RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1972 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gm80qf99h 134 LINDA F. SULLIVAN this adaptation of feng shui was much more severe but in most cases the principles were followed. The Chinese sought ways in which to build their houses according to their economic and social conditions but never forgot the principles of feng shui. This paper will now describe the numerous, different examples of regional domestic architecture in an attempt to illustrate the ways in which each family in its own way tried to deal with the problems of privacy, protection, and personal needs in building its living and working space. EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: North: The first homes to be described are the caves of North China. They are not the same as the subterranean pit dwellings of the Late Neolithic Ages but rather are dug at a ninety-degree angle into the sides of mountains. These caves are found in the loess region stretching across Honan, Shansi, Shensi, and Kansu provinces where through vertical cleavage the soil mixed with water has hardened to form steep cliffs. Here the winters are long and bitter with a strong Northwest wind sweeping the region. The extremely limited rainfall is highly variable and often comes as a cloudburst. The land is barren of trees and because of the lack of timber, these cave dwellings have formed the typical dwelling of the region. This cave in Honan is based on a plan for a free-standing house but has been built into the side of the cliff. The superstructure is basically a courtyard system with the main gate positioned at the southeast corner (North-South axis). The building on the left within the courtyard is for receiving guests, and thus the privacy of the man's cave is maintained. In other words, as the townhouse courtyard plan had provided for a system of "graduated privacy", the cave dweller has adapted this system to his specific location and circumstances. This particular cave complex has two storeys. The first level has three caves of which the left and middle ones each have two rooms which are used for living space, while the right side cave has an additional third room for storage. As one comes out of the left-hand side cave, there is a stairway leading to the second-level platform at the back of which there are two more caves. It should be noted that the Chinese have developed a system of interlocking support in the construction of these caves. The second-level platform is reinforced in front and on its surface and is supported... * See also Fig. 1 at the rear of this article. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m $270,461 D.A. Gikes Hon. Treasurer BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1981 (CONT'D) $256,021 $12,292 Balance at Banks and Registered Deposit Taking Company Fixed Deposits $135,750.08 Deposits at Call $271,464.15 $2,148 $270,461 Current Account 4,566.47 ...160,316.55 $271,464.15 Notes. (1) Quoted investments at 31st December 1981 300 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited 4,200 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Co. Ltd. 1,680 shares Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 2,500 shares Hong Kong Land Co. Ltd (2) Incomes from subscription are accounted for on cash basis Cost Market Value $34,272.00 $37,200.00 $24,192.00 $22,470.00 $28,893.60 $24,360.00 $23,790.00 $23,625.00 $111,147.60 $107,655.00 REPORT OF THE HON. AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, HONG KONG BRANCH In our opinion, the above Balance Sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1981 and of its Income and expenditure for the year ended on that date. Dated: 29th March, 1982. KWAN WONG TAN & FONG Hon. Auditors Chartered Accountants Certified Public Accountants, Hong Kong ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1982 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mk61z420p XX # ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY — HONG KONG BRANCH ## BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1982 ### LIABILITIES 1982 1981 Accumulated Funds $242,461 HK$ Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1981 (8,997) Balance as at 1st January, 1982 $233,464.15 233,464 Sundry Creditor Printing Charges for Journal, 38,000 49,000.00 23,790 28,894 ### ASSETS HK$ Quoted Investment Cost at 1st January, 1982 230,476.72 Add: Purchase of Shares: 24,191 34,271 (2,987.43) 254,680.29 Hang Seng Bank Ltd. 111,147.60 Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Co. Ltd. Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 111,147.60 J1,148 Balance at Bank Fixed Deposits. 165,000.00 Current Account 3,329.12 168,329.12 $279,476.72 $271,464 $279,476.72 ### Notes: (1) Quoted investments at 31st December, 1982: Cost Market Value 375 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited $34,272.00 $13,312.50 4,200 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 19,320.00 2,240 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 24,192.00 17,136.00 2,500 shares Hong Kong Land Company Limited 28,893.60 9,562.50 23,790.00 $111,147.60 $59,331.00 All quoted investments are stated at cost, and no provision for diminution in value has been made in the accounts. (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. ## REPORT OF THE HON. AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, HONG KONG BRANCH In our opinion, the above Balance Sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December, 1982 and of its income and expenditure for the year ended on that date. Kwan Wong Tan & Fong Hon. Auditors Chartered Accountants Certified Public Accountants, Hong Kong Dated: 21st April, 1983. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1983 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j9607p61v XV ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY — HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1983 1982 LIABILITIES H.K. Currency 1982 SUBJECT TO AUDIT ASSETS H.K. Currency Accumulated Funds Quoted Investment $233,464 Balance as at 1st January 1983 $230,476.72 Add: Excess of Income over $111,148 Cost at 1st January 1983 $111,147.60 (2,987) Expenditure in 1982 885.43 $230,477 $231,362.15 Balance at Bank Sundry Creditor — Printing 49,000 Charges for Journal & Index $59,000.00 165,000 3,329 Fixed Deposits.. Current Account $175,000.00 4,214.55 179,214.55 $279,477 $290,362.15 $279,477 $290,362.15 D.A. Gilkes Hon. Treasurer NOTES: (1) Quoted investments at 31st December 1983: 525 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited 4,200 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 2,464 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 2,500 shares Hong Kong Land Company Limited + Cost $34,272.00 Market Value $19,950.00 24,192.00 23,100.00 28,893.60 17,248.00 23,790.00 7,250.00 $111,147.60 $67,548.00 All quoted investments are stated at cost, and no provision for diminution in value has been made in the accounts. (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. Dated: 18th January 1984 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1984 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/5h73wh572 # ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY # HONG KONG BRANCH ## BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1983 ### ASSETS H.K. Currency 1983 1982 ### LIABILITIES Accumulated Fund H.K. Currency 1983 $233,464 Balance as at 1st January 1983 (2,987) Add: Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1983 230,477 Balance as at 31st December 1983 $230,476.72 Listed Investments, at cost $111,147.60 885.43 231,362.15 165,000 3,329 Balance at Bank Fixed Deposits Current Account $175,000.00 4,214.55 179,214.55 Sundry Creditor - Printing Charges for Journal & Index $49,000.00 $59,000.00 $279,477 $290,362.15 $279,477 $290,362.15 D.A. Gilkes Honorary Treasurer ## Notes: (1) Listed investments at 31st December 1983: 525 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited $34,272.00 $19,950.00 4,200 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited $24,192.00 $23,100.00 2,464 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation $28,893.60 $17,248.00 2,500 shares Hong Kong Land Company Limited $23,790.60 $7,250.00 $111,147.60 $67,548.00 All listed investments are stated at cost, and no provision for diminution in value has been made in the accounts. (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. ## HONG KONG BRANCH ## REPORT OF THE HONORARY AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY In our opinion, the above balance sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1983 and of its income and expenditure for the year ended on that date. Dated: 22nd March, 1984, WR510/(A05-8) Kwan Wong Tan & Fong Honorary Auditors Chartered Accountants Certified Public Accountants, Hong Kong ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1984 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/5h73wh572 xix ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1984 1983 LIABILITIES Accumulated Fund $230,477 Balance as at 1st January, 1984 Less: Loss on 2,500 shares of Hong Kong Land H.K. Currency 1983 ASSETS $3171,148 $231,362.15 Listed Investments, at cost $111,140.00 H.K. Currency Co., Ltd. Cost 13,790.00 Sale 8,850.80 14,939.20 Less: 2,500 shares of Hong Kong Land Co., Ltd. 23,790.00 $87,357.60 Less. Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1984 885 24,192.38 231,367 Balance as al 775,000 Balance at Bank Fixed Deposits $145,000.00 31st December 1984 192,130.57 Sundry Creditor Printing Charges 4,274 Current Account 13,772.97 158,772.97 59,000 for Journal $290,362 54,000.00 $246,130.57 $3790.362 $246,130.57 D.A. Gilkes Honorary Treasurer Notes: (1) Listed investments at 31st December 1984; 577 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited Cost $34,272.00 Market Value $524,234.00 4,620 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 24,192.00 30,954.00 3,080 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 28,893.60 24,486.00 $87,357.60 $79,674.00 All listed investments are stated at cost, and no provision for diminution in value has been made in the accounts. (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. REPORT OF THE HONORARY AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY - HONG KONG BRANCH We have audited the above financial statement in accordance with approved Auditing Standards. In our opinion, the above balance sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1984 and of its income and expenditure for the year then ended. Dated: 6th March, 1985. WR510/A05-3) Kwan Wong Tan & Fong Honorary Auditors Chartered Accountants Certified Public Accountants, Hong Kong Note: due to an editorial oversight, Volume 23 contained the accounts of the Society in their "subject to Audit" form rather than in their audited form. The audited accounts for 1983-84 are therefore now given here, with those for 1984/85. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1985 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gt54s866x xvii 1984 LIABILITIES Accumulated Fund $31,362 Balance as at 1st January, 1985 Less Loss on 2,500 shares of $192,130.57 ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1985 H.K. Currency 1984 ASSETS SH148 Listed Investments, at cost Less 2,500 shares of Hong Kong Land Co., Ltd. H.K. Currency $ 87,357.60 23 "90 Hong Kong Land 14,393 Co., Ltd. 8,358 24,292 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1985 Balance at Bank 33,956.80 145,000 13,733 Fixed Deposits Current Account $145,000.00 816.17 145,816.17 192,737 Balance as at 31st December, 1985 Sundry Creditor 138,173.77 Pracing 54,000 Charges for Journal $246,131 15,000.00 $233,173.77 $246,131 $233,173.77 D.A. Gilkes Honorary Treasurer Notes: (1) Listed investments at 31st December 1985: 634 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited 4,620 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 3,388 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. Cost Market Value $34,272.00 $29,164.00 24,192.00 39,270.00 28,893.60 26,087.60 $87,357.60 $94,521.60 REPORT OF THE HONORARY AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH We have audited the above financial statement in accordance with approved Auditing Standards. In our opinion, the above balance sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1985 and of its income and expenditure for the year then ended. Dated: 24th February, 1986. WR510(A05-3) Kwan Wong Tan & Fong Honorary Auditors Chartered Accountants Certified Public Accountant, Hong Kong ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1986 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/jq08c7063 XV 1985 H.K. Currency ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1986 LIABILITIES Accumulated Fund $192,131 Balance as at 1st January, 1986 $158,173.77 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1986 33,957.15 $158,173.77 Balance as at 31st December 1986 $158,174.62 Sundry Creditor 3,758.15 $233,174.00 ASSETS $ 87,358 Listed Investments, at cost $ 87,357.60 123,926.21 Accounts Receivable 34,247.56 75,000.00 Printing Charges for Journal 75,000.00 107,810.46 Fixed Deposits 100,000.00 7,810.46 Current Account 7,810.46 $198,926.21 Balance at Bank $198,926.21 $233,174.00 $233,174.00 D.A. Gilkes Honorary Treasurer Notes: (1) Listed investments at 31st December 1986: 760 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited 4,620 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 4,065 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Cost Market Value $34,272.00 $31,540.00 24,192.00 60,060.00 28,893.60 37,601.25 $87,357.60 $129,201.25 (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. HONG KONG BRANCH REPORT OF THE HONORARY AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY We have audited the above financial statements in accordance with approved Auditing Standards. In our opinion, the above balance sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and fair view of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1986 and of its income and expenditure for the year then ended. Dated: 18th March, 1987. Kwan Wong Tan & Fong Certified Public Accountants Honorary Auditors ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1987 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/rx919b522 xiv 1986 LIABILITIES Accumulated Fund H.K. Currency ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1987 1986 ASSETS $ 87,358 Listed Investments, at cost H.K. Currency $ 90,913.60 $158,173 34,247 $123,926 Balance as at 1st January, 1987 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1987 Balance as at 31st December 1987 $123,926.21 36,403.59 Accounts Receivable 87,522.62 Balance at Bank 75,000 Sundry Creditor - Printing Charges for Journal 90,000.00 100,000 Fixed Deposits Subscriptions (1988) received 7,810 Current Account 60,868.36 54,990.66 115,859.02 in advance $198,926 29,250.00 $206,772.62 $198,926 $206,772.62 Notes: (1) Listed investments at 31st December 1987: 1,140 shares Hang Seng Bank Limited 4,620 shares Hong Kong Electric (Holdings) Company Limited 5,081 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Add: Cost of Rights issued.. 4,620 shares Cavendish International Holdings Ltd.. (2) Subscription and interest incomes are accounted for on cash basis. Dated: February 1988 D.A. Gilkes Honorary Treasurer Cost Market Value $34,272.00 $31,350.00 24,192.00 34,881.00 28,893.60 32,449.60 3,556.00 13,629.00 $90,913.60 $116,697.25 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1989 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8336pm92h 142 steady waves. This sensible and pragmatic defence plan lead to the villages near Kan Tau Wai being formed into five Yeuk, which radiate out from Kan Tau Wai like the spokes of a wheel. The villages to the north-east, furthest from Kan Tau Wai, formed a sixth Yeuk: its duties were to guard the other entrances to Ta Kwu Ling, the Fan Li Au and to keep an eye on the Cheung's allies in the area, especially Lin Ma Hang and Sai Ling Ha. The arrangement of the area into six Yeuk lead the area to be called the Ta Kwu Ling Luk Yeuk ("Ta Kwu Ling Alliance of Six"). The Yeuk seem to have been very united in their opposition to Wong Pui Ling — the deaths of villagers in the fighting were very evenly shared between them. 29 + These arrangements required the Ping Yuen Hap Heung to be split, Ping Che joining Tong Fong and Kan Tau Wai in one Yeuk, centred on the Ping Che Road, and Ping Yeung with Nga Yiu Ha and Wo Keng Shan forming another centred on the Miu Keng road. The Loi Tung villagers had no interest in the Law Fong bridge, and did not join the Ta Kwu Ling alliance; their political interests lay elsewhere. Similarly, the old grouping of Kan Tau Wai, Lei Uk and Tai Po Tin had to be split, with Lei Uk and Tai Po Tin being joined with Shan Kai Wat further along their common access path. These arrangements seem to have been introduced no earlier than about 1850, and were limited to defence and mutual assistance matters; ritual and other arrangements continued to operate according to the older groupings. Hence the management of the Cheung Shan Kwu Tsz was unaffected, and even though Loi Tung and Man Uk Pin were probably friendly with Wong Pui Ling, the political contacts of the villages near the pass did not end, and probably helped to stop the dispute escalating too far. Although it is something of an irrelevance to this article, it is, perhaps, worth saying something further about the Luk Yeuk. The alliance was successful in its war with Wong Pui Ling: the bridge was built (it was a very fine, three-span granite structure), with an inscription set up at the bridge foot detailing the donors. Wong Pui Ling had to accept defeat, and see its influence disappear throughout Ta Kwu Ling and beyond. The Ta Kwu Ling villagers, after peace had been secured, set up an organisation to ensure that the area could go back onto a “war footing” at short notice if required. This was the Shing Ping She ("Peace Secured Society"). This organisation ensured that all the young men were trained in martial arts, and that patrols "to keep the peace" ================================================================================