RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1994
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zk522640g
206

—, Intimate China, the Chinese As I have Seen Them, London Hutchison, 1899

Little, Archibald John, Through the Yang-tse Gorges, or, Trade and Travel in Western China, London Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1888

1

Mount Omer and Beyond, London Heinemann, 1901

Ljungstedt, Andrew, An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China, with Supplementary Chapter - Description of the City of Canton republished from the Chinese Repository, Boston James Munroe and co. 1836

Lo Hui-min, ed, The Correspondence of G E Morrison, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1976

Loch, Granville Gower (1813-1853), The Closing Events of the Campaign in China the Operations in the Yang Tze-Kiang, and the Treaty of Nanking, London J Murray, 1843

Lockwood, Stephen C. Augustine Heard and Company, 1858-1862, Cambridge (Mass) Harvard University Press, 1971

Lonsdale, Anne, Merchant Adventurers in the East, London Longman, 1980

Low, John, Into China, London John Murray, 1986

Lubbock, Alfred Basil, The Opium Clippers, Boston Lauriat Company, 1933 (New York Reprint. AMS)

Lutz, Jesse Gregory, China and the Christian Colleges 1850-1950, Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1971

•

- Christian Missionaries in China (19/20 Centuries), Boston DC Heath Problems in Asian Civilization series

Lyster, Thomas (1840-1865), With Gordon in China, Letters from Thomas Lyster, Lieutenant Royal Engineers, London TF Unwin, 1891

Lyttelton, Edith Sophy (Balfour b1865), Travelling Days, London G Bles, 1933

Macartney, George, First Earl Macartney, Journal of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, London British Museum, 1897 (Microfilm copy at Hong Kong University Library)

Macartney, Lady, An English Lady in Chinese Turkestan, London Ernest Benn. 1931 (Hong Kong Reprint Oxford University Press)

Macfarlane, W, Sketches in the Foreign Settlements and Native City of Shanghai, reprinted from The Shanghai Mercury, Shanghai, 1881
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794
116

There was a gap of nearly twenty years between the first and second China Wars. It would have been expected that, in this period, the Chinese would have updated their arsenals and have been able to defend themselves more effectively. Whilst, as already seen, this was done to a degree, they were not able to overcome all the problems. The biggest problem was probably the attitude of those in charge, which is so often difficult to alter in any institution, particularly the armed forces. Hence, in the second war the story was much the same, although the batteries at the Pei Ho river were able to repel the European navies and delay the end of the war by a year.

In conclusion it can be seen that not only did the Chinese suffer a great disadvantage in the technology of their weaponry, but they also were behind in training and discipline, factors which turn brave men into efficient troops. Obviously there is more than fighting to any war, and political, economic and social factors all have an influence on events. However, in order to gain a full insight into the wars between China and the Western powers, it is necessary to understand the military aspects. Fortunately the military men, like so many Victorian travellers, have left records of their experiences. This paper draws on some of those records and aims to put them in context with the development of weapon technology that was taking place at the time. The range of weapons being used by the two sides spanned centuries of development and their coming together is, in itself, a fascinating story.

NOTES

1 Keith Stewart Mackenzie, Narrative of the Second Campaign in China, London 1842, p. 92 notes "the Tartars making a most determined resistance, standing by their guns till the sailors cut them down, hand to hand."

2 Captain Granville G. Loch R.N., The Closing Events of the Campaign in China: The Operations in the Yang-Tze-Kiang and Treaty of Nanking, London 1843. P. 107. Loch is horrified by "old men, women and children, cutting each other's throats, and drowning themselves by the dozen."

3 Loch R.N., op. cit., p. 113.

4 Mackenzie, op. cit., p. 62 notes "for both (Admiral) Kwan and his second in command, fell by bayonet wounds received in their breasts, whilst gallantly
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1999
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/s178b887x
233

Essays and Notes (London, John Murray, 1865)

[same] China, During the War and Since the Peace (London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 2 vols., 1852)

Captain Arthur Cunynghame, An Aide-de-Camp's Recollections of Service in China (London, 2 vols, 1844)

K.S. Mackenzie, Narrative of the Second Campaign in China (London, 1842)

Granville G. Loch, The Closing Events of the Campaign in China (London, 1843)

Alexander Murray [Lt. In the 18th Regt. (Royal Irish)], Doings in China (London, 1843)

Lord Robert Jocelyn, Six Months with the Chinese Expedition (London, 1841)

“A Field Officer", The Last Year in China (London, 1843)

Armine S.H. Mountain, Memoirs and Letters (London, 1857)
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