RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977
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LEIGH WRIGHT

The state of Brunei annual report for 1956 describes the water city, Kampong Ayer, this way,

Set in a wide sweep of the river, this river town is in its way unique. At high tide under favourable conditions of light it takes on quite a remarkable beauty; viewed at close quarters it is even more remarkably ramshackle. The houses are grouped together in small villages, being connected by precarious plank walkways, and there the inhabitants carry on their multifarious activities in much the same way as if they were on land.

NOTES

1 See e.g. O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce; a study of the origins of Srivijaya, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967); and D. E. Brown, Brunei: the structure and history of a Bornean Malay sultanate, (Brunei: Brunei Museum, 1970).

These works have drawn upon the earlier studies of such scholars as W. P. Groeneveldt (1880) and Lien Sung (1919).

2 See Brown, op. cit., Ch. XI.

3 The fullest account of the Moro wars is in E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493 - 1898, (Cleveland, 1903 -09).

4 Lord Stanley of Alderley (ed.), The first voyage round the world by Magellan, by Antonio Pigafetta, (London: Hakluyt Society, 1874).

5 J. Hunt, "Some particulars relative to the Sulo islands in the Archipelago of Felicia”, in Malayan Miscellany, I, (Bencoolen, 1820).

6 James Horsburgh, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies and China, (London, 1811), the navigational handbook for generations of British sea captains. This work drew heavily upon the surveys of eighteenth century seafarers such as Alexander Dalrymple (1774) and Thomas Forest (1780).

7 S. B. St. John, Life in the forests of the Far East. (London, 1862), Vol. 2, pp. 248-49.

8 British Parliamentary Papers, 1854-55, XXIX (253),

9 Sarawak Gazette, 26 April, 1872.

10 Henry Keppel, The expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the suppression of piracy, with extracts from the Journal of James Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak, (London, 1847),

11 S. Baring-Gould and C. A. Bampfylde, A History of Sarawak under its two white rajahs, (London, 1909), pp. 82-83.

12 Lennox Mills, British Malaya, 1824-67, (reprint: Kuala Lumpur, 1966), p. 248.

13 British interests in Borneo are treated extensively in, L. R. Wright, The Origins of British Borneo, (Hong Kong, 1970).

14 See L. R. Wright, "The Foreign Office and North Borneo", in Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. VII, No. 1, (January 1969).
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1999
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26 But war is war, as I have said. Captain Henry Keppel, RN, recently arrived at the war, went ashore at Woosung after its capture in June 1842. "18 June 1842. Waterloo Day. General Sir Hugh Gough landed in my gig, when I witnessed the horrors of war. Mutilated carcasses of men and horses by hundreds. Houses burning, villages deserted, etc. Struck by the prevalent feeling so strong for destruction". Sir Henry Keppel, A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns (London, 3 vols., 1899), Vol.I, p.

27

Wyndham Baker wrote from Amoy, "The troops in the city have picked up a considerable quantity of plunder and some quantity of silver, but of course it would not really do for officers to set them an example, though I have seen the most splendid and elegant satin dresses in possession of some of them." Blackwood's 1964, p.86.

Laurence Shadwell, Life and Campaigns of Lord Clyde (London, 1881), p.120-1.

29 Shadwell, p. 138.

30 Shadwell, p.132. See also Sir John Francis Davis, Chinese Miscellanies: A Collection of Essays and Notes (London, John Murray, 1865), p.161n.

Bingham, Vol.II, p.86.

Belcher, Vol II, pp.213-4. Sir Hugh Gough was particularly angry on this occasion. “You have placed me in a most critical situation," he wrote to Elliot, "My men of all arms are dreadfully harassed, my communications with the rear constantly threatened and escorts attacked. My men must suffer dreadfully from the necessity of continued watchfulness; for however you may put confidence in the Chinese I do not, nor should be justified in relaxing in the least.” Cited in Holt, pp.128-9.

33 Holt, p.112.

34 Holt, p. 108. This step was apparently taken on the advice of the British interpreters to the expedition, who thought it was better to let the town be stripped and deserted than to coerce the civilian population.

35 Ouchterlony, p.225.

36 "Oh for the Joys of England! Lt Orlando Bridgeman's Letters From China and
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1999
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Routledge, New Edition, 1859)

George Henry Mason, The Costume of the Chinese (London, William Miller, 1804)

Lieutenant John Ouchterlony, The Chinese War: An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking (London, Saunders and Otley, 1844)

"An Artillery Officer in China, 1840-1842," Blackwood's, 1964.

The Cree Journals, The Voyages of Edward H. Cree, Surgeon R. N., as Related in his Private Journals, 1837-1856 Edited and with an Introduction by Michael Levien. (Exeter, Webb & Bower, 1981)

Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (Hutchinson of London, 1975)

Captain Sir Edward Belcher, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World, performed in Her Majesty's Ship Sulphur, During the Years 1836-1842. Including details of the Naval Operations in China, From Dec. 1840, to Nov. 1841 (London 1843, Dawsons of Pall Mall reprint, 1970)

Stanley Lane-Poole, Sir Harry Parkes in China (London, Methuen & Co., 1901)

Edgar Holt, The Opium Wars in China (London, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1964)

Sir Henry Keppel, A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns (London, 3 vols., 1899)

1881)

Laurence Shadwell, Life and Campaigns of Lord Clyde (London, 1881)

"Oh for the Joys of England! Lt Rolando Bridgman's Letters From China and Hong Kong, 1842-1843", in Journal of the Hong Kong Branch, Royal Asiatic Society Vol.14 (1974)

Sir John Francis Davis, Chinese Miscellanies: A Collection of
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