RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 NOTES Abbreviations: Colonial Office - CO JIA - Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia JMBRAS - Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society JSEAH - Journal of Southeast Asian History SFP - Singapore Free Press SSR - Straits Settlements Records The Government of the Straits Settlement Act, 1866. 29 & 30 Vicc 115 - An Act to provide for the Government of the Straits Settlements. Turnbull, The Straits Settlements 1826-67 Indian Presidency to Crown Colony. (1972) Oxford University Press, p 379 Among the various historians on Malayan history, Mary C Turnbull's comments on the Straits Settlements prior to the Transfer in 1867 are, by far, the most balanced and comprehensive, and her views on this area are invaluable. While the following facts were gathered from several historians' works, I have been influenced strongly by Turnbull's analysis. I have attempted to summarize in the following 3 sections Turnbull's views based closely on her Introduction to The Straits Settlements 1826-67 Indian Presidency to Crown Colony. cf. Treaty of 6 February 1819 (Johore 1819) (Treaties with Native States Part III) Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the EIC and the Sultan of Johore in 1824, cf. Treaties with Native States p 16 Part III cf. Article 10 of the treaty Turnbull, The Straits Settlements 1826-67 Indian Presidency to Crown Colony, Introduction p 3 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 22 76 Gullick, Malaya, Chap 4 p 43 77 the petition 1857 to House of Commons (cf. Buckley, supra, p 758); Hansard 3rd series, vol cxlix, p 988 Hansard, 3rd series, vol cxlix, p 990 - 991; - Turnbull, 'Convicts in the Straits Settlements, 1826-67', JMBRAS, xliii, no 1 (1970) p 88 P 98 - McNair, the Superintendent of convicts in Singapore, remarked in his report for 1858/59 how well the convicts worked at brickmaking and roadbuilding, which made them 'still a positive advantage to this colony' 7 Blundell, in his Annual Report for 1858/59, pointed out that Singapore owed all its roads, canals and public works to convict labour 79 Turnbull, Ibid, p 89 - Indian convicts were allowed a freedom that astonished outside visitors (for example, Lord Elgin in 1857 cf. Walrond T, Letters and Journals of James 8th Earl of Elgin, p 189) They often worked on roads and buildings without guards, sometimes they were employed as domestic servants or in government offices, and they could earn and keep wages 80 Turnbull, Ibid, p 90 - those who did abscond were invariably given up by Chinese and Malays to claim the rewards on their heads 81 Turnbull, Ibid, p 91 - In 1833, a European overseer was murdered by a convict; in 1852, there were two clashes between police and convicts in Penang; in 1853, a group of Sikh prisoners attacked their peons in Singapore 82 Hansard, 3rd series, vol cxlix, p 991; for example a Ceylonese convict, Tickery Bandah, who was released in 1864, settled down in Malacca as a shopkeeper, writer and amateur lawyer. He even kept up a correspondence with the King of Siam (cf. Cameron, supra pg 376; Turnbull, supra (on convicts), p 91) 83 Hansard, 3rd series, vol cxlix, p 988 84 Turnbull, supra (on convicts), p 91 85 Their origins are obscure. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 25 225 Cady, John F, 1964, Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, McGraw Hill, New York Cameron, J. (1865) 1965, Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India, Kuala Lumpur Campbell, Persia Cranford, 1923, Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire, PS King & Son, London Cavenagh, O, 1844, Reminiscences of an Indian Official, London Cavenagh, O, 1867, Report on the Progress of the Straits Settlements from 1859 - 60 to 1866 - 67, Singapore Chan, Helena H M, 1986, An Introduction to the Singapore Legal System, Malayan Law Journal Pte Ltd, Singapore Chiang Hai Ding, 1966, 'The Origins of the Malayan Currency System', JMBRAS, xxxix, no 1, 1-18 Collis, Maurice, 1966, Raffles, Faber and Faber, London Comber, Leon, 1961, The Traditional Mysteries of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya, Eastern Universities Press, Singapore Coupland, Sir Reginald, 1946, Raffles of Singapore, Collins, London Cowan, 1950, 'Early Penang and the Rise of Singapore 1805 - 1832', JMBRAS, xxiii Coyajee, JC, 1930, The Indian Currency System, Madras Crawfurd, J, 1967, History of the Indian Archipelago, Cass, London Davidson, G F, 1846, Trade and Travel in the Far East, London Desai, Tripta, 1984, The East India Company, A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857, Kanak Publications, New Delhi De Vere Allen, J, 1968, "The Colonial Office and the Malay States, 1867 - 73', JMBRAS, xxxvi, no 1, 1 – 36 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 27 Hooker, MB, 1969, "The East India Company and the Crown 1773 - 1858', Ma-laya Law Review 11 Hui-Chen Wang Li, 1959, The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules, J J Augustin Publisher, New York Hunter, Guy, 1966, Southeast Asia: Race, Culture and Nation, Institute of Race Relations, London Open University Press Jackson, JC, 1968, Planters and Speculators: Chinese and European Agricultural Enterprise in Malaya 1786 - 1821, Oxford University Press, London, New York Jones, S W, 1953, Public Administration in Malaya, London and New York Kaye, John William, 1853, The Administration of the East India Company, A History of Indian Progress, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, Delhi Keay John, 1993, The Honourable Company, A History of the English East India Company, Harper Collins Publishers, London Khoo Kay Kim, 1966, 'The Origins of British Rule in Malaya', IMBRAS, xxxix, no 1, 52-91 Khoo, Kay Kim, (1972) 1975, The Western Malay States 1850 - 1873. The Effects of Commercial Development on Malay Politics, Oxford University Press, Bangunan Loke Yew, Kuala Lumpur Mak, Lau Fong, 1981, The Sociology of Secret Societies, A Study of Chinese Secret Societies in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, Oxford University Press, East Asian Social Science Monographs Maxwell, Sir George, (c 1943 Mimeograph) Problems of Administration in British Malaya, Institute of Pacific Relations, New York Maxwell, P B, 1859, 'The Law of England in Penang, Malacca and Singapore', JA, ns iii, 26 - 55 Mills, LA, 1966, British Malaya 1824 - 67, Kuala Lumpur Mills LA, 1942, British Rule In Eastern Asia, Oxford University Press, London ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 29 Seton, Sir Malcolm, 1926, The India Office, G P Putnam's Sons, London and New York Strang, Lord, 1961, Britain In World Affairs, Faber and Deutsch, London Swettenham, F, 1948, British Malaya - An Account of the Origins and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, Allen and Unwin Tan, Ding Eng, 1986, A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Oxford University Press Tarling, N, 1962, Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Malay World, 1760-1824, Cambridge Thio, Eunice, 1969, British Policy In the Malay Peninsula 1880-1910, Vol 1, University of Malaya Press Thio, Eunice, 1960, 'The Singapore Chinese Protectorate: Events and Conditions Leading to its Establishment, 1823-77', Journal of the South Seas Society, xvi, 40-80 Tregonning, K G, (1964) 1972, A History of Modern Malaysia and Singapore, Eastern Universities Press Sdn Bhd, Singapore Tripathi, Amales, 1956, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency 1793-1833, Calcutta Turnbull, C M, 1960, 'Bibliography of Writings in English on British Malaya, 1786-1867', JMBRAS, xxxiii, no 3 327-424 Turnbull, C M, 1958, 'Communal Disturbances in the Straits Settlements in 1857', JMBRAS, xxxi, no 1, 96-146 Turnbull, C M, 1970, 'Convicts in the Straits Settlements, 1826-67', JMBRAS, xliii, no 1 Turnbull, C M, 1969, 'The European Mercantile Community in Singapore, 1819-67', Journal of Southeast Asian History, x, no 1, 12-35 Turnbull, C M, 1957, 'Governor Blundell and Sir Benson Maxwell; a Conflict of... ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 30 Personalities and Principles, JMBRAS, xxx, no 1, 134 - 163 Turnbull, CM, 1970, 'Internal Security in the Straits Settlements, 1826 - 67', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, i, no 1, 37 - 53 Turnbull, CM, 1972, The Straits Settlements 1826 - 67, Indian Presidency to Crown Colony, Oxford University Press Waldron, T, 1872, Letters and Journals of James 8th Earl of Elgin, London Wilbur Marguerite Eyer, 1945, The East India Company And the British Empire In the Far East, Stanford University Press. Stanford, California + Wong, Lin Ken, 1960, 'The Trade of Singapore 1819 - 69' JMBRAS, xxxiii, no 4 ================================================================================