RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1966
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/bz60k0811
# PRESIDENT'S REPORT

1965

Last year, 1965, the sixth since the regeneration of the Society, was markedly successful. The membership, which was 160 at the close of the first year, passed the 400 mark. It reached a total of 439 — 388 ordinary and 51 life members. In a community like Hongkong where so many come and go so frequently it is natural that we should lose a number of members each year. Our gains, however, have each year exceeded our losses, and the Society continues to grow. Last year we lost 61 members. Of these some resigned on leaving the Colony, but 37 failed to pay their subscriptions after the extended period of grace and ceased to be members. On the other hand we gained 89 new members of whom 3 were life members. One of the three new life members, I am very sad to relate, died last week — Colonel Dowbiggin who had become a life member, and a very keen one, at the age of 81. I regret also to record the death of another life member Dr. T. Y. Li — who in 1962 gave an address on Chinese Seals which was printed in the Journal for that year. He died in September last year shortly after he had been announced to deliver an address on "Bamboo and its Relation to Chinese Culture". We deeply feel the loss of these good friends and loyal supporters.

The lectures continued to be well attended and of a high standard. All except two were given by local members. The list comprises:

January 11

Major J. R. L. Caunter

“Birds of Hong Kong”

February 15

Dr. S. G. Davis

“Archaeological Discovery In and Around Hong Kong”

March 1

April 12

Mr. H. D. R. Baker

“The Five Great Clans of the New Territories”

++

Dr. Patricia Marshall

“Mammals of Hong Kong”
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d
62

R. G. GROVES

44 Skinner, op. cit., Part 1, p. 27. The markets of the northern district of the New Territory seem to have been dependent primarily upon Sham Chun, rather than upon several intermediate markets. This may be an example of what Skinner terms a marketing system in a "topographic cul-de-sac". Ibid., p. 21.

45 Baker, Hugh D. R. "The Five Great Clans of the New Territories”, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. VI, 1966, p. 31.

46 Freedman, op. cit., pp. 82ff., gives an account of the origins of the Ts'at Yeuk. The character yeuk may be translated as 'covenant', or 'agreement'. The seven covenants' were a confederation of seven groups of villages within the Tai Po marketing area.

47 Papers Extracts, op. cit., p. 192.

48 Hayes, "The Pattern of Life.", op. cit., p. 9.

49 Freedman, op. cit., p. 81.

50 Papers Extracts, op. cit., pp. 201ff.

51 Hong Kong 1963, Hong Kong, 1964, pp. 363ff.

52 Papers Extracts, op. cit., pp. 587-8.

53 The following account has been assembled, somewhat in the manner of a jigsaw puzzle, from two sources: Hong Kong. Correspondence (June 20, 1898 to August 20, 1900) Respecting the Extension of the Boundaries of the Colony, Eastern No. 66, Colonial Office, London, 1900; Papers Laid Before the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, 1899. Despatches and Other Papers Relating to the Extension of the Colony of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 1900. Specific references will be given only for quotations.

54 Correspondence, op. cit., p. 261. A brief discussion of the activities of the land syndicate mentioned in the preceding paragraph is to be found in Endacott, G.B., A History of Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, London and Hong Kong, and Paperback Edition, 1964, p. 265, who says: "The main problem of the take-over was not military but administrative. A land syndicate of Chinese among whom it was suspected Ho Kai [Dr. Ho Kai, a Chinese unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong] was one, had bought land at a fraction of its value by spreading the rumour that the British would seize all land. Blake threatened to restore this property, but the land problem proved too baffling for him to carry out his threat."

55 Correspondence, op. cit., p. 261. Wakeman, op. cit., Chap. V, discusses similar charges made against the British at Canton almost sixty years earlier.

56 One recipient was Liu Wan-kuk, of Sheung Shui. His support for the resistance appears to have been half-hearted throughout. On at least two occasions he protested: "the villages in our Division have no plans. Moreover, our commissariat and arms being insufficient, how can we offer effective resistance? We request your Division [Yuen Long] to decide on the plan of campaign and we will follow your instruction". The dominance of the Yuen Long Division—and of the Tang lineages within it—was to become increasingly obvious as the resistance movement developed. Papers Despatches, op. cit., p. 72.

57 Translated in Correspondence, op. cit., pp. 138ff.

58 Baker, op. cit., pp. 35ff.

59 Correspondence, op. cit., p. 147.

60 Ibid., p. 148.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d
64

71 Papers.... Despatches

R. G. GROVES

+

*

op. cit., p. 68.

72 Correspondence..., op. cit., p. 167.

73 Ibid., p. 297. Skinner postulates models of intermediate marketing systems in which each intermediate market is ringed by six standard markets. Skinner, op. cit., Part I, pp. 23f.

74 Correspondence

75 Ibid., p. 296.

76 Ibid., p. 380.

+

I

P

1

op. cit.,

p. 295.

77 Wakeman, op. cit., p. 39.

78 See, for example: Spector, Stanley, Li Hung-Chang and the Huai Army, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1964, Folsom, Kenneth E., Friends, Guests, and Colleagues; the Mu-Fu System in the Late Ch'ing Period, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968.

Since writing this article, and further to note 37, Dr. Hugh D. R. Baker's study, Sheung Shui: A Chinese Lineage Village has now been published (London, Frank Cass & Co, Ltd., 1968).
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d
BOOK REVIEWS

BOOK REVIEW

SHEUNG SHUI: A REVIEW

ARTICLE.

165

PROBLEMS RELATING TO SOCIAL RESEARCH IN THE NEW TERRITORIES OF HONG KONG.

MORRIS I. BERKOWITZ*

The rural resident of the New Territories is a resourceful and competent person. He wrings from a largely inhospitable terrain both a way of life and a livelihood, frequently in the face of extremely destructive natural forces. Now, however, the tremendous growth of Hong Kong and the development of his countryside for cities and industrial sites, threatens both his way of life and his livelihood. An unprecedentedly large flow of social scientists have of late descended upon these rural residents to document their way of life, hopefully before it is fundamentally changed. Among the earlier arrivals in this group is H. D. R. Baker who has done an unusual and profitable study of the village of Sheung Shui.1

Dr. Baker has attempted an extremely useful task: he has tried to do a major structural study of this village in an effort to carefully understand the differences between village, community, and lineage and to identify the functions of each of these entities in relation to each of the others. In order to do this, Mr. Baker begins with a detailed introduction to the history of the lineage which serves as a background for the three central chapters of his book which are concerned with the lineage as a ritual and kinship group, the lineage as a community, and segmentation within the lineage. This core is followed by briefer discussions of the leadership of the lineage, the interaction between members and those people who live within the lineage village but are not members of it. He concludes his discussions with considerations of how the lineage relates to outsiders, including other lineages, and some brief comments on the processes of change which are affecting the traditional form of lineage organization.

* Dr. Berkowitz is currently Senior Lecturer and chairman of the department of Sociology and Social Work at Chung Chi College, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, on secondment from the University of Pittsburgh, where he is an Associate Professor.

1 Hugh D. R. Baker, A Chinese Lineage Village: Sheung Shui. London: Frank Cass, 1968, pp. xiv, 237, 50/-.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1970
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ww72j0241
10

willing help has been of great value to me as President and to

the Council generally.

13th May, 1970.

Lectures in 1969 comprised:-----

20 January

Dr. M. W. M. Lau

24 February

J. R. JONES

The F. A. Nixon Collection of Nestorian Crosses and the Fr. Finn Collection of Finds on Lamma Island

Dr. Morris I. Berkowitz

The Effects of Resettlement on the Plover Cove Villagers

Prof. P. G. O'Neill

The No Theatre of Japan Today

Mr. K. M. A. Barnett

Removing Some Barriers to Comprehension

Aspects of Hong Kong Marine Fauna

11 March

8 April

15 April

Dr. Lamarr B. Trott

28 April

Annual General Meeting.

5 May

Mr. Holmes H. Welch

24 May

"The Role of Religion in Chinese Life

9 June

11

23 June

A Tour of Old Shau Kei Wan organized by

Mr. J. W. Hayes.

Dr. Hugh D. R. Baker

The Chinese Lineage Village: A Pyramid of Kinship

Dr. R. K. Murton

Wild Life in Hong Kong

29 September

Mr. J. C. Y. Watt

23 October

17 November

The Use of Jade in Old China

"Look Around" Tour on Hong Kong Island

organized by Mr. J. W. Hayes.

Mr. G. E. Johnson

From Rural Committee to Spirit Medium Cult
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
252

LIST OF MEMBERS

ORDINARY MEMBERS:

AIDE-DE-CAMP, The

AKERS-JONES, D.

ALLCOCK, R. C.

ANDERSON, J. S.

ARCHER, Hon. Mrs. S.

ARSAN, Ahmet

ARSAN, Mrs. Karin

AU, K. N.

BAKER, Dr. Hugh

BARD, Dr. S. M.

BARR, J. W.

BARRETT, Father Cyril, SJ.

BARROW, Mr. & Mrs. John F.

BATE, H. M.

Government House, Garden Road, H.K.

Island House, Taipo, N.T.

Department of Law, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

Diocesan Boys' School, 131, Argyle Street, Kowloon.

41, Stubbs Road, Apt. 21, H.K.

First Chicago Hong Kong Ltd., Rooms 4004-9, Connaught Centre, H.K.

43, Stubbs Road, Flat C-1, H.K.

c/o Grantham College of Education, Gascoigne Road, Kowloon.

c/o Govt. Training Division, Lee Gardens, 2nd floor, H.K.

University Health Service, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

E9, Repulse Bay Towers, 119A, Repulse Bay Road, H.K.

Wah Yan College, Queen's Road, East, H.K.

Room 362, Central Govt. Offices, Lower Albert Road, H.K.

c/o Caritas House, 2, Caine Road, H.K.

BENNETT, Mrs. Patricia M.

BENNISON, Larry L.

BIRCH, Dr. Alan

BLAIKLEY, P. E.

BLAKE, Mrs. Doreen

BORGEEST, Gus

BRAUN, F.

BRIDGES, G. A.

BRIGGS, The Hon. Sir Geoffrey, Q.C.

BROADBENT, Miss Margaret

BROUWER, Mrs. R. P.

BRUMMERSTED, D. A.

BUCHANAN, Dr. A. J. C.

BULLEN, J. B.

3, Coombe Road, H.K.

Caltex Oil, G.P.O. Box 147, H.K.

Department of History, University of Hong Kong, H.K.

19D, Vienna Court, Realty Gardens, 41, Conduit Road, H.K.

c/o Paul Y. Construction Co., Bank of Canton Building, 18th floor, H.K.

P.O. Box 1058, H.K.

8, Kotewall Road, 4th floor, H.K.

B-3, United College Staff Residence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.

Courts of Justice, H.K.

The Helena May, Garden Road, H.K.

A3, Repulse Bay Mansions, H.K.

87, Pearl Gardens, 7A, Conduit Road, H.K.

Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, H.K.

Myer Eastern Buying Ltd., Cheong Hing Building, 12, Nathan Road, Kowloon.

BURGGRAAF, Miss Huberta

c/o Royal Interocean Line, P.O. Box 725, H.K.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938
254

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS

ACORNE, Capt. Michael J.,

505 Broadway,

PETALUMA,

California 94952,

U.S.A.

ARMERDING, Mr. Ludwig E.,

P.O. Box 1349,

HONOLULU,

Hawaii 96807,

U.S.A.

BAKER, Dr. Hugh D. R.,

BLACK, Sir Robert, Mapleton House, Ashampsted Common, Nr READING, Berks,

ENGLAND.

BLAKER, Mr. D. J. R., 80 Eaton Square, LONDON, S.W.1.

ENGLAND.

CAPLAN, Mr. Michael,

c/o School of Oriental & African Studies,

Malet Street,

London, W.C1

ENGLAND.

3 Margalit Street,

Haifa,

ISRAEL.

BAKER, Mr. William E.,

Old Quarry,

Blackberry Road,

Felcourt,

EAST GRINSTEAD,

Sussex RH19 2LH, ENGLAND.

BALL, Mr. John M., Thanya Building, 11th Floor, 62 Silom Road, P.O. Box 1923, BANGKOK, THAILAND.

BARNETT, Mr. K. M. A., "Bishops Nympton", Devonshire Avenue, AMERSHAM,

Bucks,

ENGLAND.

BENNISON, Mr. Larry L., Honam Oil Refinery Co. Ltd, C.P.O. Box 2467, SEOUL,

KOREA.

BERTUCCIOLI, Dr. Giuliano, Lungotevers Delle Navi 30, ROME,

ITALY,

BLACKMORE, Mr. Michael,

"Baytrees",

Padleigh Hill,

BATH, BA2 9DW,

Somerset,

ENGLAND.

CLARKE, Rev. Cyril S., "Farthings",

Highlands Avenue,

UCKFIELD,

Sussex, TN22 5TD.,

U.K.,

COCKELL, Miss June V., 1 Compton Court, Upper Edgeborough Road, GUILDFORD,

Surrey,

UNITED KINGDOM.

COLLIN, Mr. P. H., 31 Teddington Park, TEDDINGTON, Middlesex,

UNITED KINGDOM.

COSTANTINI, Dr. Giulio, Via del Tiglio, 13,

6900 LUGANO, SWITZERLAND.

COSTANTINI, Mrs. G.,

Via del Tiglio, 13,

6900 LUGANO,

SWITZERLAND.

CRANMER-BYNG, Prof. J. L., M.C., 190 Glengrove Avenue W., TORONTO, 12,

CANADA.

CUMMING, Mrs. Dorothy M.,

Orchard Cottage,

Inveresk Village,

By Musselburgh,

EAST LOTHIAN, EH21 7TE, SCOTLAND.

U.K.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m
SALMON, Mrs P.A.

SAPSTEAD, Mr Gordon A.G. SCOTT, Dr. Ian

SEARLS, Mr M.W., Jr. SHAM, Mr Francis SHANNON, Major J.M. SIDDLE Mr Oliver R.

SIEGFRIED, Mrs Stephanie S. SIU, Mr Anthony Kwok-Kin SMITH, Mr Reginald C. SMITH, Mr Stewart P. SMITH-ROBERTS, Miss Karen A.

SO, Dr Chak Lam STEAD, Miss S.M.

STEINER, Mr Henry STEWART, Miss Jessie STRICKLAND, Mr John E. STUMF, Mr Karl L., O.B.E. SU, Mr Samson SURECK, Mr Joseph SURECK, Mrs Joseph

TAM, Miss Adelaide Chiu-hor TANG, Mr David TANG, Mr Hai Chiu

TANG, Mr Stephen Wing-hung TAYLOR, Mrs V.V. THATCHER, Mr Melvin Paul THOMAS, Mr Reginald THOMAS, Mrs S.E. THOMPSON, Mr F. John TING, Mr Joseph Sun Pao TING, Mr Thomas Kam-Shu TISDALL, Mr Brian TOCHRANE, Miss Vera TOH, Miss Esther

TOOGOOD, Mr C.W.

TRETIAK, Professor Daniel

TSANG, Mr Augustin Chung-Kong

TSANG, Mr Hin Sum

TSO, Miss Priscilla

TURNER, Mr H. David

TWITCHETT, Miss Yvonne VINE, Mr P.A.K.

WALKER, Mr A.P. WALKER, Mrs Prudence WALTERS, Mrs Sandra L. WATERS, Mr D.D. WATT, Mr James WATT, Mr Mo-Kei

WEBB, Mrs Susan M. WEI, Miss Peh T'i

WHITTAM, Mr Anthony R. WHOLEY, Mr. J.W. WILLIAMS, Miss Stephanie WILLIS, Mr David Nye WILLOUGHBY, Prof. P.G. WILSON, Mr Brian D. WILSON, Miss Elinor WIN, Mr Oliver

215

WINKLER, Mrs Rowena WONG, Miss Marion WONG, Mr Siu-Lun WOODS, Mrs Rowena WORKMAN, Dr Gillian WRIGHT, Mr D.A.L. WRIGHT, Dr Leigh R, WRIGHT, Miss V. Moya YANG, The Hon. Mr Justice YEUNG, Mr Michael Wing Chiu YOUNG, Dr John D. YOUNG, Mr Richard YUNG, Mr David C.W. ZIGAL, Mrs Irene

OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS ARMERDING, Mr Ludwig E. BAKER, Dr Hugh David R. BAKER, Mr William Ernest BALL, Mr John M. BARNETT, Mr K.M.A. BENNISON, Mr Larry L.

BERTUCCIOLI, Dr Giuliano

BLACKMORE, Mr Michael

BLACK, Sir Robert BLAKER, Mr D.J.R. CAPLAN, Mr Malcolm

CARLSON, Miss R.E. CATER, Sir Jack

CLARKE, Rev. Cyril S. COCKELL, Miss Juve V. COLLIN, Mr P.H.

COSBY, Mr Ivan P.S.G. COSTANTINI, Dr Giulio COSTANTINI, Mrs G.

CRANMER-BYNG, Prof. J.L.

CUMMING, Mrs Dorothy M.

DUNCANSON, Mr J.D.

EWING, Miss E.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1983
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j9607p61v
221

bungalow, its library and its visitors' books. I wonder if by some miracle, it and they are still in existence?

ANCESTRAL IMAGES:

A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

HUGH D. R. Baker*

In Vol. 20 of the journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Dr. James Hayes published a very kind review of my Ancestral Images books (S.C.M.P., Hong Kong, 1979, 1980, 1981). Quite rightly he regretted the omission of page references from the passages of quotation in the books. It is unnecessary to detail the process by which I contrived to leave out this important information, but by way of penance I have prepared a complete list of the quotation references and I append it to this note.

Leafing through all the books again, I was struck by the age of the sources which I used - well over half of them were written before 1949, and 16 of the 17 authors quoted more than twice each were writing before 1940. This is not, I hasten to say, an apology for conservatism, for there is no doubt in my mind that in much of the older material there is greater understanding of the Chinese and their culture than is to be found in the sometimes arid sociological analysis of later scholars. Certainly it is easier to find lively and illuminating passages for quotation in works written by experienced, jaundiced "China-livers" rather than in those of dispassionate "China-watchers". In any case I was trying to shed light on the "Chineseness" of Chinese and Hong Kong society, and "Chineseness" is an accumulation of three or four

* Hugh D. R. Baker is Reader in Modern Chinese in the University of London and Head of the Contemporary China Institute, School of Oriental & African Studies. He has also written A Chinese Lineage Village: Sheung Shui and Chinese Family & Kinship as well as many other articles and contributions to books. He has conducted extensive research in Hong Kong, which he visits frequently, and was Chinese Language Training Adviser to the Hong Kong Government from 1974-75 on secondment from London.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1984
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/5h73wh572
138

JAMES HAYES

37

CO 129/99, Despatch No. 115 of 28 July 1864.

38 Ibid. The report, by Lieutenant Adams, R.N., dated ‘Woodcock’, Hong Kong, 28 June 1864, is at pp. 37-45.

39 Reports on the Past and Present State of Her Majesty's Colonial Possessions (hereafter Blue Book) 1845, No. 38 Hong Kong, p. 149.

40 Blue Book for 1847, No. 36 Hong Kong, p. 308.

41

e.g. W.F. Mayers, N.B. Dennys and C. King, The Treaty Ports of China and Japan. (London, Trubner and Co., 1867), p. 108, for two very bad piracies there.

42 Harbour Master's Report for 1887 in Sessional Papers (Papers laid before the Legislative Council of Hong Kong) September 1887-December 1888, p. 258.

43 Blue Book for 1845, No. 38 Hong Kong, p. 151.

44

**科大蘭,陳鴻基,吳倫霓霞, 合品 香港碑銘彙編 p. 98 (D. Faure, B. Luk, A. Ng The Historical Inscriptions of Hong Kong (Hong Kong Urban Council 1986) p. 98-101, 75-78.

45 Public Record Office, London: CO129/12/9757, para 12.

46 E.J. Eitel Europe in China op. cit. p. 132.

47 J.W. Hayes The Hong Kong Region op. cit. p.62, (and see also p. 27, n. 11).

48

Unpublished Temple Directory, The Temples Unit, Home Affairs Dept. H.K. Government, 1980, p. 17.

49 Mayers, Dennys and King, op cit, p. 2. Sin Ngan (#) variously romanized herein as San-on, Sun-on and Hsin-an was the county to which Hong Kong Island belonged in 1841. Tungkwan ( ) otherwise Tung-Kwun was the older, larger county from which it was created in 1573. For Hsin-an see Peter Y.L. Ng, prepared for press and with additional material by Hugh D.R. Baker, New Peace County, A Chinese Gazetteer of the Hong Kong Region (Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1983).

50 Mayers, Dennys and King, op. cit. p.3

51

52

53

Friend of China, 24 July 1858 (courtesy of Revd. Carl T. Smith),

Ibid.

See J.W. Hayes The Hong Kong Region op. cit. pp. 46-53. See also J.W. Hayes, The Rural Communities of Hong Kong, Studies and Themes (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1983) pp 9-10.

54 Petition dated 8th day of 4th lunar month, Tao Kuang, 21st year, i.e. 28th May 1841, to the District Magistrate of Hsin-an. This and other quoted papers belong to the Tang family of Kam Tin, New Territories. I am grateful to the District Officer, Yuen Long and Mr. J.T. Kamm for the translations that appear here. They have been checked against the originals by my friend Dr. Anthony K.K. Siu. Kwan Tai Lo was a village near the foot of the present Leighton Hill.

55 Copy of an undated instruction to a presumably subordinate office following the above.

56 Petition dated 28th day of 5th lunar month, Tao Kuang 23rd year i.e. 25th June 1843.

57 Undated reply to the petitioners, presumably from the District Magistrate, following receipt of the foregoing petition.
================================================================================
RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1991
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/k356gt84j
132

NOTES

This paper is based largely on the author's own experiences while attending and being involved with Chinese funerals over a period of four decades.

2. B.D. Wilson, 'Chinese Burial Customs in Hong Kong', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 1 (1960-1), pp. 115-123.

Martin K. Whyte, 'Death in the People's Republic of China', Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, Eds. James L. Watson and Evelyn S. Rawski, University of California Press (1988), pp. 289-316, (p. 313); Laurence G. Thompson, Chinese Religion, An Introduction, Fourth Edition, The Religious Life of Man Series (1979), pp. 50-54.

Patrick Hase, 'Traditional funerals', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 21 (1981), pp. 192-6; Patrick Hase, 'Observations at a Village Funeral', From Village in the City: Studies in the Traditional Roots of Hong Kong Society, Ed. Davis Faure et al., Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong (1984), pp. 129-163; Hugh Baker, 'Burial, Geomancy and Ancestor Worship', Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Aspects of Social Organization in the New Territories, Week-end Symposium, 9th-10th May 1964, pp. 36-39.

5. VR Burkhardt, 'Funerals, Requiem Masses and the Path to Purgatory', Chinese Creeds and Customs (1982), pp. 96-110.

Evelyn S. Rawski, "The Imperial Way of Death: Ming and Ching Emperors and Death Ritual", Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, op. cit., pp. 228-253 (p. 238).

7. T.C. Lai, Husein Rofe, and Philip Mao, Things Chinese, ed. T.C. Lai (1971), p. 70.

9. Ibid., p. 71.

John Z. Bowers, 'Surgery Past and Present', Medicine and Public Health in the People's Republic of China, ed. Joseph R. Quinn (1973), pp. 53-62.

10. Linda Chih-ling Koo, Nourishment of Life: Health in Chinese Society (1982), p. 7, and discussion between Dr. Koo and the author, 18 June 1992.

11. Hugh Baker, 'Soul', More Ancestral Images, A Second Hong Kong Album (1980), pp. 5-8.

12. Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity: The Early History of the Tung Wah Hospital (1989).

13. James Hayes, The Hong Kong Region 1850-1911, Institutions and Leadership in Towns and Countryside (1977), pp. 67-8.

14. James Hayes, The Rural Committees of Hong Kong - Studies and Themes (1983), p. 45.

15. Frena Bloomfield, The Book of Chinese Beliefs (1983), pp. 100, 101, and 112.

16. The author has visited this 'Coffin Home' on various occasions.

18. Harold Ingrams, Hong Kong (1952), plate vi; James L. Watson, 'Funeral Specialists in Cantonese Society: Pollution, Performance and Social Hierarchy', Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, op. cit., p. 109.

19. James Hayes, 'Sandal Wood Mills at Tsun Wan', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 16 (1976), pp. 283-3.

20. Gems of Langzhu Culture, exhibition at Hong Kong Museum of History, 11 April to 9 August 1992.
================================================================================