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RICHARD J. SMITH

46 See K. A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society, Liao (907-1125) (Philadelphia, 1949), 8-10; also Igor de Rachewiltz, “Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai (1189-1243); Buddhist Idealist and Confucian Statesman" in Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twitchett, Confucian Personalities (Stanford, 1962).

47 Wittfogel and Feng, 9.

48 See Herbert Franke, "Sino-Western Contacts under the Mongol Empire,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6 (1966), 52.

49 Kuwabara, 96-99.

50 See Henry Serruys, "Mongols Ennobled during the Early Ming,” HIAS, 22 (1959); also Serruys, "Landgrants to the Mongols in China: 1400-1460,” Monumenta Serica, 25 (1966), especially 394. As had been the case with other barbarians in China's past, the use of Mongol and Jurched troops in the Ming could be a liability as well as an asset. See Serruys, "Sino-Jürched Relations During the Yung-Lo Period (1403-1424),” Göttinger Asiatische Forschungen (Weisbaden, 1955); 67-68, 71.

51 See the summary discussion in Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China (London and Toronto, 1975), 138-139; also George L. Harris, "The Mission of Matteo Ricci, S.J.: A Case Study of an Effort at Guided Culture Change in China in the Sixteenth Century,” Monumenta Serica, 25 (1966).

52 James B. Parsons, Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (Tucson, 1970), 129.

53 C. R. Boxer, "Portuguese Military Expeditions in Aid of the Mings Against the Manchus, 1621-1647," T'ien-Hsia Monthly, VII (1938); S. Y. Teng and John K. Fairbank, China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839-1923 (New York, 1970), 13; North-China Herald, January 10, 1852. Boxer, 32, offers the explanation that the expedition was undermined by Cantonese who feared that the Portuguese, if successful, would be granted extended trading rights, while the North-China Herald suggests that when the men reached Nan-ch'ang they were ordered to return because "the contemptible figure they presented completely disappointed expectation." It is probable that each of these interpretations has a measure of validity.

54 Serruys, "Were the Ming,” 136.

55 Boxer, 35.

56 Wills, Guns, Pepper and Parleys, especially chapter 2; Fu Lo-shu, A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations (1644-1820) (Tucson, 1966), I: 32-33, 58; Teng and Fairbank, 34.

57 The Ch'ing did, however, ally with the Russians against the Dzungars during the K'ang-hsi period and the Ch'ien-lung emperor did make good use of Western cannon (Hsi-yang p'ao) in his famous campaigns. See, for example, IWSM, TC 9: 30a-b; also Teng and Fairbank, 34; Swisher, 697.

58 See Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, "Russia's Special Position in China during the Early Ch'ing Period," Slavic Review, 13.4 (December, 1964).

59 Chinese Repository 11: 64; Swisher, 98-99.

60 See Masataka Banno, China and the West, 1858-1861 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), especially 45-53, 207-209; Swisher, 683-697.

61 See, for example, IWSM TC 22: 11b-13b; also Richard J. Smith, "Foreign-Training and China's Self-Strengthening: The Case of Feng-huang-shan, 1864-1873,” Modern Asian Studies, 10.12 (1976).

62 For the use of this expression (or a variant) as late as the 1890's see WCSL 101: 9 and 129; 16.
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143

adult males until the deaths of their fathers, although in some Chinese villages it seems clear that severely punitive child-rearing practices also play a role.

Clearly, the study of this cult in both Rome and China yields greater insights when viewed comparatively. There are undoubtedly many other topics that would profit from such an approach, and this paper will have served its purpose if it stimulates further efforts in this vein.82

NOTES

CIL 6.26003. The system of citation employed in this paper conforms, for the classical sources, with that of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (1970), ix-xxii, and for periodicals with the relevant volume of L'année philologique. Note also:

Jour. Amer. Folk.

Journal of American Folklore

The following abbreviations will also be used:

Ahern (1973) = E. Ahern, The Cult of the Dead in a Chinese Village (Stanford, 1973)

Bömer (1943) = F. Bömer, Ahnenkult und Ahnenglaube im alten Rom (Leipzig and Berlin, 1943)

Cumont (1922) = F. Cumont, After Life in Roman Paganism (New Haven, 1922)

de Groot (1892-1910) = J.J.M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, 6 vols. (Leiden, 1892-1910)

de-Marchi (1896) = A. de-Marchi, Il culto privato di Roma antica, I (Milan, 1896)

Feuchtwang (1974) = S. Feuchtwang, "Domestic and Communal Worship in Taiwan", in A.P. Wolf (ed.), Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society (Stanford, 1974), pp. 105-129

Fustel de Coulanges (1874) = N. Denis Fustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City (Boston and New York, 1874)

Goody (1962) = J. Goody, Death, Property and the Ancestors (Stanford, 1962)

Harrell (1976) = S. Harrell, "The Ancestors at Home: Domestic Worship in a Land-poor Taiwanese Village", in W. H. Newell (ed.), Ancestors (The Hague and Paris, 1976), pp. 373-385

Hsu (1967) = F.L.K. Hsu, Under the Ancestors' Shadow (Garden City, N.Y., 1967)

Jordan (1972) = D.K. Jordan, Gods, Ghosts and Ancestors (Berkeley, 1972)
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1990
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42

disasters. the second is for those who died because of plague. The final reason is to thank the benevolent governors Wang Lai-ren and Zhou You-de of the beginning of the Qing dynasty. In my opinion, all these reasons can be integrated into the first one.

(d) Chan Wing-hoi "The Tangs of Kam Tin and their Jiu festival", Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 29 (1989) 302-375, a rich and detailed account of the lineage, its temples and villages, and the festival which draws them together.

Dr. Faure gradually switched his interest to the Pearl River Delta while Prof. Tanaka, as I was told, is now looking at Sichuan province. Talk on publishing a book on Hong Kong Jiao festivals has been going on for years by members of the "Research Circle of the Regional Society of Southern China''. In 1990, the editorial board of the society set up a schedule to compile a book focusing on the Jiao festival. It is expected that papers on various aspects will be completed by the end of April 1991. (Correspondence from the society dated 28.12.1990)

Schipper, Kristofer M., "The Written Memorial in Taoist Ceremonies" in Wolf, Arthur P. (ed.) Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), 324,

For example, according to Chan Wing-hoi, villagers of Shek O celebrated their 16th Jiao in 1986 (Chan, 78). The Dengs in Kam Tin claimed to have celebrated their Jiao since 1684 (Tanaka, 918).

See for instance Basel Mission Archives, doct. Al-6, No. 51 (1869), and doct. Al-7, No. 51 (1870) and Der Evangelische Heidenbote, July 1867, in which a missionary describes how he was forced to go to the Magistrate to get his support before he could avoid having to pay his share of the Jiao expenses. All these cases are from Hsin An County. The Sha Tin poem will, it is hoped, shortly be published by Dr. P.H. Hase.

These two series are part of the 15 series of historical documents collected by Dr. D. Faure and others in the New Territories. Copies of the collections are kept in the libraries of CUHK, Hong Kong University, Sha Tin Regional Council Library, and Institute of Oriental Culture, Tokyo University.

31

Tanaka Chugoku no Sozoku to Engeki [Lineage and Theatre in China] (Tokyo Univ. Press 1985), 608. Jiao festivals celebrated by the powerful communities in Hong Kong like Kam Tin, Ha Tsuen, Lung Yeuk Tau etc., were all performed by the Zhengyi Taoist group, led first by the late Master Lin Pei and now by Master Chan Kau. Another Zhengyi Taoist group is led by Master Chan Wah. However, many Taoist priests work for both groups. There are also other Taoist groups who performed for the Jiao festivals, like a Cantonese group which performed for Ho Chung and a Heklo group for Cheung Chau. In 1983, four out of five Jiao festivals were performed by monastery Taoists. It is not clear whether it was because of tradition or out of economic reasons. A comparison of the two Taoist groups has yet to be made.

14 Choi Chi-cheung **Sho matsuri no jinmei risuto ni mirareru shinzoku ban'i” [Kinship as seen in the name lists of Jiao festival] Bunka Jinnú Gaku 5 (1988): 131, table L. 35 **Shinshi men" [Section of Believers] in Fanling Wenxian (Historical Literature of Fanling) vol. 8. This brief account records details of the arrangement of the Jiao area, including the contents of couplets, names of deities invited, location and direction of matshed stages, and the sacrifices prepared etc.. See n. 32 for the depositories of Fanling Wenxian.

36 See (1972) Lin Chuan [Lam Tsuen] Xiang Taiping Qingjiao huiyi jilubu in Dapu [Tai Po] Wenzian [Historical Literature of Tai Po] vol. 1. (see n. 32 for depositories)

37 Tanaka Issei's three books, all published by the Tokyo Univ. Press are: Chugoku Saishi Engeki Kenkyu [Ritual Theatres in China] (1981), Chugoku no Sozoku to Engeki [Lineage and Theatre in China) (1985), and Chugoku Kyoson Saishi Kenkyu: Chihogeki
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62

Yun nan tong zhi gao
雲南通志稿

選平樂府重建聖廟碑記
Xuan Ping lo fu chong jian sheng miao bei ji

Ta xin shuo 塔性說

San jia shi bu yi 三家詩補遺

Wen xuan lou shu cang shu ji
文選樓書藏書記

Ba zhuan yin guan ke zhu ji 八轉吟館刻記

Bu bi tu shi 布幣圖識

A4

Ruan shi Chi gu zhai Han tong yin te
阮氏積古齋漢銅印得

Wen xuan lou cang bei
文選樓藏碑

Ruan wen da gong zhi shi hou jia shu
阮文達公致仕後家書

Han shi jing can zi 漢石經藏碑

Lang huan xian guan shi

Ruan wen da gong zhi shi hou jia shu
阮文達公致仕後家書

Lun yu lun ren lun 論語論仁論

Meng zi lun ren lun

NOTES

Arthur F Wright, "Values, Roles, and Personalities” in Confucian Personalities, edited by Arthur F Wright and Denis Twitchett (Stanford 1962), 11

Ibid., 4

See Appendix 1 chronology of Ruan Yuan's government appointments and Appendix 2. Ruan Yuan's major works and compilations

4

Lyn Struve, "The Hsu Brothers and Semi-official Patronage of Scholars in the K'ang-hsi Period", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42-231-266 (1982). R Kent Guy, The Emperor's Four Treasuries. Scholars and the State in the Late Ch'ien-lung Era, Harvard, 1987 Guy has inscribed "We await Ruan Yuan" on the front piece of my copy of his work

Struve, 231

The three Xu Brothers were Xu Qian xue (1631-1694), Xue Bing yi (1633-1711), and Xu Yuan wen (1634-1691) Other officials who were patrons of scholars included Ye Fang ai (1629-1682), Song De yi (1622-1687), and Yu Guo zhu (d ca 1688), Struve, 232-239

7 Guy, 52 Guy had neglected to include the group Ruan Yuan had organized at the Gu Jing Jing she in Hangzhou earlier. A number of scholars from this group had followed Ruan throughout his official life from the late 1790s to the late 1830s for over 40 years I have opted to keep the Wade-Giles transliteration of the Guy original

8 Wang Jun-yi, “Kang Qian sheng shi yu Qian Jia xue pai — jian lun Qian Jia xue pai di liu pai ji chi ping jia" 清代乾嘉學派的流派及其評價 Qing shu yen jiu 4 342-366 (Beijing, 1986). Unless otherwise indicated, all translations into English in this paper are made by me

9 Qian Mu, Zhong guo jin san bai nian xue shu shi [A history of Chinese learning during the past 300 years], (Taipei edition, 1976), 478
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1992
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CONTENTS

PRESIDENT'S REPORT.

ARTICLES:

1 Keith Stevens A Jersey Adventurer in China: Gun Runner, Customs Officer, and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army, 1842-1919 ... Vii

P.H. Munro-Faure - Behind the Front Lines in Burma, The Marches of the Salween Border, 1942-1944... 113

Wei Peh Ti A Peek Backwards into the Jewish Community of Shanghai. 149

James Hayes - Old Chinese Graves from the Tsuen Wan District of Hong Kong's New Territories ... 164

David Faure An Exploratory Study of Pingshan, a Hakka Village Cluster to the East of Shenzhen ... 180

NOTES AND QUERIES:

David Faure - China Resurgence of Folk Religion in Western ... 193

Denis Bray - Growing up in China: Lecture to the Royal Asiatic Society, Hong Kong Branch, 14 May, 1993 ... 199

P.H. Hase Bandits in the Siu Lek Yuen Yeuk ... 214

Alvin P. Cohen First Meeting of the Warring States Working Group, University of Massachusetts ... 216

BOOK REVIEWS ... 218
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GROWING UP IN CHINA:

LECTURE TO THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, HONG KONG BRANCH, 14 MAY, 1993

DENIS BRAY

It is quite a challenge to compose a talk on the first 13 years of your life when there are practically no books to consult and friends from those days are scattered or gone. To the challenge is added an audience much more knowledgeable than I on the history of the area. I think I can only get away with it because nobody can check on much that I have to say. As I do not speak Putonghua or write Pinyin I am going to stick to spellings for place names used in the thirties and Cantonese for local names.

There are some references. There are three books of reference on the China Inland Mission School at Chefoo. Two are written by students who went there long before I did. They are Mrs Jean Moore and Dr. Gren Wedderburn. A full history of the school from start to finish has been written by Gordon Martin who was classics teacher when I was there and who was one of the longest serving teachers the school had. I am sure that the Methodist Missionary Society in London has copious records on the mission in Fatshan and South China.

I Was Born

I did not start life in China but in Hong Kong — at the Matilda Hospital in fact. My father was working in the Methodist Mission in Fatshan at the time, running Wah Ying School. This school was founded in 1913 near to a hospital, also run by the mission, which was founded in 1881. The hospital, now known officially as the Number One People's Hospital, but spoken of as the Chun Do Yi Yuen, or Methodist Hospital, celebrated its 111th anniversary last year. The school, now known as the Number One Middle School but spoken of still as Wah Ying, will celebrate its 90th anniversary in December this year.

January 1926 towards the end of the General Strike, when all Chinese were urged to boycott any form of service for foreigners, was accompanied by incidents of unrest in China and in Hong Kong itself. It was no time for a pregnant woman to remain in China unless it was...
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Lectures:

1993

16 April

14 May

11 June

9 July

15 October

30 October

19 November

26 November

9 December

1994

21 January

18 February

11 March

21 March

Chinese Opera Di S.Y Chan

Growing Up in China Mr Denis Bray

New Territories Poetry and Song Di Patrick Hase

The Li Family of Hong Kong Mr Frank Ching

Chinese Festivals in Hong Kong. Dr Patrick Hase based on video taken by Mr. Peter Lee

Mult-culturalism and Asia Asian Arts Society of Australia Dr. James Hayes

Emigration from Hong Kong Dr. Elizabeth Sinn

Law as a Foreign Language Professor Derek Roebuck

Triad Societies in Hong Kong Mr. Ip Pau-fuk

William Mesney. Mr Keith Stevens

Chinese Clothing An Illustrated Guide Mis Valery Garrett

Eternal Serenity Meaning of Architecture of the Chinese Buddhist Monastery Di Puay-peng Ho

Ancient Chinese Gold Dr Simon Kwan

Crossing the Taklamakan Desert Mr Charles Blackmore

Visits:

1993

3 April

2 May

22 May

5 June/September

25 June

3 July

30 September

Exhibition of paintings by Nancy Woo - Fung Ping Shan Museum, HK University

Jewish Cemetery

Mer Yung Tang Collection of Paintings by Chan Dai Chien Chinese University Art Gallery

Marine Police Headquarters in Tsim Sha Tsui (two visits)

Japanese Tea Ceremony - Fung Ping Shan Museum, HK University

Picnic and outing to Yuen Tun Village Civil Aid Services Camp, Tar Lam Chung

Wo Hang Village to see making and letting off of paper balloons (Moon Festival)
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196

Cambridge History of China, edited by Denis Twitchett et al, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978+

Campbell, Charles S. Special Business Interests and the Open Door Policy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951

Carlson, Evans Fordyce. Twin Stars of China, the Behind the Scenes Story of China's Valiant Struggle for Existence by a US Marine Who Lived and Moved with the People, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940

Carr, Henry. Riding the Tiger: An American Newspaper Man in the Orient, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1934

Chang, Sul-jeung. The Jews in Kaifeng. Reflections on Sino-Judaic History, Monographs of the Jewish Historical Society of Hong Kong, vol. II, Hong Kong: Jewish Chronicle, 1986.

Chardin, Pacifique Marie. Les Missions Franciscaines en Chine, Paris: Auguste Picard, 1915

Ch'en, Yuan. Western and Central Asians in China Under the Mongols, translated from the Chinese and annotated by Ch'en Hsing-hai and L. Carrington Goodrich, Los Angeles: Monumenta Serica, 1966

Chester, Ruth (Professor of Chemistry and Associate Dean of Ginling College), 'Women in Wartime China', broadcast May 1941 from Chengtu, in United China Relief Series Inc.

Chesterton, Ada Elizabeth (Jones). Young China and New Japan, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1933

China in the Sixteenth Century, the Journal of Matthew Ricci 1583-1610 translated by Louis J. Gallagher, SJ, New York: Random House, 1953

China Miscellany, pamphlets and reprints, Shanghai and Hong Kong, 1864-1948

Chinese Repository, Macao and Canton, 1832-1851

Chinese Travellers, the. Containing a Geographical, Commercial and Political History of China, etc. collected from Du Halde, Le Comte, and other modern travellers, second edition, London: printed for E. and C. Dilly, 1772

Chitty, J.R. Things Seen in China, London: Seeley, Service, 1912

Christmas, Margaret C.S. Adventurous Pursuits: Americans and the China Trade 1784-1844, Washington, DC: National Gallery, 1984

Clark, Robert Sterling and Arthur de C. Sowerby. Through Shen-Kan: The Account of the Clark Expedition in Northern China, London: T.F. Unwin, 1912
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255

Laya and to assist in the Korean War. In 1957 the Royal Artillery lost one of its major stations in the colony described as "the last of the great Gunner bastions on the island," when 27 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA, which was stationed at Stanley Fort, was sent back to the United Kingdom for reorganisation. From then up to the handover to the Hong Kong Government in 1994, Stanley Fort was occupied by British infantry battalions on 2-year tours of duty. In 1997 it was handed over to the People's Liberation Army who are the present occupants.

NOTES

1 Lord Stanley, Edward Henry, 15th Earl of Derby, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1845.

REFERENCES

"Stanley, Hong Kong - The First Three Years" by Lieut. G.P. Shearer, R.E., Royal Engineers' Journal, June 1938.

"British & Indian Armies on the China Coast 1795 - 1985", by Alan Harfield, A&J Partnership, 1990.

"The Guns & Gunners of Hong Kong", by Denis Rollo, The Gunners Roll of Hong Kong 1992.

"Eighteen Days", by Col. D.R. Bennett, R.A.P.C., The Royal Army Pay Office, Hong Kong, 1976.

"Lyemun Barracks: 140 Years of Military History", by Phillip Bruce, 1987.
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A new military hospital has now been built facing Jordan Road on the site of the old gun shed and the barrack buildings started a new stage in their history when the PLA moved in after the handover of sovereignty to China in 1997.

REFERENCES

NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS (PRO)

"Horse Lines on the Kowloon Plains Over 100 Years Ago”, Hong Kong Then & Now series, Sept. 16, 1973.

"Transformation of Sleepy Chatham Road”, Hong Kong Then & Now series, May 5, 1978.

"Tsimshatsui's Little Portugal", Hong Kong Then & Now series, Nov. 26, 1978.

"Healthy Military Sites" by Colin Crisswell, The Vanishing City series, South China Morning Post, Jan. 1, 1978.

"An Army Home for Over a Century", by Neil Pereira, Hong Kong Then & Now series, July 29, 1979.

"The Street Where You Live” Chatham Road - the End of an Era", by Kavita Daswani, Dimensions in Living, Nov. 1986.

BOOKS

"British & Indian Armies on the China Coast 1795 - 1985", by Alan Harfield, A & J Partnership, 1990

"The Guns & Gunners of Hong Kong”, by Denis Rollo, The Gunners Roll of Hong Kong, 1992.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n
Activities - Talks

Date

2000

Appendix One

Friday 28 April: Chinese Children's Books, by Don Cohn

Friday 5 May: Recollections of a District Officer in the NT in the 1950s, by Denis Bray

Friday 16 June: Pre-British Kowloon, by Dr Patrick Hase

Friday 25 August: Lantau Mountain Camp, by Geoff Lovegrove

Friday 22 September: The Architecture of the Chi Lin Nunnery at Diamond Hill, by Professor Puay Peng Ho

Friday 27 October: Awards to Britons in the Service of China, by David Mahoney

Friday 10 November: George Smith, Iconoclastic Bishop (1813-1871), by Dr Gillian Bickley and Dr Verner Bickley

Friday 24 November: The Life of Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor, Commissioner of Customs 1857-1938, by Dr Cyril Cannon

Saturday 9 December: Hong Kong: Forty Years of a Growing City. One-day Conference jointly held with HK Museum of History to mark the Society's 40th Anniversary. Speakers: Reverend Carl Smith, Dr Patrick Hase and Tim Ko.

2001

Friday 9 February: Salt Production in the New Territories, by Dr Patrick Hase

XXV
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promised quick liberation from technological backwardness of China and consequently from the dependence on non-altruistic foreign assistance, or so at least hoped young, aware, fierce and idealistic Chinese patriots of the mandarin origin, Han Suyin's father, Chou Yentung, among them. Belonging to the upper class of the Old China's society, a scholarship was rather easily granted to him by the provincial government of Szechuan to study railway engineering in Belgium. He spent ten long years in Brussels (1903-1913), studying and working, and there he met his future wife, Marguerite Denis, and eventually married her in 1908. In Chapter One of The Crippled Tree Han Suyin briefly comments:

We are all products of our time, vulnerable to history. I was born because there had been, in China, a Boxer Rebellion (as the Europeans called it) in 1900, and because of this event, which the Chinese call the Uprising of the Righteous Fists, my Chinese father, instead of becoming a classical scholar, perhaps a Hanlin Academician, married my Belgian mother.

Re-settlement of the Chou family from Belgium to China was a great disillusionment for both, Marguerite Denis and her young Chinese engineer husband. At that time (which - unfortunately enough - would end with the Communist Revolution only) Chinese were treated in their own motherland as citizens of the second category, by definition inferior to the whites. Han Suyin's great epic cycle on autobiography/history of China gives multiple examples to prove this abhorring and painful truth. The return trip alone was a bitter humiliation for the couple travelling such an enormously long way to the Chinese homeland with their first-born son. In Chapter Eighteen of The Crippled Tree, Han Suyin quotes fragments of her father's memoirs, which describe some details of that event:

When we went to collect the tickets [for the English boat], the man in the booking office (tall, blond, low-voiced) said to Marguerite: "But, madame, you can go in first class if you wish, but not monsieur. It is the rule.

"Oh," said Marguerite, astonished, "but he is my husband. Of course I shall go with him.
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Han Suyin was the daughter of a Belgian (Dutch/Flemish) mother, Marguerite Denis, and a Chinese father, Chou Yen Tung, (a railway engineer) and one of eight children. She was born in Sinyang, Henan Province. Her parents met whilst her father was studying at university in Belgium. In 1932, she started work as a typist at the Peking Union Medical College to earn money to study. She entered Yenching University in 1933. She transferred to the University of Brussels in 1935 but abandoned her studies in 1938 and returned to China after the Japanese invasion. The same year, she married a Kuomintang officer, Tang Pao Huang, who rose to the rank of general before he was killed during the Civil War in 1947. Tang served for a period as a military attaché in London during World War Two. Before his death, they adopted a daughter, Mei.

Han Suyin, aged three (second from left) with her father behind her

In 1944, she entered the School of Medicine, University of London and in 1948 graduated M.B., B.S. (Hons.). She took an appointment as a paediatrician at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, in 1949. After Mr. Morrison's death in August 1950, she continued working in Hong Kong and married Leonard (Leon) F. Comber, an English publisher, on 1 February 1952, in Hong Kong. She spent the next 10 years in Johore Bahru, Malaysia, working at an anti-tuberculosis clinic. Mr. Comber was a Special Branch officer (assistant superintendent) in Malaya between 1948 and 1960. It was in Malaysia, also, that she met her current husband, an Indian Army colonel Vincent Rathnaswamy. There is a confusing report that she practiced medicine in China until about 1961.
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427

D.C. Bray, Hong Kong Metamorphosis, Hong Kong University Press, 2001, pp 245. index, plates.

Denis Bray was born in Hong Kong, and entered the Hong Kong Government in 1950 as a Cadet Officer, retiring in 1985 as Secretary for Home Affairs and Deputy to the Governor: since his retirement, he has continued to live in Hong Kong. Given this history, he is uniquely qualified to speak about the development of Hong Kong in recent decades. His book, however, is not a history. It is a series of reminiscences. Many parts of his career are passed over. He does not produce any deep analyses of events; nor does he philosophise on what it was that inspired and motivated him. He merely describes those events which, looking back, he remembers with affection and continuing interest.

The book opens with one of the best and sunniest descriptions of a happy childhood that I have read for many years. His home in Foshan, in the centre of Guangdong Province, where his father ran a missionary hospital, his holidays in Hong Kong, his schooling in North China, and the journeys to and fro, are all remembered and described well. His family's return to England as war approached, his education at Cambridge, and his discovery of rowing, follow, in an almost equally beguiling account. This was first given as a lecture to HKBRAS, as is handsomely stated in the book.

The central half of the book relates scenes from his early career in Hong Kong before he reached the level of Secretary for Home Affairs with a seat on the Legislative and Executive Councils. Few personal details intrude, apart from occasional glimpses of Denis on his dinghy, or, later, his yacht. What we see is Denis the administrator, and what a splendid glimpse he gives of a classic Colonial Service administrator of the best type! He notes that a Colonial Service officer could be assumed to 'be used to championing the interests of the people where he was working against the tendency of London to give more importance to the interests of Britain' (p. 171), and, again, ‘everyone knew that our job was to look out for the ordinary citizen' (p. 138). Time and again, Denis describes situations where hide-bound bureaucrats, anxious only to "play it by the book,” and to maximise Government income, were creating unfairness for ordinary people. Denis, once and again, comes up with some scheme to eliminate the unfairness, often by bending the rules, or introducing some extra-legal administrative procedure, which
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could be slipped past the powers-that-be. Slaughterhouse butchers, villagers in New Territories villages, hawkers in urban street-markets, taxi-drivers, factory-hands forced to commute on wildly inadequate bus-services, all were helped by schemes introduced by Denis. When I first joined the Hong Kong Administrative Service in 1972, I heard a good deal about the problems these "Bray-waves" caused to the bureaucrats who were teaching us the ropes, and who wanted nothing so much as a comfortable life, bolstered by rule-books which never needed to be questioned, but, having looked at what Denis did, and how he did it, I have no doubt at all that what he did was politically essential, well thought out, practicable, and necessary. Letters "B," the Small House Policy, the Hawker Control Force, the Mutual Aid Committees, and so much more, were the right solutions to real problems, and genuinely did alleviate real unfairness. All too often, after Denis moved on, his successors would hamstring his reforms by refusing to implement them in the spirit in which they were introduced, unfortunately, but I do not believe anyone reading in an unbiased way Denis' account of the introduction of Letters "B" (p. 76), or the Small House Policy (p. 163-166) could fail to see the need for the new policy, nor the skill and intelligence with which Denis undertook the work.

Reading this book, I was amazed to see just how many of the policies I attempted to implement had been introduced by Denis. In the Urban Services Department, the Home Affairs Department, and as District Officer in the New Territories, almost all the policies that governed my life had been introduced by him.

The later part of the book, on the years when Denis was "near the top," and at the top, will prove of interest to political historians in later years, giving glimpses of an insider's view of the negotiations on the future of Hong Kong. I personally found this part of the book duller and of less interest. Loyalty to the system makes the descriptions thin and the reticence is widespread. Nonetheless, this part of the book is without doubt of considerable historical value.

At the end of the book is a short “Epilogue” in which Denis gives his views on the political development of Hong Kong after his retirement. His utter rejection of the Patten position is made very clear, and his espousal of a slow-but-steady development towards universal suffrage for the Legislative Council and for the election of the Chief
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Executive, with what he sees as the inevitable concomitant to these developments of a ministerial system - are made fascinatingly clear.

Hong Kong was immensely lucky to have had Denis in senior positions throughout the formative years of modern Hong Kong. Without innovative, intelligent, and vigorous officers like him, what would the place have been like? At the same time, Denis, too, was lucky. For much of his early career, he had the sympathetic support of Ronald Holmes as his immediate superior: almost the only man with the imagination to countenance Denis's guerrilla attacks on the shibboleths of administration, and, more importantly, with the intelligence and drive to support them when he was satisfied they were needed. Had Denis had a succession of stolid and lazy lame-brains as his superiors, how long would it have taken for him to have been black-listed as just someone who "rocked the boat," who was "too clever for his own good”? I wonder if anyone with his flair and instinctive feel for the needs of ordinary people could survive in the Administrative Service of today?

Denis comes over in this book as a man of great intelligence and charm, wit, and decency. His 'horror and disgust' at the things disclosed by the Independent Commission Against Corruption come through, for instance, very clearly. Having worked for him for a couple of years, I know that the book shows the real Denis.

The book is very well printed by Hong Kong University Press. There are a few errors that should have been caught by the copy-editors (for instance, 'Rodean School' and 'the Ordinance Survey,' both on p. 151). Denis states that he is no historian, and there are a few places where there are minor errors of historical fact, although none that affect the overall value of the book. Among them are the names of the Seven Yeuk of Tai Po (p. 96), the date of the New Market at Tai Po (founded 1892, and not after the building of the Tai Po Road a decade later, as suggested on pp. 96 and 170-171), and the date of the Tolo Harbour arable reclamations (almost all in the nineteenth century, rather than the late eighteenth as suggested on p. 61).

All in all, this is a book of considerable charm; thoroughly to be recommended to anyone interested in today's Hong Kong.

PATRICK HASE
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演講

本會每月(七月除外)均邀請著名學者或專家作專題演講,題目廣泛有趣,如香港境內燈塔、中國神祇、風水、新界1899年以前墟市、中華白海豚及香港海洋保育等。演講多於星期五在中環舉行,近期講題可參閱本會網址www.royalasiaticsociety.org.hk。

TEARNING THE ROPES
Abeer ga
(kuðlenges
Der Epivering the set törkelsøg
Systems, NË PUCntit korpung
Denis Voesen audi ciæră, princes
Getting the wriÉZ 500g
11. STARTING RISE AROTE IN THONG, KIM,
Sen culture, new languver
Cemeteries zoved first visit in Macaro
Chinese death mučices
Kyle Havesick all whƐ Murray Home
lih Class, Alesrom, Hung J44 Special

Talks

Each month, except in July, RAS members are enlightened and entertained by distinguished speakers on subjects as diverse as Hong Kong's lighthouses, Chinese Gods, Fung Shui, the market towns in the New Territories in 1899 and Hong Kong's pink dolphins and marine conservation in Hong Kong, to name but a few. The talks take place in a Central location, usually on Friday evenings.

For details of our current talks please refer to our latest newsletter posted on our web site: www.royalasiaticsociety.org.hk.
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London: George G. Harrap, 1945.

Ritchie, Edmee Alice

My memoirs or good of its kind. [s.l.: s.n., n.d.].

Secret notes on Japanese army

North Melbourne: Victorian Railways Printing Works, 1942.

The Shanghai directory 1941: City supplementary edition to The China Hong List. Shanghai: The Office of the North-China Daily News & Herald, Ltd.

Shneider, Vladimir

Traces of the ten. Beer-Sheva: V. Shneider, 2002.

Smith, Arthur Henderson, 1845-1932.

Village life in China: a study in sociology. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1900.

Ticozzi, Sergio

Historical document of the Hong Kong Catholic Church. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Archives, 1997

Vocational Training Council (Hong Kong) The Morrison Hill story [videorecording]. [Hong Kong: s.n., 199-.

Waters, Dan.

Lunch beat [2 sound cassettes]. (Dr Dan Waters shares his in-depth knowledge and stories about Hong Kong's past in two episodes of radio programme The Lunch Beat.

[Hong Kong: RTHK, 1998 - 2001].

Way, Denis M. and Nield, Robert

Counting house: the history of PricewaterhouseCoopers on the China Coast. Hong Kong: PricewaterhouseCoopers, c2002.

Wu, You-ru

Shen-jiang sheng jing tu. Shanghai: Hua bao zhai shu she, 1999.

Zhang, Yingjin

lvii
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would be unfavourable. 

18 G.S.P. Heywood, Hong Kong Typhoons (Hong Kong: Government Printers, 1950), p.15. 

19 Spring 1944 estimates for the number of Japanese aircraft able to oppose a Hong Kong landing numbered 400, with perhaps another 1,150 in nearby areas able to be diverted to Hong Kong. Allied planners believed that they could maintain a CAP of about 120 aircraft over Hong Kong at any time. See (1) CPS107/1, p.35-36, 40. (2) JIC177, "Campaign in China: Japanese Aircraft Available to Oppose a Landing in the Hong Kong Area," 21 Mar 44, p.3-4; CCS381 Hong Kong; RG218; NA, Washington, DC. 

20 Heywood, p.15. 

21 There are other possible origins of the word. Tufan means smoke in Arabic, and typhon means monster in Greek. See William J. Kotsch & Richard Henderson, Heavy Weather Guide, 2nd Ed. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), p.167. 

22 (1) Heywood, p.1-2. (2) Hans Christian Adamson & George Francis Kosco, Halsey's Typhoons (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1967), p.10-14, 176-177. 

23 Heywood, p.1. 

24 (1) HKRO, Tropical Cyclones, p.2. (2) Heywood, p.16, 19. (3) Adamson & Kosco, p.11-12. 

25 (1) HKRO, Meteorological Results, 1937 (Hong Kong: Government Printers, 1938), Appendix II, p.4-5 (hereafter referred to as HKRO, Meteorological Results). (2) Denis Campbell Bray, Hong Kong Metamorphosis (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001), p.144. (3) Gordon John Bell, Surface Winds in Hong Kong Typhoons: Preliminary Report (Hong Kong: Royal Observatory, 1963), p.1 

26 (1) HKRO, Meteorological Results, p.6. (2) South China Morning Post (SCMP), September 4, 1937, p.12. 

27 (1) HKRO, Meteorological Results, Appendix II. (2) Charles E.J. Eather, Airport of the Nine Dragons: Kai Tak, Kowloon (Surfer's Paradise, Queensland: Ching
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for the surveying and associated film shooting exercises.

REFERENCES

Books and journal articles

Bard, Solomon 1988 In Search of the Past: a Guide to the Antiquities of Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Urban Council.

Eather, Charles Chic 1996 Airport of the Nine Dragons: Kai Tak Kowloon. Surfers Paradise, Australia, ChingChic Publishers.

Empson, Hal 1992 Mapping Hong Kong: a Historical Atlas. Hong Kong, Government Printer (Bilingual: English and Chinese).

Horsnell, R.G. 2000 "The Story of Stanley Fort,” The Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 38, 1998/1999, pp. 247-263.

Horsnell, R.G. 2000 "The Story of Gun Club Hill Barracks,” The Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 38, 1998/1999, pp. 265-280.

Ko, Tim Keung and Wordie, Jason 1996 Ruins of War: A Guide to Hong Kong's Battlefields and Wartime Sites. Hong Kong, Joint Publishing (Hong Kong).

Ko, Tim Keung 2001 War Relics in the Green. Hong Kong, Cosmos Books.

Lai, Lawrence Wai Chung; Ho, Daniel Chi Wing and Lung, Ping Yee 'Disused Military Structures on Devil's Peak: a Post-Colonial Planning and Building Analysis on Pre-war British Coastal Defence Structures in Hong Kong', EKISTICS, forthcoming.

Lee, Klaudia 2002 "War Relics Disappearing Under the Weight of Neglect, Historians Warn," South China Morning Post, 17 November 2002, p. 2.

Rollo, Denis 1992 The Guns and Gunners of Hong Kong. Hong
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A NOTE ON THE JAPANESE GUN EMPLACEMENT AT TATHONG POINT, TUNG LUNG CHAU

ROBERT HORSNELL

399

At Tathong Point, also known as Nam Tong Mei, a small rocky peninsular at the extreme southern tip of Tung Lung Island, there still exists the remains of a little known war-time Japanese gun emplacement. Its purpose was probably to protect the south-eastern approaches to Victoria Harbour. This gun emplacement is not mentioned in the book Ruins of War by Tim Ko and Jason Wordie and is not listed in the Gazetteer of the Batteries of the Fixed Defences of Hong Kong in Denis Rollo's book The Guns and Gunners of Hong Kong, although Rollo does mention an observation post for the Devil's Peak Battery at the southern end of Tung Lung Island built in 1935/36. From information in an old Public Works Department file it appears that the gun emplacement was built by the Japanese during the Occupation (1941-1945).

In 1965, the gun emplacement was converted by the Public Works Department's Architectural Office into an engine room for the Marine Department's Tathong Point Lighthouse Station to house the electric marine light, foghorn engines, light standby engine and switchboard. The staff quarters adjacent to the engine room were built later in 1973/74 to replace the old lighthouse keeper's quarters built in 1949 lower down near the jetty and landing stage. The old vacated quarters were used as stores for some time then later demolished. The remains of the concrete platforms on which these old buildings were built can still be seen amongst the rocks.

From the original P.W.D. drawings for the conversion works, it is possible to learn something about the construction of the gun emplacement. It was built of concrete with a floor area of about 40 square metres. The walls are about one metre thick but the roof is much thicker especially over the rear part which contained the expense magazines. The chamber which housed the gun consists of a rectangular room with a semi-circular bow front in which the wide angle embrasure for the gun was formed. The armament is not known but from the size of the gun embrasure it was probably a large coastal defence gun.

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