as the Local Wealth God. They added, however, that they may also be called by the less polite and now old-fashioned title of Wu Ch'ang Kuei, the "Unpredictable Demon" (), a term Burkhardt1 consistently used for the demonic policeman who arrests souls.

The same God Carver also explained that the Wu Ch'ang Kuei quite frequently has red tears running down his face because, apparently, as a youth he so got on his Mother's nerves that she cried herself to death. Covered by remorse and crying until he drew blood, he set himself the task of guiding first her soul, and then souls of others, safely into the through the Underworld.

The primary function of the Local Wealth God, according to the majority of temple keepers concerned, is to provide unexpected money (always in small quantities), and particularly for luck in gambling, especially horse racing. He is prayed to by gamblers who are going through a lengthy and damaging run of bad luck. In addition to this well-known ability to provide small quantities of unexpected money, a few temple keepers understand that, dressed in hemp, he has the power to drive away sickness demons and, if 

(1) V. R. Burkhardt: Chinese Creeds and Customs: Vols. 1-3. 1952-5 Hong Kong (SCMP).
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
90

K. G. STEVENS

and in another temple with a carved wooden coiled snake in the middle of the group. In one Macau temple four of the Five Demons have very cheeky, European children's faces. This is because the original heads of the images had been so badly burnt by candle and incense heat that the temple keeper had substituted European doll's heads.

Apart from the background sheet of titles and the image of the Local Wealth God and those of the Five Demons already described, there are some five other items and images which may feature in Under Altars. As with every temple disposition there does not appear to be any firm rule as to where or how each image or item should be placed within the altar.

There are many conventions, but none without the exception. The first group of items consists of wooden or stone images of living animals or creatures, the most popular being cockerels, dogs and snakes. No keeper was prepared to say why these creatures are depicted.

Secondly, there are several Gods whose images are seen in Under Altars in addition to being on normal altars. The most popular and easily the most common of these is Marshal Chao, a Wealth God who is also called the "Marshal of the Dark Altar," Hsuan T'an Chao Kung-ming Yuan Shuai (#). Chao's image is relatively standard, and was very common in temples throughout China. He is a ferocious general, seated astride or seated with a foot on a tiger; or standing on a tiger; with his right hand raised holding a magic whip (a knobbly-bladed sword). He was spotted on one occasion in one temple only with a long folded white strip of paper and a short strip of hessian laid across his head. We will briefly refer again to Chao. Others include Tzu Wei Hsing Chun (***), The Star God of the Planet Venus, and Hua Fen Fu Jen (✯✯✯A), the Powder Maiden (who preserves a girl's beauty). The face of the latter image is coated with cosmetic powder by young girls and she is frequently bedecked with strings of imitation pearls as offerings. The connexion between the Powder Maiden and the rest of the altar escapes explanation, and the answer from temple keepers has been that it is simply custom. There are also numerous other unidentified individual images unconnected with the altar which have been placed there by ignorant temple keepers or worshippers.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
92

K. G. STEVENS

"White Tiger Disease" which cannot be diagnosed further, and which can only be cured by offering him expensive propitiation.

The White Tiger's full title is "The White Tiger of the Black Altar" but even though the Wealth God, Hsuan T'an (literally “Black Altar" and whose name, as we saw above is Chao Kung-ming) is always accompanied by a tiger, no temple keeper has had the courage of his convictions to connect the White Tiger with him, although the connexion seems obvious enough.

White Tigers fight evil, destroy demons—particularly sickness demons—and, more mundanely, prevent squabbles and strife between women. Though many temple keepers spoke confidently, they tended to connect the attributes of any one deity with others on the same altar, thus claiming that White Tigers are prayed to stop scandal and rumours, and also prayed to by gamblers who are having a run of bad luck. In former days, so several temple keepers claimed, ritual purification before worshipping the Gods was carried out at the White Tiger Altar, as he was a stellar deity who warded off baneful influences.

On the day of the Excited Insects, (the 17th of the 1st lunar month, one month before Ch'ing Ming), White Tigers are propitiated by temple-goers, who crowd around them force-feeding them with delicacies known to delight them. These include raw eggs still in their shells, which are rammed willy-nilly into the tiger's mouth together with lumps of white cooked fatty pork, raw liver, chick peas and silver coins. Pork fat is a delicacy beloved of tigers who, according to temple keepers, will not eat beef or fish! One particularly stomach-churning sight was of a temple keeper pushing his fingers into the Tiger's mouth through the mush of raw egg, liver, paper, shell and fatty pork, to recover the coins. For the very poor, a mere smear of pork fat on the lips of the White Tiger is sufficient to bring his aid. Elderly ladies also offer oranges, minute packets of tea and three sticks of incense before the Tiger.

At the same ceremony devotees burn, or again thrust into the mouths of the White Tigers, dozens of tiny printed paper tigers with yellow and black stripes, folded in half lengthways and filled with cold cooked rice, slivers of raw liver and a few peas. Some of the elderly ladies took the paper tiger cut-outs and removing a shoe walloped the tiny paper tiger unmercifully. Such chastisement is to ensure that gossips and trouble from demonic sources do not
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
94

L

K. G. STEVENS

cause of their infidelity behind. (White cords have no separate meaning according to the temple keepers concerned).

The larger and more permanent Green Horses are offered fresh vegetables which are not placed in or near their mouths but, rather frustratingly for the horses, balanced on their heads. The rider of the Green Horse is known as the "Nobleman of the Green Horse" Kuei Jen (†A), and although he is rarely depicted save on paper charms it is accepted that they are a pair who work together and never separately. A keeper of the Stone Nullah Lane temple in Hong Kong claimed that the Nobleman (the Kuei Jen) and his Green Horse are helpful persons to whom people turn in time of need. He then referred to the opposite, the Hsiao Jen, the “mean one" who grumbles, carries tittle-tattle and is envious. The latter causes you unnecessary trouble such as loss of money. The helpful Nobleman shows you the way to fortune and the easy route through life. The beating of the "mean ones”, described earlier, is to discard the bad luck such people bring.

A few devotees, only encountered in Shamshuipo, believe that the Green Horse is capable of providing academic success for members of the devotee's family, as they reason that a nobleman on a horse must be both well-educated and an official, and that his support must inevitably bring success to youthful scholars.

A few devotees pray to Green Horse before a journey and again after a safe return. An extension of prayer for the traveller's safety was described in one small temple in Kowloon where the keeper said that the Green Horse is a divine messenger who is asked to visit and inform close relatives far away, of the sender's well-being and bring back tidings of their lives and aspirations. The keeper rather surprisingly added that it was also his understanding that if children failed to obey their parents, the elders would petition the Horse to knock some discipline into them! In another temple, however, a keeper was quite adamant that the Green Horse is only a messenger used by the Gods to send messages to each other, and must never be approached by humans. Finally, in Shamshuipo and in Wanchai, the Green Horse and the Nobleman are prayed to by the out-of-work, as the couple have the reputation of speedily being able to find suitable employment for devotees.

There are other similar horses which should not be confused with the Green Horse. The first is the steed ridden by Kuan Ti, the
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
96 

K. G. STEVENS 

pasted up on the upper lintel of the altar, or across the sides, where they remain until Spring-cleaning, or just drop off with time. They are called petitions, Pang (#). Another form of charm connected with the Green Horse is a simple postcard-sized piece of rice paper, block-printed in three colours, depicting a galloping green horse and his groom, on which is the petition (****). This is only used during the lunar New Year and, too, is burnt. One temple keeper very carefully folded such a paper inside a piece of red paper, producing a package no larger than a cigarette, ready for devotees to burn. 

Occasionally, green and red paper cut-outs are pasted on the Under Altar, or tied to the Green Horse's nose, head or back. These are said to represent "messages" from humans to the Gods asking for general benefits, and passed directly on by the Green Horse without going through a spirit medium or being dispatched by incineration. These "messages" without inscription are entrusted to the Green Horse at all times of the year. Although borne aloft to the Gods by the Green Horse, he is never expected to bring back a reply; the general benefits doubtless will manifest themselves in time. 

Paper charms obtained from the temple keepers, bearing printed prayers and pictures begging the Gods for safety, protection and blessings, are thrust into the belt or hands of the Local Wealth God or again tied to the back of the Green Horse. 

The slips themselves go under the generic title for red ones of "the Nobleman", and for green ones of “Green Horse". These are also regarded by many as charms to ward off demonic influence and not as messages, and are therefore pasted on certain altars and figures. 

Occasionally street shrines, such as the one on the corner on Taipingshan Street and Pound Lane, dedicated to the local Earth God (), have a further role as an Under Altar. The roof of the shrine and wall above it are heavily coated in red and green Green Horse and Nobleman slips which normally should be burnt. Many of the slips of paper are, in this case, pasted over the top of white or black cut-out papers which represent the Mean Ones, the Hsiao Jen. These appear in two forms; as individual human figures with large ears in black paper, and as white or black cut-out slips which look like carnival masks for a man with five eyes!
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
98

K. G. STEVENS

charm papers, some new, but mostly faded and tattered. The temple keeper said that supplicants had stuck these on to ward off demonic influences, each being a plea to Chao to order his tiger to devour baneful demons. This image is not in the Disaster Altar but its function is exactly as though it were. According to the temple keeper it is an old image, pre-1840.

The cut-out red and green charms, called Green Horse and Nobleman, should not be confused with yet other red paper charms with cut-out holes in them, which are pasted annually on lintels of altars, temple doorways and shrines, thus reconsecrating them. These are called slips (piao) (*) and come in three sizes, small, medium and large (1-✯✯). Most of them bear a small square of gold paper pasted on them.

Although only Taoist popular religion temples have Under Altars, there is also a Buddha who comforts “in time of calamity”, Yao Shih Fo (***) (whose full title includes the phrase “disaster” “Hsiao Tsai Yen Shou” (5* £**). He never appears in Under Altars.

Another "Under Altar"

Another small inset Under Altar at ground level, which is nearly always central under the main altar, is the altar to the tutelary deity of the temple, Ti Chu Fang (H). It is often called the Prosperity Hall and is unconnected with our study. It consists of a tiny open fronted "box”, lined with red or orange paper, containing only one or two small red plaques dedicated to the tutelary deity (£* 五土龍神;護廟地主財神),(五方五土地主財神) or (前後地主 神財).

In one temple only, in Wanchai, a second altar under yet another side altar, contains a large image of the local Earth God (No2) which is normally on a side altar or beside the temple entrance. Behind him is pasted an orange paper bearing black characters describing the Earth God as the Controller of Wealth, and naming in a parallel row of characters the other major Cantonese Wealth God "Ts'ai Po Hsing Chun" (# $ £*) who is not represented by an image in this instance. This is a rogue disposition, doubtless ordered by a well-meaning but ignorant temple committee.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
100

Recapitulation

K. G. STEVENS

To sum up, there is a special altar in certain Cantonese, Hakka and Boat People's Taoist folk religion temples dedicated to spirits who cope with the adversities people encounter in life. That altar, because it is below the pale, houses several other spirits who all seem to be able to eliminate calamities and suffering, which no doubt is why the altar is called the Misfortune Altar. Other subsidiary roles of the spirits on the altar according to individual informants, include the chasing away and destruction of demons particularly sickness demons; the preservation of youthful feminine beauty; the correction of erring husbands and the discipline of wayward children. The Green Horse, who has little to do with the Altar, appears to have the function of messenger either to, or between the Gods or to the dead or distant relatives. The White Tiger, a demon destroyer, who also is a lodger in the Under Altar, though declared ferocious and potentially very dangerous by most temple keepers, seems to be ignored for much of the year and feted only on his festival in early Spring.

ADDENDUM

Four large earthenware pots each sealed with red and green paper charms were seen standing on the front of an under altar in a small folk religion temple in Macau. The temple keeper explained that evil demons exorcised during a recent ceremony had been incarcerated in the pots which had been placed on the altar where they could cause no further harm. The keeper also said that such pots cannot remain before the altar forever and that it was usual practice either to bury them or to take them well out to sea and cast them overboard. — K.G.S.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
LIST OF MEMBERS

243

LIFE MEMBERS:

McKEIRNAN, Rev. M. J. - Maryknoll Fathers, Tung Tao Tsuen, Kowloon.

MARDEN, Mrs. J. L. - 14 Shek O, Hong Kong.

NICHOLS, Hon. E. H. - 11, Queen's Gardens, Old Peak Road, Hong Kong.

NORONHA, J. E. - 8 Hereford Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon.

OGDEN, B. J. N. - Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corpn., P.O. Box 64, Hong Kong.

OU, Miss G. - French Consulate General, P.O. Box 13, Hong Kong.

PAIN, J. H. - Hong Kong Tourist Association, Connaught Centre 35/F, Hong Kong.

PICCUS, R. P. - Continental Can International Corporation, Hutchison House, G.P.O. Box 10044, Hong Kong.

RAWLINSON, M. C. - Flat 22 Green Lane Hall, Blue Pool Road, Happy Valley, Hong Kong.

RAYNER, Mrs. C. M. - Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

RITCHIE, D. J. - Flat 4A, 45 Repulse Bay Road, Hong Kong.

RIDE, Lady - 42, Chung Hom Kok Road, Stanley, Hong Kong.

RYDINGS, H. A., M.B.E. - The Library, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

RUST, H. A. - Palmer & Turner, Prince's Building 19/F, Hong Kong.

SEED, B. - Diocesan Boys' School, Mongkok, Kowloon.

SELLETT, G. - 'Pinecrest', N.K.I.L. 3542, Tai Po Road, Kowloon.

SERSALE, Miss Sheila - 11A Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, Hong Kong.

SMITH, Rev. C. T. - Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.

SPOONER, M. G. - The Registry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

STEVENS, K. G. - Apt. 4B, 26 Magazine Gap Road, Hong Kong.

SU, Dr. Chung-jen - 155 Blue Pool Road, Flat A, 1st f., Hong Kong.

TAN, Khek-Seng - A, 11th Fl., Elegant Garden, 11 Conduit Road, Hong Kong.

TANG, Mrs. Madeleine - 8C Grenville House, 1, Magazine Gap Road, Hong Kong.

TANG, Sir Shiu-kin, C.B.E. - The Kowloon Motor Bus Co. Ltd., Room 1701 Central Building, Hong Kong.

THOMAS, L. F. - Lowe, Bingham & Mathews, Prince's Building, 22/F, Hong Kong.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n
Gei Gin Kín

Plate No. 20. The Under Altar Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong Island.

(Plates 20-31 by courtesy of K. G. Stevens)
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1978
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8g84t8593
CONTENTS

EDITORIAL -

PRESIDENT'S REPORT -

HON. TREASURER'S REPORT -

THE LIBRARY -

Page

1

3

9

12

Articles :

The Reform of Military Education in Late Ch'ing China, 1842-1895 -- RICHARD J. SMITH

15

41

Altar Images from Hunan and Kiangsi KEITH STEVENS Is Face the Same as Li? — A critical note on Agassi and Jarvie, 'A Study in Westernization' MARGARET N. NG

49

0 Ancestors in the Spring -- The Qingming Festival in Central China GÖRAN AJMER

-

59

(83

The Politicization of Chinese Craft Organization in Post World War II Hong Kong - EUGENE COOPER Shiwan Pottery Explored-FREDRIKKe Skinsnes ScollaRD

101

Village Government in China [1933]—C. MARTIN WILBUR

113

Woodblock Printing, an Essential Medium of Culture Inheritance in Chinese History — DAVID H. S. CHAU

175

NOTES AND QUERIES:

=

国

-

Missing Maps: Sowerby's "Sport & Science on the Sino-Mongolian Frontier" - H. A. RYDINGS Brook's Gecko Found in Macau - J. D. ROMER Mud Skis or Scooter, Deep Bay, Hong Kong The Saintly Guo- KEITH STEVENS - The Immortal Fan - KEITH STEVENS

Ancestral Images - KEITH STEVENS StevENS Marble Hall Peter Wesley-Smith Distribution of Forts and Guard Stations on Lantau Island during the late Ch'ing period -

The Cannons on the Wall of the Tung Chung Fort, Lantau Island, Hong Kong

-

The Fat Tong Mun Fort (or the Tung Lung Fort)

-

- 190

191

·

-

· 192

-

- 193

-

ANTHONY K. K. SIU

First Record of the Pelobatid Frog-J. D. ROMER Two Bibliographical Notices JAMES HAYES

BOOK REVIEWS

-

-

- 198

200

- 202

205

607 (09

- 211

- 213

214

V

Page 15

Page 16
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938
LOCAL LIFE MEMBERS

MCCRARY, Mr. Michael,

Flat 6A United Mansions, 7 Shiu Fai Terrace, HONG KONG,

MCKEIRNAN. Rev. Michael, MM

Maryknoll Fathers,

Bishop Ford Centre,

Tung Tao Tsuen, KOWLOON.

8 Hereford Road,

NORONHA, Mr. J. E.,

Kowloon Tong,

KOWLOON.

NICHOLS, The Hon. Mr. E. H.,

11 Queen's Gardens,

Old Peak Road,

HONG KONG,

OGDEN, Mr. B. J. N.,

c/o The Hongkong and Shanghai

Banking Corp.,

P.O. Box 64, HONG KONG.

OU, Miss G.,

c/o French Consulate General, P.O. Box 13,

HONG KONG.

PAIN, Mr. J. H., J.P.

Hong Kong Tourist Association, Connaught Centre, 35/Fl., HONG KONG.

PICCUS, Mr. R. P.,

Continental Can International Corp., Hutchison House, G.P.O. Box 10044, HONG KONG.

RAWLINSON, Mr. M. C., c/o Personnel Registry, Police Headquarters, Arsenal Street, HONG KONG.

RAYNER, Mrs. C. M., Dept. of History, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

RIDE, Lady,

Al Repulse Bay Apartments, 101 Repulse Bay Road, HONG KONG.

RITCHIE, Mr. D. J. 912 Hermitage, 75 Macdonnell Road, HONG KONG.

RYDINGS, Mr. H. A., MBE, The Library,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG.

RUST, Mr. H. A., Palmer and Turner, OTB Building,

160 Gloucester Road, HONG KONG.

SEED, Mr. Brian, 1A 92 Main Street, Stanley,

HONG KONG.

SELLETT, Mr. George, "Pinecrest", N.K.I.L., 3543 Tai Po Road, KOWLOON.

SERSALE, Miss Sheila M., IIA Cameron House, 40 Magazine Gap Road, HONG KONG.

SHAW, Dr. Brian C., 72 Middleton Towers, 140 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

SHAW, Mrs. Felicity, 72 Middleton Towers, 140 Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG.

SMITH, Rev. Carl T., Chung Chi College,

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,

NEW TERRITORIES.

SMITH, Mr. Leslie C.,

c/o Robert M. Drummond, 37 Dina House,

5 Duddell Street, HONG KONG.

SPOONER, Mr. Michael G., The Registry,

University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG

STEVENS, Mr. Keith G., Apt. 4B,

26 Magazine Gap Road, HONG KONG.

SU, Dr. Chung Jen, 155 Blue Pool Road, Flat A, 1st Floor, HONG KONG.

239
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m
216

FABER, Mrs G.A.G. FAWCETT, Mr B.C. FRASER, Mr A.P. GALVIN, Mr J.A.T.

GEORGE, Mr Timothy J.B. GIEDROYC, Mr Michael J.H. GOLDNEY, Miss C.M. HARDEN, Mrs Guy T., Jr. HAYDON, Mr E.S. HECHTEL, Mr F.O.P. HOWARTH, Mr Richard H. HUGHES, Mrs Marion HURT, Miss Evelyn J. INGLES, Miss Jean M. IRETON, Mrs Polly H. JOHNSTON, Mr James J. JORDAN, Dr David K. KIDD, Mr S.T.

7

KNOWLES, Miss Moria G. KNOWLES, Mrs W.C.G. KURATA, Mrs Lucien LANCHESTER Mrs G.W. LAUFER, Mr E.M. LAUFER, Mrs B.M. LI, DR Choh-Ming LINDSAY, Mr T.J. LOTHROP, Mr Francis B. MANSFIELD, Miss M.B. MICHAELIONES, Miss E.O. MILL, Major C.S., USMC MILLER, Mr Carl F.O. NICHOLS, The Hon. Mr E.H. O'BRIEN, Father J.R. PLAG, Rev. Albrecht POLAND, Mr Thomas D. RITCHIE, Mr Douglas J. ROBINSON, Prof. K.E. ROTHE, Mr Ulrich. SINFIELD, Mr G.HC. SPERRY, Mr Henry M. STEVENS, Mr Keith G. SWIRE, Mr A.C.

TILL, The Very Rev. Barry TURNER, Sir Michael WARD, Miss Janet E.A. WELCH, Mr Holmes H. WHITELEGGE, Mr D.S. WOLF, Mr John

ORDINARY OVERSEAS MEMBERS

ANDERSON, Dr Eugene N., Jr.

BARR, Mr J.W. BEVERIDGE, Mr R.J. BOND, Mr Michael W. CHAR, Mr Tin Yuke CHINN, Mrs Caroline Lee CLARK, Mrs A.T. COOPER, Dr Eugene

DE FAZIO, Mr & Mrs M.F. EASTON, Ms. Linda

FESSLER, Mr Loren FITZGIBBON, Mr Desmond GARD, Dr Richard A.

GILMAN, Ms Claudia

GOODRICH, Prof. L. Carrington

HARRISON, Prof, B.

HEMMING, Miss Janet M. HODGSON, Mr A.F.

HODGSON, Mrs Kirsty Hamilton HOGAN, Mr James HUYSMAN, Mr J.

KNEEBONE, Mrs Susan

KRAMERS, Dr R.P. LIU, Prof. Ts'un Yan LU, Mrs Sylvia MACLEAN, Mr Roderick MATHIAS, Dr John R.G. McCOY, Mr John

MORGAN, Mrs Carole MYERS, Mr John T. PARR, Mr M.J.

REDFERN, Mr O'Donnell S. REID, Mr A.J.H. SCHWARZER, Mr C.A. SELWYN, Mr J.B. SMITH, Dr Ralph B. STEEDS, Mr David

STOKES, Mr John

STRAUCH, Dr Judith STURM, Prof. Fred Gillette VILLIERS, Dr John WATSON, Dr James L. WICKBERG, Professor Edgar
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1982
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mk61z420p
367

ARMERDING, Mr. L.E.

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS

BAKER, Dr. H.D.R. BAKER, Mr. W.E.

BALL, Mr. J.M. BARNETT, Mr. K.M.A. BENNISON, Mr. L.L. BERTUCCIOLI, Dr. G. BLACKMORE, Mr. M.

BLACK, Sir Robert BLAKER, Mr. D.J.R.

CAPLAN, Mr. M. CARLSON, Miss R.E. CATER, Sir Jack CLARKE, Rev. C.S. COCKELL, Miss J.V. COLLIN, Mr. P.H. COSBY, Mr. L.P.S.G. CRANMER-BYNG, Prof. J.L. CUMMING, Mrs. D.M.

DUNCANSON, Mr. J.D.

EWING, Miss E.

FABER, Mrs. A. FABER, Mrs. G.A.G. FAWCETT, Mr. B.C. FRASER, Mr. A.P.

GALVIN, Mr. J.A.T. GEORGE, Mr. T.J.B. GIEDROYC, Mr. M.J.H. GOLDNEY, Miss C.M.

HARDEN, Mrs. G.T. HAYDON, Mr. E.S. HECHTEL, Mr. F.O.P. HOGAN, Mr. J. HOWARTH, Mr. R.H. HUGHES, Mrs. M. HURT, Miss E.J.

INGLES, Miss J.M. IRETON, Mrs. P.H.

JOHNSTON, Mr. J.J. JORDAN, Dr. D.K.

KIDD, Mr. S.T.

LOTHROP, Mr. F.B.

MACLEAN, Mr. R. MANSFIELD, Miss M.B. MICHAELIONES, Miss E.O. MILL, Major C.S. MILLER, Mr. C.F.O.

NICHOLS, Mr. E.H.

O'BRIEN, Father J.R.

PLAG, Mr. A. POLAND, Mr. T.D.

RITCHIE, Mr. D.J. ROBINSON, Prof. K.E. ROTHE, Mr. U.

KNOWLES, Miss M.G. SINFIELD, Mr. G.H.C.

KNOWLES, Mrs. W.C.G.

KURATA, Mrs. L.

LANCHESTER, Mrs. G.W. LAUFER, Mr. E.M. LAUFER, Mrs. B.M. LI, Dr. C.M.

LINDSAY, Mr. T.J. LISOWSKI, Prof. F.P.

SPERRY, Mr. H.M. STEVENS, Mr. K.G. SWIRE, Mr. A.C.

TURNER, Sir Michael

WARD, Miss J.E.A. WATSON, Dr. J.L. WHITELEGGE, Mr. D.S.

LISOWSKI, Mrs. W.Y. WOLF, Mr. J.

LOES, Dr. S. de

ANDERSON, Dr. E.N.

ORDINARY OVERSEAS MEMBERS

BARR, Mr. J.W. BEVERIDGE, Mr. R.J. BOND, Mr. M.W.

CHAR, Mr. T.Y. CHINN, Mrs. C.L. CLARK, Mrs. A.T. CONROY, Dr. R. COOPER, Dr. E.

DE FAZIO, Mr. & Mrs. M.F.

EASTON, Ms. L.

HEMMING, Miss J.M. HODGSON, Mr. A.F. HODGSON, Mrs. K.H. HUYSMAN, Mr. J.

FESSLER, Mr. L. FITZGIBBON, Mr. D.

GARD, Dr. R.A. GOODRICH, Prof. L.C.

HARRISON, Prof. B.

KNEEBONE, Mrs. S.

KRAMERS, Dr. R.P.

LIU, Prof. T.Y. LU, Mrs. S.

MATHIAS, Dr. J.R.G.

McCOY, Mr. J.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1983
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j9607p61v
228

p. 10. Kani, Hiroaki, A General Survey of the Boat People in Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 1967, p. 22.

p. 12. Leland, Charles G., Pidgin-English Sing-song, or Songs and Stories in the China-English Dialect, London, 1876, p. 4.

p. 14. Lin Yutang, My Country and My People, London, 1936, p. 120.

16. Doolittle, Social Life, Vol I, pp. 253-254.

p. 16. Lin Yutang, My Country, p. 121.

p. 17. Percell, Victor, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 2nd edn., London, 1965, pp. 17-18.

p. 18. Staunton, Sir George T., Ta Tsing Leu Lee: Being the Fundamental Laws, and a Selection from the Supplementary Statutes, of the Penal Code of China, London, 1810, pp. 543-544.

p. 22. 'Notes and Queries', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol XI, 1971, pp. 204-209.

p. 22. Annual Departmental Report by the District Commissioner, New Territories for the Financial Year 1959-60, Hong Kong, 1960, p. 33.

p. 24. Annual Departmental Report by the District Commissioner, New Territories for the Financial Year 1951-2, Hong Kong, 1952, pp. 5-6.

p. 25. Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong 1862-1919. Years of Discretion, Hong Kong, 1975, p. 97.

p. 26. Teng Ssu-yü 'Chinese influence on the Western Examination System', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol VII, 1943, p. 305.

p. 33. #AŢ✶ Shanghai, 1947, p. 1086.

p. 34. Yang, C. K., Religion in Chinese Society, California, 1961, p. 155.

p. 38. Backhouse, E. And Bland, J. O. P., Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, London, 1914, p. 325.

p. 40. Williams, S. Wells, The Middle Kingdom, New York, 1913, Vol II, P. 435.

p. 41. Smith, Arthur H., Chinese Characteristics, London, 1900, pp. 234-235.

p. 42. Williams, S. Wells, Middle Kingdom, Vol II, p. 451.

p. 44. McAleavy, Henry, The Modern History of China, London, 1968, p. 87.

p. 44. Chow, Carl, Foreign Devils in the Flowery Kingdom, London, 1941, p. 116.

p. 45. Werner, B. T. C., Myths and Legends of China, London, 1922, p. 162.

p. 46. De Groot, Religious System, Vol V, p. 532.

p. 58. Doolittle, Social Life, Vol I, pp. 268-269.

p. 58. Stevens, K. G., Chief Marshal T'ien', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol XV, 1975, p. 305,
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1993
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/66833t302
123

F

Vaughan JD The Manners and Customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements Singapore 1879

1

5 the Four are Su f., Huang X, Chang and L† Ta Yuan-shuar

+

• Stevens K G Chinese Preserved Monks JHK Br RAS 16 1976

7

Echoes of Thongs Chinese Taper February 1974
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1995
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/95941j25g
CONTRIBUTORS

Edwin Haydon is a retired Registrar of the Hong Kong Supreme Court. D.H. Liu is a member of the Society with a deep interest in Chinese opera.

Alfred Y.K. Lau is a member of the Society with an interest in early colonial Hong Kong.

David Faure is a member of the Society, a noted sinologist and a former Editor of the Journal. He is now with the University of Oxford.

Anne and Stephen Selby are members of the Society and noted sinologists. Stephen is currently Director of Intellectual Property of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Richard Webb is a member of the Society and a former Administrative Officer of the Hong Kong Government now in business in the Republic Of Ireland.

John Hodgkiss, Ph.D is a member of the Society and the Head of the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity at the University of Hong Kong. He is a noted authority on mangroves and kindred flora.

R.G. Horsnell is a member of the Society and a Chief Property Services Manager with the Architectural Services Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.

Keith Stevens, B.A. served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He has an abiding interest in Chinese temples and deities and has written numerous articles for the Journal.

Dan Waters, M.Phil, Ph.D is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government. He is a long-time Member of Council of the Society, and became President in 1997. He has written prolifically on the history and culture of Hong Kong.

Peter Vine, LL.D (Hons) is a solicitor in private practice and a prominent resident of Hong Kong since 1947. He is currently, inter alia, President of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Society of Notaries.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1995
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/95941j25g
CONTENTS

PRESIDENT'S REPORT ......

HON AUDITOR'S REPORT

vii

xxiv

ARTICLES:

Edwin Haydon - Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong's New Territories: some Legal Premises.... 1

D.H. Liu - The Peking Opera 43

Alfred Y.K. Lau - An Outline of the Urban Development of Sai Ying Pun in the Nineteenth Century 59

David Faure - The Emperor in the Village: Representing the State in South China 75

Anne and Stephen Selby - China Coast Pidgin English......... 113

Richard Webb - the Use of Hill Land for Village Forestry and Fuel Gathering in the New Territories of Hong Kong 143

NOTES AND QUERIES:

John Hodgkiss - Life on the Fringes: The Biology of Mangroves and the Role They Play in Hong Kong 155

R.G. Horsnell - The MacIntosh Cathedrals 171

Keith Stevens - Singapore's Disappearing Temples and The Decline and Apparent Demise of a Popular Religion Cult 181

Keith Stevens - Two Groups of Chinese Deities Rarely Seen on Chinese Altars ........... 187

Dan Waters - The Chinese Labour Corps in the First World War: Labourers Buried in France 199

Peter Vine - Experiences as a War Crimes Prosecutor in Hong Kong.

BOOK REVIEW

vi

205

217
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2001
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g
Heligan, and the Eden Project) with a particular reference to an Asian Connection. This visit is being co-ordinated by one of our members Mrs. Penny Byrne who lives in Fowey and to whom we are particularly grateful. This will be followed by our own A.G.M in late May at SOAS and then by a talk by David Mahoney on the subject 'Awards to Britons in China'. David has been collecting medals for some 50 years, and now specialises in medals to Britons who lived and worked in China. If any Hong Kong member is in the U.K. at these times please make yourselves known to any member of the committee.

Finally I would like to pay thanks to all members of the Friends' Committee, who keep us on the road, i.e. Mrs. Rosemary Lee and Mrs. Anita Wilson (Events Organisers), Mr. Paul Bolding (Secretary), Mr. Roger Chandler (Treasurer), Ms Kirsty Norman, Mr. David Mahoney and Mr. Keith Stevens (Committee Members). It is very heartening to have such support for what we are trying to achieve.

DAVID GILKES (CHAIRMAN)

March 2002

xxxi
================================================================================