RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1962 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9s166f47f # HON. TREASURER'S REPORT ## INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED ### 31st December, 1961 | EXPENDITURE | | INCOME | | |-------------------------|----------|---------------------------------|----------| | Printing & Stationery | 3,230.00 | Annual Membership Fees | 4,133.32 | | Postages & Petty Expenses | 342.50 | for 1961 | | | Receipt Stamps | 33.05 | Annual Membership Fees for 1962 | | | Lecture Expenses | 213.75 | paid in 1961 | 61.44 | | Cost of Journal | 3,881.80 | Life Membership Fees | 1,500.00 | | | | Interest on Deposit | 23.49 | | | | Surplus, Excess of Income | | | | | over Expenditure | 2,265.61 | | | | Income from Investments | 977.96 | | | | Sales of Journals and Articles | 270.50 | | **Total** | **$8,701.10** | **Total** | **$6,966.71 + 2,265.61 = $9,232.32** (Corrected to match original) Actually it should be $8,701.10 | $8,701.10 | $ 6,966.71 $ 6,966.71 ## BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1961 | LIABILITIES | | ASSETS | | |----------------------------------------------|----------|---------------------------------------------|----------| | Surplus 31st December, 1960 | 18,861.83| Investments, at cost | 16,247.25| | Excess of Income over Expenditure for year | | (Market Value $19,040) | | | ended 31st December, 1961 | 2,265.61 | Cash at Bank | 4,790.94 | | | | Cash in Hand | 89.25 | | **Total** | **$21,127.44** | **Total** | **$21,127.44** | ### INVESTMENTS 40 Shares H. & S. B. C., London Register @ £18 £500 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 @ 94 = £720.0.0. £500 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 @ 94 = £470.0.0. £1,190.0.0. @ /3 = $19,040.00 (Signed) A. M. MACK, Hon. Auditor. (Signed) T. J. Lindsay, Hon. Treasurer, Hong Kong, 8th January, 1962. Page 15 Page 16 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1962 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9s166f47f 109 A NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN HONG KONG PRELIMINARY REPORT M. W. WELCH During the Hong Kong University's Golden Jubilee in September 1961 I heard an excellent paper by Mrs. E. Maneely on archaeological possibilities in Hong Kong. It encouraged me to think that there was a role that even an amateur could play. We frequently sail in the New Territories and during our sails I began to search for what might be neolithic sites. I worked on a very simple principle: to look at the shore of islands, as we passed by, for places that, if I had been a neolithic man, I would have liked to settle in. There had to be a good harbour, well sheltered for mooring in storms. There had to be sufficient elevation for good visibility over surrounding waters and approaching boats. There had to be level land for cultivation as well as an accessible source of water. CL Having picked the first prehistoric site, we anchored and went ashore to explore. My surprise was great when within minutes of landing I discovered a fine polished adze exactly in the place I hoped to. Spurred on by the excitement of this discovery I looked around in earnest to find more artifacts. I went on to the next hillock and indeed had further success. I found, in all, three sites on the same island, each on hills 30 to 50 metres above sea level, each located near or on kaolin deposits, and each in an area used for target practice by the British Army and Navy as well as by navies from Commonwealth countries. The island, Kau Sai Chau, between Port Shelter and Rocky Harbour, offers one of the few areas in the Far East which have been cleared of inhabitants and where firing can be carried out at will. Over several years of practice the hillsides have become peppered with shell holes and on some of them heavy erosion has started. Only in or near those heavily eroded areas, that look almost like moon landscapes, have I found artifacts, and all have been surface finds (though usually far The author has lived for the past four years in Hong Kong, where she developed a keen interest in amateur archaeology. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1962 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9s166f47f BRITAIN AND CHINA 117 not altogether the fault of the author, who has written the book as part of a series on Britain in the world today—though it detracts slightly from its value, does not in practice make it any the less interesting. The question of recognition of the Communist government by Britain is very ably dealt with; the whole trend of opinion at the time, both in Britain and in the rest of the world is summed up. In 1949 Britain's commerce with China still far exceeded that of any other western country, and since the division into blocs was less rigid then than now, (though Britain consulted both the U.S. and the major Commonwealth countries) recognition was still a matter for each country to decide for itself. Happily the British government waited only three months to take this step; had it delayed another six, it would never have been taken, for the Korean war broke out. At the time international comment, even from the United States, was fairly favourable. It was realised that Britain had followed her usual pragmatic policy of recognition where a government was clearly in control as opposed to the U.S. ideological path of recognising only where it approved. Commercial groups and other British residents in China were influential in bringing this about; strangely enough, looking back over the last thirteen years, this was because the Communists appeared more honest and efficient than the KMT, and it was hoped that after recognition British interests would be able to expand. Mr. Luard shows how quickly this hope became vain. For with the Korean war the new China entered on to the world stage with a vengeance, and came face to face with the United States. In this conflict the British government always seems to have been slightly more aware of possible Chinese sentiments than the U.S., and to have hesitated rather more than the U.S. at the 38th parallel; and when President Truman began to talk of extending the war to Manchuria and of using the atom bomb, Mr. Attlee at once flew to Washington to make certain that U.N. forces were not to be committed to any extension of the fray without consultation with the other powers involved. Mr. Luard relates this episode in a particularly effective deadpan style which contrasts vividly with the drama of the events. This British intervention epitomises the new role that Britain has since played in the world; she has been a mediator between ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1963 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/4m90m091v HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st December, 1962 7 EXPENDITURE INCOME Sundry Expenses (including Lecture expenses) $1,481.65 Annual Membership Fees for 1962 $4,779.55 Journal Costs $5,123.50 Annual Membership Fees for 1963 paid in 1962 $23.42 Surplus: Excess of Income over Expenditure $1,708.18 Life Membership Fees 1962 $1,380.00 Interest on Investments & Deposits $1,108.31 Sales of Journals and Articles $911.75 Sundry Receipts $110.30 $8,313.33 $8,313.33 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1962 LIABILITIES ASSETS Surplus 31st December, 1961 $21,127.44 Investments at cost $16,247.25 Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1962 $1,708.18 Cash on Deposit $5,000.00 Cash at Bank $1,569.72 Cash in Hand $18.65 $22,835.62 $22,835.62 INVESTMENTS 40 Shares H. & S. B. C., London Register @ £17 £500 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 @ 103 £680.0.0. 515.0.0. £1,195.0.0. @ 1/3 = $19,120.00 (Signed) A. M. MACK, (Signed) T. J. Lindsay, Hon. Auditor. Hon. Treasurer. Hong Kong, 28th February, 1963. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1963 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/4m90m091v 86 J. L. CRANMER-BYNG in the north-east quarter of the city, well away from the new diplomatic quarter.2 All accommodation for foreign embassies was to be concentrated in one area outside the east wall of the city, and about one and a half miles from a newly constructed gate, just near to the old astronomical instruments which can still be seen on top of the east wall. Eventually, after negotiations, the new British Legation was allotted two large houses and two blocks of flats in this new diplomatic quarter. The last christening was performed in the Legation chapel, the books in the small library were taken off their shelves, the flag at the gate was hauled down, and everything was packed.3 Among the more colourful of the closing scenes in the life of the old British Legation should be mentioned the two Commonwealth cricket matches played in the Autumn of 1958 between the Moonrakers, captained by Mr. Duncan Wilson, the British Chargé d'Affaires, and the Woolgatherers captained by the Indian Ambassador, Mr. G. Parthasaratly. The rules governing this diplomatic cricket were many and local but the chief rule of all was that if anyone hit a ball into the grounds of the Chinese Ministry of Public Security next door his whole side was out. Finally, in September 1959, the staff moved to their new quarters and thus after nearly one hundred years of continuous occupation the existence of the old British Legation in Peking came to an end. From an historical and sentimental point of view its loss was sad. But from a realistic point of view which 20 This was built on a site which had been granted to Russia as far back as the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). As a result of fighting between Russian settlers on the frontier between Siberia and Manchuria about a hundred Russian prisoners were brought to Peking in the period 1683-5. They were formed into a company, given a place of residence in the northeast corner of Peking, close to the Lama Temple, and intermarried with Chinese and Manchus. They retained their Greek Orthodox faith and were allowed to have their own priests. See Michel N. Pavlovsky, Chinese-Russian Relations (New York, 1949) 145-164. It was to this place, known as the Pei-kuan ("Northern Hostel") that the members of the Russian ecclesiastical mission transferred in 1861. 30 Unfortunately the imposing Royal Coat of Arms which dignified the gateway of the old Legation was too large to fit properly into the new Legation buildings. Mr. Michael Stewart, the Chargé d'Affaires at the time of the move, arranged with Sir Robert Black, the Governor of Hong Kong, that the Coat of Arms should be sent to Government House in Hong Kong. It is now fixed onto the wall at the far end of the long ballroom of Government House, which it dominates by the brilliance of its colours, ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1964 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/qz20zx09r HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st December 1963 7 EXPENDITURE INCOME Sundry Expenses (including Lecture Expenses) $2,021.40 Life Membership Fees $1,980.00 Journal Costs $5,438.40 Surplus: Excess of Income over Expenditure Annual Membership Fees for 1963 $6,177.91 Annual Membership Fees for 1964 paid in 1963 $286.62 $2,947.26 Interest on Investments and Deposits $1,198.48 Sales of Journals and Articles $764.05 $10,407.06 $10,407.06 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 1963 LIABILITIES ASSETS 1962 Surplus 31st December, Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1963 $2,947.26 Investments at Cost $21,113.89 $22,835.62 (Market Value $27,192.00) Cash on Deposit $2,000.00 Cash at Bank $2,317.99 Cash in Hand $351.00 $25,782.88 $25,782.88 INVESTMENTS 57 Shares H. & S. B. C. London Register @ £21 £1,197. 0.0d. £500 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 @ 100 502.10.0d. £1,699.10.0d. @ 1/3 = $27,192.00 (Signed) T. J. LINDSAY, Hon. Auditor. (Signed) A. L. HARMAN, Hon. Treasurer. Hong Kong, 3rd March 1964. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1964 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/qz20zx09r BOOK REVIEWS 133 The University of Hong Kong has from the beginning been handicapped by mixed aims and by financial difficulties. Sir Frederick Lugard, Governor of Hong Kong from 1907 to 1912 and the first Chancellor of the University, according to Professor Harrison "advocated a university for Hong Kong on various grounds: it would help to serve the higher educational needs of an awakening China; it would be a lighthouse of learning, a symbol of the Western cultural tradition in the Far East and a meeting-place for Chinese and Western cultures; it would help to maintain British prestige in Eastern Asia; and, through its dissemination of modern knowledge and of the English language, it would indirectly benefit British business." The primary aim for many years "was not so much a university of and for Hong Kong itself, as a university in Hong Kong for China.” (p. xiii) Except in the field of medicine, the University of Hong Kong was not able, prior to the late 1940's, to provide a level of instruction that would draw students from China, where a number of universities of at least as high quality were developing at the same time. A large proportion of this University's students therefore have come from Hong Kong itself; and it would appear that as many students were drawn from Singapore and elsewhere in Southeast Asia as from China. Since World War II, particularly since 1949, thanks to the phenomenal economic and cultural growth of Hong Kong and to the active support of both the British and the Hong Kong governments, the University has developed rapidly, both in size and in quality. Today it stands among the recognized universities of Asia and of the British Commonwealth, and its sponsors and staff are determined to achieve an even higher level of educational and scholarly leadership. The colony is populous and rich enough now to justify and to support a great university. The historical narrative is found principally in chapters III (The Beginnings, by George B. Endacott), V (The Years of Growth, by Brian Harrison), VI (The Test of War, by Sir Lindsay Ride), and VII (A New Beginning, by Francis E. Stock). Most of the other chapters are also essentially historical and supply details which elaborate or supplement the basic narrative, although there is some unnecessary duplication. One is impressed with the relative indifference of the colony toward the University during ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1965 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/s752cj653 HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1964 EXPENDITURE Journal Costs Sundry Expenses Lecture Expenses $ 1,907.20 1,170.00 661.15 INCOME Life Membership Fees Annual Membership Fees for 1964 Annual Membership Fees for 1965 paid in 1964 Interest on Investments $ 1,420.00 6,670.89 139.85 Surplus: Excess on Income over Expenditure in 1964 Sales of Journals and Articles Lecture Receipts Sundry Receipts $ 8,274.18 1,438.96 1,085.33 887.50 370.00 $12,012.53 $12,012.53 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st December, 1964 LIABILITIES ASSETS Surplus 31st December, 1963 Excess of Income over Expenditure $24,401.19 8,274.18 Investments at cost (Market Value $31,442.00) Cash on Deposit Cash at Bank Cash in Hand $25,782.88 6,000.00 3,454.27 201.60 $34,057.06 $34,057.06 INVESTMENTS 57 Shares H. & S. B. C. London Register @ £22-5/8 £700 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 @ £961 p.£100 £1,289.12.6d 675.10.0d £1,965. 2,6d @ 1/3=$31,442.00 (Signed) T. J. LINDSAY, Hon. Treasurer, Hong Kong, 22nd March, 1965. (Signed) O. P. EDWARDS, Hon. Auditor. Page 7 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1966 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/bz60k0811 HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1965 INCOME EXPENDITURE Sundry Expenses $ 3,254.00 Sundry Receipts $ 4,104.00 Symposium Expenses 1,396.85 Symposium Receipts Macao Tour Expenses 3,665.00 Journal Expenses 14,833.10 Macao Tour Receipts 716.23 Journal Receipts 3,890.00 Lecture Expenses 956.74 Interest on Investments 70.00 Membership Expenses '65 1,742.54 Donation 4.70 Membership Expenses '66 5,000.00 Life Memberships '65 0.15 Life Memberships '66 400.00 Paid in '65 250.00 Surplus Annual Memberships '65 7,412.20 Excess of Income over Expenditure 1,915.96 Annual Memberships '66 Paid in '65 668.05 $25,139.76 $25,139.76 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1965 LIABILITIES ASSETS Surplus 31st December, 1964 $28,431.14 Investments at Cost $34,057.06 Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1965 (Market Value) (See Below) 1,915.96 Cash on Deposit 6,000.00 Cash at Bank 1,312.43 Cash in Hand 229.45 $35,973.02 $35,973.02 INVESTMENTS 114 shares H.K. & S.B.C. London Register @ 94 700 6% Commonwealth of Australia '77/'80 @ 94% 200 China Light & Power Co., Ltd. @ $19. Note: (1) Dividend received from China Light included in 1966 a/cs. (2) Stock of Vol, V of the Journal: In hands of Librarian £1,054-10-0 In hands of Secretary 662- 7-6 £1,716-17-6 @ 16 = HK$27,470.00 3,800.00 TOTAL HK$31,270.00 $129.00 paid 29/12/65 will be 463 49 LINDSAY, (Signed) T. J. Lindsay, Hon. Treasurer. Hong Kong, 16th March, 1966. 512 at cost $2,524.16 (Signed) J. M. Scott, Hon. Auditor. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1967 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/0c488p70g HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1966 EXPENDITURE INCOME Sundry Expenses $ 2,690.51 Sundry Receipts $ 179.76 Symposium Expenses 1,485.00 Symposium Receipts 1,052.95 Journal Expenses 6,853.75 Journal Receipts 1,383.18 Lecture Expenses 185.00 Interest on Investments 2,054.69 Life Memberships: 1966 2,750.00 Annual Memberships: 1966 10,177.00 Annual Memberships: 1967 (paid in 1966) 60.00 Excess of Income over Expenditure 6,443.32 $17,657.58 $17,657.58 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1966 LIABILITIES ASSETS Surplus 31st Dec., 1965 $35,973.02 Investments at Cost (for Market value see below) Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1966 6,443.32 Cash Deposit 13,000.00 $42,416.34 Cash at Bank 985.20 $42,416.34 INVESTMENTS 125 Shares HK & S.B.C. London Register @ 9 5/16 £1,164.1.3. = @ $16 HK $28,712.00 700 6% Commonwealth of Australia '77/80 @ 90 1/16 £630.8.9. 3,420.00 £1,794.10.0. TOTAL HK $32,132.00 (Signed) G. W. LANCHESTER, Hon. Treasurer. (Signed) O. P. EDWARDS Hon. Auditor. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1967 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/0c488p70g 84 A. D. BLUE China coasters came from all parts of the Commonwealth, but with a preponderance of English, Irish, Scots, and Welshmen. There was never any lack of Welshmen, and no coaster was complete without its Jones or Evans, invariably prefixed by 'Dai' or 'Taffy'. Australians and New Zealanders were not uncommon, and there were also a few Anglo-Indians. In my time, however, I can recall only one Canadian and one South African. One pleasant feature of coast life was the friendship and harmony between deck and engine departments, something still too rare on home ships. The small number of Europeans on the average coaster may have contributed to this, seldom more than three mates and four engineers, with the radio officer often a Hong Kong Chinese. The riverboats were a special species of 'China coaster', and many of their officers spent their entire careers on the Yangtse. The Lower Riverboats, which ran between Shanghai and Hankow, operated a fortnightly schedule, of which three days were spent in Shanghai and two in Hankow. During the summer months of high water, however, some Lower Riverboats continued to Ichang, which extended their schedule to three weeks. Jardines, the China Navigation Company, and the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company each had a daily sailing from Shanghai to Hankow, calling at the intermediate ports, of which the most important were Chinkiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Anking, Kiukiang, and Yochow and Shasi on the Middle River between Hankow and Ichang. The China Navigation Company's Lower Riverboats left the French Bund at three o'clock in the morning, so that they could navigate the tricky Lungshan Crossing at the estuary in daylight, and it was not unknown for junior officers to miss their ship. By catching an early morning train from Shanghai, however, they could rejoin at Nanking in the afternoon, an extreme form of pierhead jump. If riverboat men were a special species of 'China coaster', the men who sailed on the Upper Yangtse were a distinct sub-species. The Upper Riverboats ran between Ichang and Chungking, the section of the Yangtse which included the famous and spectacular Yangtse Gorges. The men on these ships had some justification for considering themselves the aristocrats of the China coast. The slightest error in navigation, or the slightest engine mishap, would almost certainly have meant a serious casualty. The Gorge boats ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1968 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/66833948d 1966 HON. TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME & EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1967 EXPENDITURE HK$ 2,691 Sundry Expenses 1,485 Symposium Expenses Journal Expenses: 1967 Journal and 1966 INCOME HK$ 2,161 1,100 HK$ 180 Sundry Receipts HK$ 200 1,053 Symposium Receipts 1,192 1,383 Journal Receipts 1,708 6,854 Sundries Symposium 58,120 4,144 Old Protestant Cemetery in Macao 406 12,670 60 185 Lecture Expenses 507 6,443 HK$17,658 Purchase of Library Books Surplus Excess of Income over 1,190 Expenditure HK$17,628 HK$17,658 2,055 Interest on Investments 2,750 Life Memberships: 1967 10,177 Annual Memberships: 1967 Annual Memberships 1968 paid in 1967 Deficit Excess of Expenditure over Income 2,249 580 10,901 60 738 ... HK$17,628 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st December, 1967 LIABILITIES ASSETS 6,443 HK$35,973 Surplus at 1st January 1967 Less: Expenditure over Income in 1967 HK$42,416 HK$28,431 Investments at Cost 738 13,000 Cash Deposit 985 Cash at Bank 42,416 Surplus at 31st December 1967 41,678 Sundry Creditor --- Printing Charges HK$42,416 12,612 HK$54,290 HK$42,416 INVESTMENTS 125 shares H.K. & Shanghai Banking Corp. London Register at 138.50 200 China Light and Power Co. Ltd. 700 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 at 16.85 at 86-11/16 HK$17,312 3,370 8,832 (£607 at 14.55) HK$29,514 (Signed) D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer, (Signed) O. P. EDWARDS, Hon. Auditor. HK$28,431 25,333 526 HK$54,290 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d HON. TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1968 On the retirement and return to Britain of Mr. O. P. Edwards of the Hongkong & Shanghai Bank the accounts have been kindly audited by Mr. N. N. Chan of Butterfield & Swire (H.K.) Ltd. Members will note that there is an excess of Income over Expenditure amounting to $6,970, compared with a deficit amounting to $738 in the previous year. This has largely been brought about by the increase in sale of publications, which this year amounted to $6,118 (against $1,708 last year). Such a high figure for the sale of publications cannot be expected for the future since this year's figures include the sales of 2 Journals (1967 and 1968) and the full effects of the sales of the brochure on the 1966 Symposium and Sir Lindsay Ride's booklet "The Old Protestant Cemetery in Macao". There is therefore no room for complacency, and it will be noticed that once again annual subscriptions do not cover our total expenditure, the shortfall being covered by bank interest, income from investments and the sale of publications. In December 1968 the 125 shares in the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (London Register) were sold at a profit of $9,981 and are responsible for the large current account balance ($23,736). The proceeds of this sale have since been re-invested in buying 400 Hong Kong Electric and 400 Lane Crawford, the latter now showing a gratifying increase in market value together with a rights issue of 50 shares. There has also been a recent bonus issue of 133 shares in the China Light & Power. The cost over market value of 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 can be attributed not only to the low market value of this stock but also to the effects of devaluation. The Society is expected to meet heavy expenditure in the forthcoming year. The 1969 Journal with offprints will call for an amount of $8,000 to 9,000, and it is expected that Volume I of the Journal will be reprinted in the near future, calling for another $3,000. Members are strongly urged to assist in increasing the membership of the Society not only to help towards the cost of this high anticipated expenditure but also to obtain a more satisfactory income over expenditure for the future. D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer. 28 April, 1969. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d 1967 ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1968 EXPENDITURE Sundry Expenses (printing, stationery, postage, lecture expenses) --- HK$ 2,668 1,100 Symposium Expenses + 12,670 Journal Expenses +++ HK$ 3,438 1,471 10,518 1,971 Surplus Excess of Income over Expenditure 6,970 1,190 Purchase of Library Books INCOME ... 1967 HK$ 200 Sundry Receipts 1,192 Symposium Receipts 1,708 Sale of Publications 333 Bank Interest Received 1,916 Dividends Received 580 Life Memberships 1968 10,901 Annual Memberships 1968 Annual Memberships 1969 paid in 1968 Deficit - Excess of Expenditure over Income +++ + HK$ 221 1,382 - L L 6,118 2,041 TTT 1,916 +++ +++ 1,100 11,380 210 60 738 HK$17,628 HK$24,368 HK$17,628 HK$24,368 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1968 LIABILITIES ASSETS HK$42,416 Surplus at 1st January, 1968 J HK$41,678 (738) Add: Income over Expenditure in 1968 Profit on Sale of Investments (Note 1) 6,970 HK$28,431 Investments at cost (Note 2) (For market value see below) Balance at Banks 15,518 7,333 Fixed Deposit $12,223 9,981 18,000 Deposit at Call ITT 526 Current Account +++ 7,152 23,736 43,111 41,678 Surplus at 31st December, 1968 12,612 Sundry Creditor-Printing Charges HK$54,290 58,629 HK$58,629 HK$54,290 HK$58,629 INVESTMENTS Note 1: 125 shares Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (London Register) Cost Proceeds of Sale (Dec., 1968) Profit on Sale + HK$12,913 22,894 HK$ 9,981 (Signed) D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer. Note 2: Cost Market Value 200 shares China Light & Power HK$ 4,030 HK$ 5,800 700 shares 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 11,488 7,150 HK$15,518 HK$12,950 (Signed) N. N. CHAN, Hon. Auditor. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d 131 THE MAPPING OF HONG KONG LARGE-SCALE PLANS J. T. COOPER* Rapid and intense development requires accurate and up-to-date large-scale plans. This is equally true of large housing or engineering projects. Where such plans are not available, all detailed planning and design must await their completion. This is particularly true of Hong Kong, where the steep terrain usually requires extensive earthworks before construction of buildings or roads can commence. Another factor adding to the necessity for accurate large-scale plans in the Colony is the high value of land, especially in the built-up areas, where a square foot of land can be worth $300 or more. The Survey Branch of the Crown Lands & Survey Office (a sub-department of the Public Works Department) is responsible, not only for all land surveying and mapping in the Colony, but for the demarcation of all lot boundaries in the urban areas, and the implementation of town-planning layouts. Hong Kong is one of the few Commonwealth territories where there are no licensed land surveyors in private practice. With the intense development which began in the nineteen-fifties, the staff of the Survey Branch became fully occupied with title surveys, the setting-out of lot boundaries, Government sites, roads, etc., and was unable either to produce large-scale plans of all the areas planned for new development or to keep up to date the plans in the older areas where re-development caused many changes. The city areas of Victoria, and the northern part of Hong Kong Island, together with most of the Kowloon peninsula (south of Boundary Street) had been mapped at 1/600 scale (50 ft. to one inch) before the war, but the plans had been plotted onto linen-backed paper, and in the climatic conditions of Hong Kong, they had become distorted and inaccurate. None of these plans * Mr. Cooper is Assistant Superintendent (Survey), Crown Lands and Survey Office, Public Works Department, Hong Kong. Ed. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1969 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/9g553n20d 136 J. T. COOPER the Swindon Book Co. in Kowloon. There was a steady public demand for the maps and the more popular sheets were frequently out of stock. In 1965 the Directorate of Overseas Surveys agreed to produce a new series of topographic maps at 1/25,000 scale for the Hong Kong Government, to be plotted from the high-level photography taken in December 1964. The specification included contours at 50 ft. vertical interval instead of the 10 metre contours shown on the old military series. (It may be considered that this was a retrograde step in view of the possible adoption in Hong Kong of the metric system of measurement in the future. It must be remembered, however, that the specification of the new maps was agreed in 1965 when the possible adoption of the metric system had not been raised in Hong Kong and was uncertain in Great Britain). There were advantages in having contours and spot heights in feet rather than metres, since all heights above sea-level used in the Colony, as well as the contours on all larger scale plans, are in feet. The new maps are based on the Cassini rectangular grid used for all plans produced by the Hong Kong Government. The UTM grid is printed in black on the face of the new maps, while the Colony grid (in blue) and the geographical latitudes and longitudes (in black) are shown around the margins. It was decided that plotting of the new maps would be on the "dual-scale" system already used by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys to map other parts of the Commonwealth. This means that the actual plotting is at a larger scale than that of the final map. In this case the plotting is at 1/15,000 scale and an interim series of sheets is produced at 1/10,000 scale.* At this scale 62 sheets will cover the Colony. They are printed in five basic colours (black, grey, brown, blue and red), but by using half tones as well as full tones the range of colours is increased. Each standard sheet is at double-demy size, the map face being 25″ × 21¾″. In addition to the usual footnotes a glossary of romanised Chinese phrases describing topographic features is added. Several sheets are of larger than standard size to accommodate areas or islands outside the normal sheet edges. On each sheet an index diagram in the footnotes shows the relative position of the 1/2400 scale sheets covering the area. * See Plate 13 for a specimen extract in black and white. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1970 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ww72j0241 1968 ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 1969 EXPENDITURE HK$10,518 Journal Expenses 1,020 Symposium Expenses 1,971 Purchase of Library Books 3,438 Sundry Expenses (printing, stationery, postage, Lecture expenses) 6,970 HK$24,368 Balance being surplus of income over expenditure transferred to accumulated Funds 1968 INCOME HK$ 1,100 Life Memberships 1969 11,380 Annual Memberships 1969 210 Annual Memberships 1970 paid in 1969 6,118 Sale of Publications 1,382 Symposium Receipts 2,041 Bank Interest Received 1,916 Dividends Received 221 Sundry Receipts HK$20,020 HK$24,368 HK$ 410 10,559 90 3,728 1,082 1,075 2,865 211 HK$20,020 QUOTED INVESTMENTS HELD AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1969 £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 333 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 400 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 450 Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Cost Market Value HK$11,488 HK$ 7,473 4,030 9,124 12,487 16,100 15,549 20,138 HK$43,554 HK$52,835 12 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1971 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/z029vt43g 1969 ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 1970 EXPENDITURE HK$10,743 Journal Expenses 1,020 Symposium Expenses Peking Opera - - - 175 Purchase of Books 2,391 Sundry Expenses 5,691 HK$20,020 J (printing, stationery, postage, lecture expenses) Balance being surplus of income over expenditure transferred to accumulated funds HK$20,350 2,637 2,576 219 2,933 1969 90 INCOME HK$ 410 Life Memberships 1970 10,559 Annual Memberships 1970 Annual Memberships 1971 paid in 1970 3,728 Sale of Publications 1,082 Symposium Receipts 1,075 Bank Interest Received 2,865 Dividends Received 211 Sundry Receipts Balance being deficit of expenditure over income transferred to accumulated funds HK$ 500 10,853 240 3,509 2,699 685 3,350 350 6,529 HK$28,715 HK$28,715 HK$20,020 QUOTED INVESTMENTS HELD at 31ST DECEMBER, 1970 £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 333 Shares China Light and Power Co. Ltd. 800 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 900 Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Cost HK$11,488 Market Value HK$ 7,661 4,030 12,487 11,738 19,600 15,549 25,110 HK$43,554 HK$64,109 11 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1971 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/z029vt43g 152 JAMES HAYES in 1859 and spread outwards through the self-governing and other territories of what became the Commonwealth and Empire. It extended to Britain's Eastern Colonies and to the foreign communities of the treaty ports of China and Japan where, from time to time, various alarms and excursions added self-preservation to the list of factors motivating the continuance or periodic resuscitation of volunteer corps. In Hong Kong the Laws of the Colony early provided for their existence as a constitutional force. A succession of Ordinances established volunteers on a proper basis. The earliest of these was No. 2 of 1862, which was repeated with slight variation in No. 18 of 1882. An important re-modelling was carried out by No. 6 of 1893. This was followed by a Volunteer Reserve Ordinance No. 25 of 1910. Both these Ordinances were replaced by a further Volunteer Ordinance No. 2 of 1920, still modelled largely on the important 1893 Ordinance. Volunteer forces were the rule in the various foreign concessions in China, though save in the larger ones local volunteer forces tended to be formed and reformed whenever events seemed to warrant it. For example, the Shameen Defence Corps was formed after a serious riot in 1884 and was reformed from time to time, e.g. in May 1911 due to the unsettled state of affairs in Canton (see Diary of Events and the Progress on Shameen 1859-1938 compiled by H.S.S. and privately printed about 1938, pp. 19-26). The largest of the China volunteer units was, in time, the Shanghai Volunteer Corps. This originated at two public meetings held in April 1853 and its early doings are described in Chapter XXXV of Lanning and Couling's The History of Shanghai, Part I (Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1921). Interesting details of its development are given here and there in Brigadier J. V. Davidson-Houston's Yellow Creek, The Story of Shanghai (London, Putnam, 1962). As in Hong Kong, the passing of the first emergency resulted in the demise of the Corps. "Enthusiasm for the Volunteer Corps sank to a low ebb, members neglected to turn up for training and it was soon practically defunct" (p. 58). The Corps was again raised in August 1860 with the onset of the Taiping rebels, when 107 volunteers came forward for enrolment (p. 65). However, after the successful operations against the rebels the Corps "wilted and died" and was wound up in 1867 to "pay for its debtor's balance by selling its rifles" although the rifle club continued to function (p. 90). The Corps was again formed in 1870 following the Tientsin massacre and continued in being thereafter, its numbers fluctuating between 250-350 for the rest of the 19th century (pp. 92-93). It then continued to grow in size, like the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, to meet the difficulties of the troubled 1920s and the war with Japan. The number of foreign residents in China is relevant to the size and location of Volunteer Corps. Some figures are given at pp. 292-295 of J. Dyer Ball's Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China, 4th edition, Hongkong, Kelly and Walsh 1903. There were, for instance, 4,424 foreigners in Shanghai (exclusive of those living in the French Settlement) in 1895 and 6774 in 1900. The Hong Kong Census of 1891 listed 10,446 British and foreign residents. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1972 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gm80qf99h # HON. TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1971 The Accounts now before you have again been kindly audited by Messrs. Wong, Tan & Co. The deficit of Expenditure over Income for this year amounts to $792, compared with a deficit of $6,529 in the previous year. This is not, unfortunately, due to increased income but rather to decreased expenditure. Journal and other Publication expenses in 1970 ($20,350) were, as members may recall, exceptionally heavy, due to the number of publications about to be printed. The 1971 expenditure under this category ($16,657) is also high due to the following publications due for printing: the 1971 Journal, the report of the 1970 Symposium, and the Journal index. Such expenditure is of course a healthy sign of the Society's activities in this direction. The shortfall in Annual memberships to cover the expenditure is, as in previous years, made up by bank interest and dividends. Annual memberships are the most important part of the Society's income and members are actively encouraged to urge their friends to join the Society, not only to increase the income under this heading, but in order to make the Society wider known and permit more persons to share in its worthwhile activities. The Sundry Creditors on the Balance Sheet are for the publications referred to earlier. Local investments continue to show a gratifying increase in market value, which cannot unfortunately be said for the 6% Commonwealth of Australia Stock. The investments of the Society are kept constantly under review. March 25, 1972. D. A. Gilkes Hon. Treasurer ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1972 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gm80qf99h 1970 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1971 1970 ASSETS HK$43,554 Quoted Investments (see below)... HK$43,516 HK$64,321 (6,529) Balance as at 1st January 1971 HK$57,792 Sundry Debtors 38 Deduct: Deficit of Expenditure over Income in 1971 13,415 Balance at Banks 15,520 Fixed Deposit 2,303 Deposit at Call 12,479 Current Account 4,430 31,046 57,792 31st December 1971 ... 57,000 Sundry Creditors - Printing Charges 17,000 17,600 HK$74,792 HK$74,600 HK$74,792 HK$74,600 Note: QUOTED INVESTMENTS HELD AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1971 £700 Stock Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 465 Shares China Light and Power Co., Ltd. (including 33 unpaid Rights) 800 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. 900 Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Market Value HK$9,166 Cost HK$11,488 3,992 12,487 17,205 33,200 15,549 28,575 HK$43,516 HK$88,146 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1973 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8910rj06r ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 1972 1971 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds H.K. Currency $43,516 Quoted Investments (see below) H.K. Currency $60,541 1972 $57,792 Balance as at 1st January 38 Sundry Debtors $57,000 Balance at Banks 792 Deduct: Deficit of Expenditure over Income in 1972 14,137 Fixed Deposit 1,550 12,479 4,430 Deposit at Call Current Account $14,737 13,322 28,059 $57,000 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December 1972 Sundry Creditors $55,450 17,600 Printing Charges $22,000 Hon. Treasurer. Thailand Trip Deposits 11,150 33,150 $74,600 $88,600 $74,600 $88,600 Note: QUOTED INVESTMENTS held at 31ST DECEMBER 1972 £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 465 Shares China Light and Power Co., Ltd. 800 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. 900 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 6,300 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Market Value HK$ 7,587.65 Cost HK$11,488.38 4,816.82 25,342.50 12,486.80 46,000.00 15,549.40 35,100.00 16,200.00 21,420.00 HK$60,541.40 HK$135,450.15 Page 15 Page 16 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1973 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8910rj06r NOTES AND QUERIES 153 For once Hotten had backed a loser with the publication of Under the Peak; certainly no further edition or impression was called for by a panting public. We do not know whether Mercer continued to write verses until his death at Reading on 23 May, 1879, but it seems likely for Mercer had all the enthusiasm of the bad poet.11 NOTES 1 One would like to cite P. G. Wodehouse, the son of H. E. Wodehouse, a Hong Kong Cadet Officer; but P. G. Wodehouse was born at Guildford, Surrey, and did not spend much time in Hong Kong. After leaving Dulwich College he worked for two years at the London branch of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. 2 London, 1930. 3 For biographical information on Mercer see particularly G. B. Endacott, A Biographical Sketch-Book of Early Hong Kong, Singapore, 1962, pp. 79-83. J. W. Norton-Kyshe, The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong, 2 vols., Hong Kong, 1898, provides many details about Mercer's official career. 4 For information on Hotten see especially Ronald Pearsall, The Worm in the Bud, London, 1969, pp. 387-90; and Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians, New York, 1966, pp. 68-75. Hotten was born in Clerkenwell, London, and showed an early interest in books and bookshops and achieved the dubious distinction of having been struck in a bookshop by the irate historian Macaulay. In 1848 Hotten went to America and there acquired a good knowledge of American literature. On his return to London he published the works of a number of American authors, including Bret Harte's 'heathen Chinee' poems. 5 An account of Swinburne's dealings with Payne of Moxon's is given in Humphrey Hare's Swinburne, London, 1949, pp. 109-134. 6 Written by Richard Payne Knight in 1786 but reprinted by Hotten in 1865. 7 Written by John Davenport and published in 1873. In 1872 Hotten reprinted seven works on flagellation alone. * Copies of both Under the Peak and Addresses are in the British Museum. The Library of the Royal Commonwealth Society, London, has a copy of Under the Peak, now a very scarce book. 9 p. 4. 10 p. 6. 11 Several cadets maintained their interest in classical studies after reaching Hong Kong, notably (later Sir) Cecil Clementi (1875-1947). In 1911 Clementi published his translation, with apparatus criticus and explanatory notes, of the Pervigilium Veneris. In a preface to a later edition of this work, published by B. H. Blackwell of Oxford (3rd edition, 1936), Clementi tells us that he worked on his manuscript in Hong Kong and during periods of leave in England and Europe. Hong Kong, March, 1973. HENRY JAMES LETHBRIDGE ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077 ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET as at 31ST DECEMBER 1973 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds $57,000 $55,450.36 Balance as at 1st January, 1973... Add: Surplus on Sale of 400 Lane Crawford "A" Shares $38,762.34 $55,450.36 38,762.34 Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1973. $5,513.40 HK$ $ 53,630.74 Balance at Banks $55,450 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December 1973 Sundry Creditors Printing Charges $ 99,726.10 22,000 18,000.00 Thailand Trip .. 14,737 13,322 1972 1972 HK$ $60,541 HK$ $ 60,541,40 6,910.66 (1,550) ++ $ 53,630.74 5,513.40 J ASSETS Quoted Investments (see below) Cost at 1st January, 1973 Deduct: Cost of 400 “A” Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Sold ... HK$ Fixed Deposit $56,743.58 6,000.00 Deposit at Call 1,351.78 Current Account 64,095.36 11,150 TTL $88,600 $117,726.10 $88,600 $117,726.10 D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer. Note: QUOTED INVESTMENTS HELD AT 31ST DECEMBER 1973 £700 Stocks 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 Cost HK$11,488.38 Market Value HK$ 5,493.65 674 Shares China Light and Power Co. Ltd. 4,816.82 13,143.00 6,000 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 12,486.80 23,400.00 500 "A" Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 8,638.74 9,100.00 6,300 "B" Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 16,200.00 15,120.00 HK$53,630.74 HK$66,256.65 8 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077 250 LIST OF MEMBERS LIFE OVERSEAS MEMBERS: ACORNE, Michael - ARMERDING, L. E. BAKER, W. E. BALL, J. M. BARNETT, K. M. A. BERTUCCIOLI, Dr. Giuliano BLAKER, D. J. R. COLLIN, P. H. COSBY, I. S. G. COSTANTINI, G. COWPERTHWAITE, Lady CUMMING, Mrs. Dorothy M. DRAKE, Prof. F. S. DUNCANSON, J. D. - EWING, Miss E. FABER, Mrs. G. A. G. GALVIN, J. A. T. GARD, Dr. Richard A., M.A., PH.D., D.H.L. GEORGE, T. J. B. GIEDROYC, Michal GOODRICH, Prof. L. Carrington HUGHES, Mrs. G. M. HURT, Miss E. J. IRETON, Mrs. Polly H. 505, Broadway, Petaluma, Ca. 94952, U.S.A. 2222, Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96815. c/o The Hongkong Electric Co. Ltd., 40, St. Mary Axe, London, E.C.3, England. Thanya Building, 11th floor, 62, Silom Rd., P.O. Box 1923, Bangkok, Thailand. "Bishops Nympton", Devenshire Avenue, Amersham, Bucks., England. Lungotevere delle navi 30, Rome, Italy. 29, Brompton Square, London, S.W.3., England. 6, Cherry Orchard, Stoke Poges, Bucks, England. c/o Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp., P.O. Box 244, 1 Bantang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 19, Boulevard de Montmorency, 75-Paris 16o, France. 33, Bramble Drive, Barnton, Edinburgh 4, Scotland. Inverwick House, Nairn, Scotland. "Lincot", Stoke Road, North Curry, Taunton, Somerset, England. 26, Leinster Mews, London, W.2, England. 25, The Meadows, Old Portsmouth Road, Guildford, Surrey, England. Inveroak, West End Lane, Stoke Poges, Bucks, England. Loughlinstown House, Co. Dublin, Ireland. Director of Institute Services, The Institute for Advance Studies of World Religions, 531-2, Melville Library, State University of New York, New York, 11790, U.S.A. c/o Foreign & Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, S.W.1.A. 2 AH, England. 31, Richmond Way, Fetcham, Surrey, England. Columbia University, New York 27, New York, U.S.A. c/o C. V. Starr & Co., Inc., 102, Maiden Lane, New York, N.Y. 10005, U.S.A. Woodlands School, Woodlands Drive, Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. P.O. Box 362, Langley Washington, 98260, U.S.A. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1975 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j0995146d 1973 HK$ $ 55,450 Balance as at 1st January 1974 ... $ 99,726.10 Add: Surplus on Sale of 400 Lane Crawford Ltd. 'A' Shares 38,763 Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1974 5,513 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 1974 ASSETS Quoted Investments (see below) Cost at 1st January 1974 Deduct: Cost of 400 Lane Crawford Ltd. 'A' Shares Add: Purchase of 23 rights shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 1973 $ 60,541 HK$ $ 53,630.74 6,910 457.15 7,640.07 $ 53,631 $ 54,087.89 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December 1974 $107,366.17 Balance at Banks $99,726 56,743 Fixed Deposit $69,973.75 6,000 Deposit at Call 6,000.00 3,804.53 79,778.28 18,000 Printing Charges 26,500.00 $117,726 $133,866.17 $117,726 $133,866.17 Note: QUOTED INVESTMENTS HELD AT 31st December 1974 £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 697 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 6,000 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 500 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 6,300 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Cost HK$11,488.38 Market Value HKS 5,283.43 5,273.97 7,388.20 12,486.80 13,800.00 8,638.74 3,700.00 16,200.00 5,670.00 HK$54,087.89 HK$35,841.63 11 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1976 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/hq382988q LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER 1975 1974 HK$ 1974 $ 99,726 Balance at 1st January 1975 $107,366.17 $ 53,631 7,640 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1975 6,862.67 457 ASSETS HH Quoted Investments (see below) Cost at 1st January 1975 Add: Purchase of Rights Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. $ 687.20 H.K. Electric Co. Ltd. $ 54,087.89 1,200.00 Balance of Accumulated Funds $107,366 at 31st December 1975 Sundry Creditors $100,503.50 40,000.00 $ 54,088 1,887.20 $ 55,975.09 Balance at Banks 69,974 6,000 3,804 Fixed Deposits $80,559.92 Deposit at Call Current Account 3,968.49 84,528.41 $133,866 $140,503.50 $133,866 $140,503.50 NOTE: Quoted Investments held at 31st December 1975. £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 766 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 7,200 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 500 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 6,300 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer. Cost Market Value HK$11,488.38 HK$ 5,161.10 5,961.17 12,639.00 13,686.80 27,000.00 8,638.74 7,900.00 16,200.00 9,450.00 HK$55,975.09 HK$62,150.10 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1976 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/hq382988q 240 MAURICE FREEDMAN prospect of starting up in business. The hundreds of Chinese restaurants now in Britain (there are well over a thousand) began from a very small nucleus. Men started as workers, saved a little capital, joined with a few friends or relatives, and opened their own establishments, town after town being drawn into the network (so that, as one of my undergraduates in London put it to me last year, there has been created a provincial tradition for chop suey and chips.) In its expanding phase the business could justify a claim to offer opportunities to all; now that its peak has passed it can no longer exert the same attraction. 77. Statements have appeared that the new law in Britain to restrict the entry of people from the Commonwealth has had a decisive effect in restraining migration from Hong Kong. I am under the impression, however, that the causes of the recent sharp decline in the movement to the United Kingdom have been more complicated. If the new law has in fact cut down entry from Hong Kong it is partly, it would seem, because misconceptions have arisen in the minds of restaurant owners about their responsibilities towards the men to whom they have offered jobs; I have been told that they wrongly suppose themselves to be the legal sponsors of the immigrants and have accordingly become reluctant to allow their names to appear on newcomers' documents. (When I began my enquiries in February this year the new legislation did not appear to be having much effect; entry could be obtained for men who wanted to go,) but I am inclined to think that the basic reason for the closing of this chapter in New Territories emigration lies in Britain. The demand for Chinese restaurant food has probably been overmet; there has been unemployment and underemployment in the business. Some of the New Territories emigrants have only part-time jobs; others have been reported to be working only for their keep. Moreover, there is evidence that many have taken up work in different fields: as waiters in ordinary restaurants, as servers in fish-and-chip bars, and as barbers, some of them in these lines working in new ventures financed by New Territories capital and enterprise. 78. The New Territories restaurant business has not been confined to Britain. From there men have branched out into Europe, setting up shop in Holland, Belgium, France and West Germany. But these outliers can never, presumably, compensate for a decline in the United Kingdom demand, for at the very least immigration restric- Page 255 Page 256 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n 1974 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET as at 31ST DECEMBER 1975 HK$ 1974 ASSETS HK$ Quoted Investments (see below) $ 99,726 7,640 Balance at 1st January 1975 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1975 $107,366.17 $ 53,631 Cost at 1st January 1975 $ 54,087.89 Add: Purchase of Rights Shares China Light & 6,862.67 457 Power Co. Ltd. $ 687.20 H.K. Electric Co. Ltd. 1,200.00 $107,366 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December 1975 $100,503.50 $ 54,088 1,887.20 $ 55,975.09 Balance at Banks 26,500 Sundry Creditors 40,000.00 + + 69,974 Fixed Deposits $80,559.92 6,000 3,804 Deposit at Call Current Account + ++1 3,968.49 84,528.41 $133,866 $140,503.50 $133,866 $140,503.50 NOTE: Quoted Investments held at 31st December 1975. ++ £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 766 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 7,200 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 500 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 6,300 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Cost Market Value ++ HK$11,488.38 HK$ 5,161.10 4 5,961.17 12,639.00 13,686.80 27,000.00 8,638.74 7,900.00 16,200.00 HK$55,975.09 HK$62,150.10 9,450.00 00 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1977 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/np198x23n LIST OF MEMBERS LIFE OVERSEAS MEMBERS: ACORNE, M. J. 505 Broadway, Petaluma, California 94952, U.S.A. ARMERDING, L. E. 2222, Kalakaua Ave., Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, U.S.A. BAKER, Dr. H. D. R. School of Oriental & African Studies, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HP, England. BAKER, W. E. Old Quarry, Blackberry Road, Felcourt, East Grinstead, Sussex RH19 2HL, England. BALL, J. M. Thanya Building 11th Floor, 62 Silom Road, P.O. Box 1923, Bangkok, Thailand. BARNETT, K. M. A. "Bishops Nympton", Devonshire Avenue, Amersham, Bucks, England. BENNISON, L. L. Honam Oil Refinery Co. Ltd., C.P.O. Box 2467, Seoul, Korea. BERTUCCIOLI, Dr. G. Lungotevere delle navi 30, Rome, Italy. BLACKMORE, M. "Baytrees", Padleigh Hill, Bath BA2 9DW, Somerset, England. BLAKER, D. J. R. 80, Eaton Square, London S.W.1., England. CAPLAN, M. Memamdrou 1, Kifissia, Athens, Greece. COLLIN, P. H. 31, Teddington Park, Teddington, Middlesex, England. COSTANTINI, Mrs. G. 19, Boulevard de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France. COSTANTINI, Dr. G. 19, Boulevard de Montmorency, 75016, Paris, France. CUMMING, Mrs. D. M. Inverwick House, Nairn, Scotland, UK. DUNCANSON, J. D. 26, Leinster Mews, London W.2., England. EWING, Miss E. 25, The Meadows, Old Portsmouth Road, Guildford, Surrey, England. FABER, Mrs. G. A. G. Inveroak, West End Lane, Stoke Poges, Bucks, England. FEHL, Prof. N. E. 685 Shawnee Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, USA. GALVIN, J. A. T. Loughlinstown House, Co. Dublin, Ireland. GEORGE, T. J. B. c/o Foreign & Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH, England. GIEDROYC, M. J. H. 31, Richmond Way, Fetcham, Surrey, England. HAYDON, E. S. Old Castle Farm, Buckland St. Mary, Somerset, England. HENSMAN, Prof. B. St. Anne's College, Oxford, England. HILSDALE, Mrs. K. H. 1105, Armada Drive, Pasadena, California 91103, U.S.A. HOWARTH, R. H. 1585 Inlet Court, Reston, Virginia 22090, U.S.A. 245 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1978 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8g84t8593 1976 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER 1977 HK$ 1976 ASSETS $100,503 Balance at 1st January 1977 $55,975 $97,541.53 2,962 Less: Excess of Expenditure over Income in 1977 2,808.12 1,440 Quoted Investments (see note 2 below) Cost at 1st January 1977 ... Add: Purchase of Rights Shares Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. HK$ $57,415.09 $57,415 $57,415.09 $97,541 24,000 Sundry Creditors-Printing charges Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December 1977 $94,733.41 Balance at Banks 25,000.00 62,086 2,040 Fixed Deposits Current Account $57,409.60 $121,541 $119,733.41 $121,541 4,908.72 62,318.32 $119,733.41 NOTE: 1. Incomes from Subscription are accounted for on cash basis. 2. Quoted Investments held at 31st December 1977. £700 Stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/78 1,114 Shares China Light & Power Co., Ltd. 10,080 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. 2,750 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 34,650 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. Cost Market Value HK$11,488.38 HK$5,667.20 5,961.17 22,168.60 15,126.80 50,400.00 8,638.74 12,925.00 16,200.00 18,018.00 HK$57,415.09 HK$109,178.80 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938 xiv 1977 $ 97,542 LIABILITIES Accumulated Funds THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1978 Balance at 1st January, 1978 Less: Excess of Expenditure over HK$ 1977 ASSETS HK$ $ 94,733.41 $ 57,415 Quoted Investments (see note 2 below) Cost at 1st January, 1978... Balance at Banks $ 57,415.09 2,808 Income in 1978 6,366.19 -11 + 57,410 Fixed Deposits $ 40,000.00 4,909 Current Account 14,952.13 54,952.13 +++ $ 94,734 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December, 1978 25,000 Sundry Creditors-Printing Charges $ 88,367.22 24,000.00 $119,734 $112,367.22 $119,734 $112,367.22 NOTE: Cost Market Value + HK$11,488.38 HK$ 6,167.70 5,961.17 22,614.20 15,126.80 77,616.00 8,638.74 14,025.00 16,200.00 17,325.00 HK$57,415.09 HK$137,747.90 1. Incomes from subscription are accounted for on cash basis. 2. Quoted Investments held at 31st December, 1978. £700 stock 6% Commonwealth of Australia 1977/80 1,114 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. 14,112 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. 2,750 'A' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. 34,650 'B' Shares Lane Crawford Ltd. ++ + ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938 16 CHAN KIT-CHENG American and British representatives would be invited to participate. After the surrender he would authorize the British to land troops for the reoccupation of Hong Kong.37 In a private letter in reply to Chiang, Truman reiterated that his decision was in no way related to the question of British sovereignty in Hong Kong.68 Chiang Kai-shek remained reluctant to concede the main point. However, he realized that he needed American aid in getting his forces to Hong Kong. Consequently, he communicated a further compromise to Truman on 23 August: he had notified the British that, as supreme commander of the China theatre, he agreed to delegate his authority to a British commander to accept the surrender of Japanese forces in Hong Kong.69 Although Truman regarded Chiang's concession as "quite reasonable" and hoped that it would settle the matter,70 it was not acceptable to Britain. While he deplored the Sino-British friction, Truman clearly did not contemplate taking further action.71 It was therefore a relief both to Britain and the United States that Chiang eventually accepted Britain's revised offer that Harcourt accept Japan's surrender on behalf of both Britain and Chiang as supreme commander of the China theatre.72 Hong Kong was thus reverted to British rule, much as the Americans, both in official and unofficial circles, had clamoured against during the Pacific War. Such clamouring, especially during the first half of the war, no doubt troubled the British and encouraged the Chinese. But, in the main, American wartime policy, if one can at all speak of a conscious and consistent policy, regarding the postwar status of Hong Kong had been characterized by much talk and little action. "Hopes", "wishes", "opinions", "views" were abundantly expressed to Britain, but little can be said of direct and persistent American pressure on the subject. NOTES 1 Author's article, "The Question of Hong Kong during the Pacific War, (1941-45)”, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, II, no. 1 (October 1973), pp. 56-78. 2 C. Thorne, Allies of a Kind (London, 1978), p. 156. 3 Thorne, ibid., pp. 172-3, referring to opinions cited in the New York Times, the Chicago Daily News, and the Christian Science Monitor. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938 18 CHAN KIT-CHENG 23 W. Range, Franklin D. Roosevelt's World Order (University of Georgia Press; 1959), p. 105. 24 This is according to the observation of Ashley Clarke, head of the Far Eastern Department in the British Foreign Office, during his one month visit to the Department of State early in the summer of 1942; see his report on his visit to A. Eden, secretary of state for foreign affairs, 11 June 1942, FO371/31804. See also Ministry of Information to Colonial Office, 22 October 1942, communicated to the Foreign Office, FO371/31774. 25 "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations", pp. 266-272. 26 Brenan's minute, 3 December, on J. G. Winant, American ambassador to London, to Eden, 2 December 1942, FO371/31664. 27 Eden to Winant, 7 December 1942, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), China, 1942 (Washington, 1956), p. 390. 28 "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations", op. cit., pp. 284-5. 29 Ibid., pp. 287-8. 30 Ibid., pp. 288-9. 31 War cabinet conclusions 173 (42), 28 December 1942, Cab65/28. Also Eden to Winant, 29 December; and Eden to Lord Halifax, British ambassador to Washington, tel. 8264, immediate, 29 December 1942, FO371/31665. 32 Thorne, op. cit., p. 179, and note 53, p. 198, referring to G. Atcheson to Hornbeck, 29 December 1942, Department of State, Decimal and Other Files, National Archives (Washington D.C.) 793.003/12-2942. 33 W. L. Tung in his book V. K. Wellington Koo and China's Wartime Diplomacy (New York, 1977), based on the Wellington Koo Papers deposited with Columbia University, gives a possible explanation: "Koo was then Chinese Ambassador to Great Britain and returned to Chungking for consultations. As an experienced diplomat well familiar with the attitude of British official and unofficial circles, he counselled the government to conclude the treaty on the relinquishment of extraterritoriality but reserve the right of later negotiations on the Kowloon question”, p. 53. 34 Halifax to Eden, tel. 6310, immediate, 31 December 1942, FO371/35679. 35 "The Hong Kong Question during the Pacific War (1941-45)", pp. 58-68. 34 Ibid., p. 68. *7 See memorandum in Hornbeck Papers, box 466. ** Cordell Hull, secretary of state, to United States chargé d'affaires in London, tel., 4 April 1943, in FRUS, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, The Far East, 1943 (Washington, 1963), III, pp. 46-7. Also see R. E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (New York, 1948), p. 707. 30 For American interest in India, especially early in the war, see for example, M. S. Venkatramani and B. K. Shrivastava, "The United States and the Cripps Mission", India Quarterly, XIX, no. 3 (July-September, 1963), pp. 214-65. See also author's article, "Britain's Reaction to Chiang Page 45 Page 46 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938 THE U.S. AND THE QUESTION OF HONG KONG 1941-45 19 K'ai-shek's Visit to India, February 1942", The Australian Journal of History and Political Science, XXI, no. 2 (1975), pp. 52-61, in which the American attitude is discussed. 40 Memorandum by Hopkins, 15 March 1943, in FRUS, the British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East, 1943, III, p. 17. 41 Sherwood, op. cit., p. 719, and H. C. Allen, Great Britain and the United States (London, 1954), p. 828. 42 For a summary of the allied military situation at the end of 1943, see J. M. Burns, Roosevelt: the Lion and the Fox (New York, 1956), p. 464. **Hornbeck to Ashley Clarke, 16 December 1943(?), in Hornbeck Papers, box 469. 44 Hornbeck's autobiography, op. cit. 46 Hornbeck's memorandum, 15 November, on his conversation with Churchill, Hornbeck Papers, box 468. 10 16 Hornbeck to Hull, 3 January 1944; also see Hornbeck's memorandum, 3 December 1943, Hornbeck Papers, box 181. 47 C. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), II, p. 1599, 4 Hornbeck's autobiography, op. cit., and J. Bishop, FDR's Last Year (New York, 1974), p. 40. **E. Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York, 1946), pp. 163-4, 203-4, 249-50; J. T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (New York, 1948), p. 349; Hull, op. cit., II, p. 1596; and T. H. White (ed.), The Stilwell Papers (New York, 1976), p. 252. Stilwell was summoned to the conference to discuss China. 50 See SWNCC III, secret, 17 April 1945, in ABC 014 Japan (13 April 44) see 32, National Archives. 01 See minutes of the meeting in FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, 1955), p. 769. Also F. L. Loewenheim (ed.), Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence (New York, 1975), p. 656. 52 FRUS, ibid., pp. 664-5, 676. 53 58 Thorne, op. cit., p. 549. 54 Tung, op. cit., p. 61. 55 Bishop, op. cit., p. 95. 56 Division of Public Liaison and Office of Public Information, Department of State, "Fortnightly Survey of American Opinion on International Affairs", Survey no. 13, confidential, 18 October, Survey no. 14, confidential, 6 November, and Survey no. 15, confidential, 20 November 1944. 57 Examples of these booklets are: "The British Commonwealth and Empire" (May 1944), and "Britain and Japan" (June 1944). **See paragraph six of the Chapter of the Combined Civil Affairs Committee at Washington, FO371/46251. **SWNCC 111, 17 April 1945, op. cit. SWNCC 111, 17 April 1945, ibid. 61 SWNCC 111/2, top secret, 14 June 1945, in ABC 014 Japan (13 April 44) see 32. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1979 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2801w5938 OVERSEAS LIFE MEMBERS DUNCANSON, Mr. J. D., 26 Leinster Mews, LONDON, W.2., UNITED KINGDOM. EWING, Miss E., 25 The Meadows, Old Portsmouth Road, GUILDFORD, Surrey, UNITED KINGDOM. FABER, Mrs. G. A. G., Inveroak, West End Lane, STOKE POGES, Bucks, UNITED KINGDOM. FAWCETT, Mr. B. C., c/o Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., Queen's Road Central, G.P.O. Box 64, HONG KONG, FEHL, Prof. Noah E.. 685 Shawnee Drive, NASHVILLE, Tennessee 37205, U.S.A. FRASER, Mr. A. P., 11 Thorkill Gardens, Thames Ditton, Surrey KT7 QUP, UNITED KINGDOM. GALVIN, Mr. J. A. T., Loughlinstown House Co., Dublin, IRELAND. GEORGE, Mr. T. J. B., c/o Foreign & Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, LONDON, SWIA 2AH., UNITED KINGDOM, GIEDROYC, Mr. Michal J, H., 31 Richmond Way, Fetcham, Surrey, UNITED KINGDOM. HARDEN, Mr. Guy T. Jr., The Manor House, Old Bosham, Chichester, West Sussex, PO18 8HS. UNITED KINGDOM, HAYDON, Mr. E. S., Old Castle Farm, Buckland St. Mary, Somerset, UNITED KINGDOM. HENSMAN, Prof. Bertha, c/o St. Anne's College, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM, HILSDALE, Mrs. K. H., 1105 Armada Drive, Pasadena, California 91103, U.S.A. HOWARTH, Mr. Richard, 1585 Inlet Ct., Reston, Virginia 22090, U.S.A. HUGHES, Mrs. Marion, c/o C. V. Starr & Co. Inc., 102 Maiden Lane, New York, N.Y. 10005, U.S.A. HURT, Miss Evelyn Joyce, Woodlands School, Woodlands Drive, Scarborough, Yorkshire, UNITED KINGDOM, IRETON, Mrs. Polly Hogue, P.O. Box 362, Langley, Washington, 98260, U.S.A. JOHNSTON, Mr. James J., P.O. Box 5, Marshall. Arkansas 72650, U.S.A. JORDAN, Dr. David K., Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, U.S.A. KIDD, Mr. S. T., Windy Brow, Gardeners Lane, Upper Basildon, Reading, Berks, UNITED KINGDOM, Page 255 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1980 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/kh04md207 # THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY HONG KONG BRANCH ## BALANCE SHEET AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1979 ### ASSETS QUOTED INVESTMENTS (see note 2 below) Cost at 1st January, 1979 $57,415.00 Add: Purchase of Rights Shares: China Light & Power Co., Ltd. $3,330.00 Purchase of Reg. Warrants: Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. $8,465.00 $69,210.00 Deduct: Cost of shares sold: 3,025 shares of Lane Crawford "A" $(6,366) $62,844.00 ### QUOTED INVESTMENTS AT COST Lane Crawford "A" $8,638.74 38,115 shares of Lane Crawford "B" $2,453.55 $16,200.00 $24,838.74 $88,367.00 ### BALANCE AT BANKS Fixed Deposits $88,906.32 Deposit at Call $5,545.63 Current Account $1,359.28 $95,811.23 ### LIABILITIES SUNDRY CREDITORS $24,000 Printing Charges for Journal $27,000.00 $14,952 $112,367 $40,000 ### ACCUMULATED FUNDS Balance as at 1st January, 1979 $88,367.22 Add Surplus on Sales of Shares: 1978 $94,733 Lane Crawford "A" $12,494.96 38,115 shares of Lane Crawford "B" $9,866.85 $22,361.81 Excess of Income over Expenditure in 1979 $24,838.74 $113,182.58 Balance of Accumulated Funds at 31st December, 1979 $44,371.35 $140,182.58 $112,387 $140,182.58 D. A. GILKES, Hon. Treasurer ## NOTE: 1. Incomes from subscription are accounted for on cash basis. 2. Quoted Investments held at 31st December, 1979. £700 Stocks 6% Commonwealth of Australia_1977/80 Cost HK$11,488.38 Market Value HK$7,063.35 1,781 Shares China Light & Power Co. Ltd. $9,291.17 $38,647.70 16,934 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. $15,126.80 $104,144.10 1,693 Shares Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd. Reg Warrants HK$10 1988/92 $8,465.00 $8,465.00 $44,371.35 $158,320.15 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1981 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ff36bt18m 180 BRO TSUNG LAI SHUN IN MASSACHUSETTS A letter was sent on 14 July 1980 from the office of the librarian of the MW Grand Lodge of AF and AM of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as follows: Dear Mr. Haffner: Enclosed are several items concerning L.S. Tsung, who appears in our records as Laisun Chan: record as it appears in the Grand Secretary's office membership list, Hampden Lodge, 1879 letter to Springfield Public Library and 5 items received in response. Unfortunately, the clippings are neither dated nor identified in their files and one is incomplete. I trust these will be helpful to your records. If anything more surfaces, I shall pass it on.... Cordially, [signed] Roberta Hankamer, Librarian The record card reads as follows: Name Laisun Chan Residence Springfield Occupation Chinese Commissioner Nativity-46 Lodge HAMPDEN Initiated 1873-4-8 Passed 1873-5-20 Raised 1873-9-23 Membership 1873-9-23 Dim., Sus., Dis. Reinstated Deceased Remarks: [blank] The meaning of "-46" under Nativity is presumably that Bro Tsung was 46 years old, not that he was born in 1846, as other years are given in full. The title page of the by-laws reads, "By-laws, of/Hampden Lodge./ F. & A.M./Springfield, Mass./(Approved March 8, 1876.)/Springfield:/ Weaver, Shipman and Company, Printers./1879." and under the letter L appears the entry, "Laisun, Chan '73," The Springfield City Directory and Business Advertiser for 1873-74 has three entries: Laisun Chan, Chinese Commissioner of Education, house 65 Howard street Laisun E.T., student, board 65 Howard street Laisun Spencer T., student, board 65 Howard street ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1983 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/j9607p61v 151 "country" or whatever. But we know that's impossible. I think the only [realistic] attitude is that as long as I am in this place, I contribute as much as possible. They managed to neutralize controversial subjects such as the Cold War and colonialism by discussing them on an instrumental level. They presented themselves as above politics. As B26 asserted: 'Politics have little influence on the textile industry. Mainland China produces cotton, but there is no export. Taiwan is our competitor, and it has nothing to sell us. We buy cotton from the United States as well as from the U.S.S.R.' Colonialism was similarly evaluated in economic terms. On the bright side of the colonial system, A24 said, 'In the early stage, actually we enjoyed Commonwealth Preferences. We did derive benefits by exporting to the United Kingdom and so on. There was free duty on cotton yarn. Only after Britain joined the EEC (European Economic Community) was the situation changed. Being a colony, we did have some benefits.' On the dark side, A30 reflected: 'Not so good [being a colony], because in textile negotiations Hong Kong cannot participate as an independent country. Furthermore, Britain is on the other side. (He laughed).' Therefore the cotton spinners' political vision was mundane, devoid of larger designs. It was as if they were content to build castles around an oasis, weather permitting. When storm should come, they would move on to look for yet another spring. It never occurred to them that they could perhaps harness the desert. They had not out-grown Marie-Claire Bergere's description of the outlook of the early Chinese businessmen (1968: 246); 'The bourgeoisie, combining an atavistic distrust of politics with a philanthropic utopianism, seemed to think that it could change its own way of life without making any change in the lives of the rest of the Chinese people, and furthermore that one province could be modernized without entailing the ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1985 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gt54s866x 190 ANTHONY FARRINGTON light on Chinese junk traffic. It fell into two groups. Firstly, voyages between Tongking and Nagasaki by resident Chinese, mainly represented by a ‘Captain Nitthoo'; secondly, voyages by mainland Chinese, originating at Canton and calling at Nagasaki and Batavia. For example, on 6 September 1672 Captain Nitthoo departed for Japan with a cargo of 500 peculs of raw silk, “a great quantity of refuge silk” and 43,400 pieces of silk textiles. During his absence the English rented his house at Hien. Back again in March 1673, he left for Japan in July, mainly carrying raw silk, and returned in February 1674. Similarly, in April 1675 the English learnt that a newly arrived Cantonese junk had first taken in a cargo at Batavia, disposed of it at Nagasaki and had now brought into Tongking 16 chests of Japanese silver, 3 million Japanese copper cash and 93 chests of Japanese copper bars. It would be tedious to rehearse the pattern all the way through to the 1690s. However, I am sure that a collation of these incidental references would prove a significant addition to our knowledge of Chinese inter-Asiatic wholesaling operations before the period of European dominance. A full transcript of the factory diary, with its endless repetitions of present giving and attendance upon mandarins, would make heavy reading. My intention is, rather, to issue a summary calendar with selected verbatim extracts, which should provide the necessary raw material for economic historians. NOTES 'Une factorerie Anglaise au Tonkin au XVIIe siècle (1672-1697)', Charles B. Maybon, Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extrême-Orient 10 (Hanoi, 1910) 159-204 gives a summary list of sources for the history of the factory. “Les Anglais au Tonkin (1672-1697)', P. Villars, Revue de Paris Nov/Dec 1903 262-86 gives a brief narrative of life in the factory. 2 The 1630s and 1640s saw attempts to achieve quick profits through a variety of separate ventures (eg, to Persia) organised alongside the longer-term joint stocks. At the same time rival 'interloping' groups (eg, the Courteen Association, formed 1635) became more successful in obtaining royal or Council of State approval for their own trading ventures, culminating in the opening of the eastern trade to private merchants between 1654 and 1657. In the background, of course, were the political upheavals of the Civil War and the Commonwealth. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1986 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/jq08c7063 55 THE HONG KONG BOTANICAL GARDENS, A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW D.A. GRIFFITHS AND S.P. LAU The Victorian era in Europe was obsessed by the idea of cultivating exotic plants which had become more readily available as plant hunters explored more distant regions of the world. The culmination of this concept was the establishment of large botanic gardens where both local and exotic plants could be admired (often under unnatural conditions) by an incredulous populace eager to learn more of the distant parts of the Empire. In addition to this botanical zeal in Europe, the idea spread to various other areas of the British Commonwealth and botanical gardens soon sprang up in Rangoon, New Delhi, Madras, and Singapore, where for the first time local people were able to familiarize themselves with plants from their own as well as other regions of the world. In addition to this seemingly cosmetic role, botanical gardens also served other, more pragmatic, interests as the growth characteristics of more economically important plants could be examined for the first time under controlled conditions, enabling them to be exploited by commercial interests with an eye towards export trade. In Hong Kong, the idea of establishing a Public Garden was mentioned officially for the first time in 1848, but even prior to that date, on March 27th, 1844, a letter of thanks from the Governor of Hong Kong was sent to the Deputy Governor of Bengal thanking him for a copy of the printed report of the Honorable Company's Botanic Gardens, indicating that the idea of a similar garden in Hong Kong had already been mooted. The first indication that Hong Kong was to be blessed with such a garden was made by Charles Gutzlaff in a statement to the Hong Kong branch of the AUTHORS' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors wish to express their gratitude to the staff of the Library and Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, the Public Records Office of Hong Kong, and the City Hall Public Library, Hong Kong, for their kind assistance. S.P. Lau wishes to acknowledge with thanks the permission given by the Director of Agriculture and Fisheries to pursue a Ph.D. project at the University of Hong Kong, this article being a section of the thesis under preparation. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1987 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/rx919b522 217 A letter appeared in the Daily Press endorsing the idea of a contribution to the Imperial Institute. The correspondent claimed that a contribution from Hongkong could benefit both the donor and the project: "If Hongkong can help to prevent (the institute) being a failure, it would be rendering an invaluable service to the Empire, and a double service to the Colony." The double benefit, for Hongkong would be that of promoting the Colony's trade and of “getting us out of our mess." The mess, of course, was the inability of the community to express common agreement on a memorial. It was making the people of Hongkong look foolish. He suggested to the proposer and the seconder of the park project that they withdraw their motions, for surely “they will not miss the chance that withdrawing their proposal would give them of making a friend of the Queen as well as remaining (signed) 'Friends of the Governor'.” Again, the proposal met little response, but Hongkong's lack of interest did not materially impede the project. Other sections of the Empire were more liberal and enthusiastic. In May, 1888, the Queen granted a charter of incorporation to the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies and India and the Isles of the British Seas. A building was erected in South Kensington. It served as a centre for scientific research and a bureau of economic resources for the Empire. In 1962 a new building was erected and the name changed to the Commonwealth Institute. HOW SPORT CAME TO THE VALLEY It was usual for a planning committee to predetermine the agenda for public meetings in the Hongkong of the nineteenth century. It was decided that at the public meeting on March 2, 1887, to plan Hongkong's observance of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee a ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1989 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/8336pm92h 2 for 1959 and 1972 when he was on leave). After the Kwong Chow was demolished, these events were held in the Ying King Restaurant, in Wanchai. Many architects, engineers, surveyors, Public Works Department staff, and contractors attended these functions. Speeches were made, and all present, at a given moment, paid their respects by bowing three times to a portrait of Lu Pan. But a builder's life is not all brandy and shark's fin soup. Steep, rugged, rocky Hong Kong is not ideal terrain for many projects. In the early days of the Colony, when roads and reservoirs were built (the first reservoir, at Pok Fu Lam, was completed in 1864), there was little in the way of mechanical equipment. It was not until 1962 that the first crane was used to construct a building, the Hilton Hotel (originally named the American Hotel). Even today, for structures up to 150 metres high, the ubiquitous bamboo, which typifies an exemplary man's life in that it grows tall, straight, and yet is flexible and versatile, with rings marking important achievements in a person's career — is still used for scaffolding. It bends rather than breaks and is about one-third the price of steel. Bamboo is, or has been, also used for making (among other things) chipboard, woven bed mats, furniture, water pipes, fishing rods, summonses for secret-society meetings, and Chinese medicine. In addition, bamboo shoots provide a tasty dish. 10 Although some old building techniques, like bamboo scaffolding, are still in use, many have long since disappeared, along with the ancient structures built using them.” A few of the latter are, however, still left." These include "walled" villages, such as Kat Hing Wai at Kam Tin, and the 600-year-old, three-storey Tsui Shing Lau at Ping Shan in the New Territories. This was built in a geomantically favourable location to placate the God of Literature and originally had seven floors. But the upper part was damaged in typhoons. This Man Pat (its local name) Pagoda was built to improve the performance of the Tang clan of Ping Shan in the imperial examinations. Academic results indicate the edifice proved effective. In the urban area, Victoria Prison, off Arbuthnot Road in Central, which was completed in 1843, is said to be the oldest jail still in use for that purpose in the Commonwealth. Hangings used to take place there (the last in Hong Kong was at Stanley Prison on November 6, 1966), ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1993 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/66833t302 CONTRIBUTORS Karina Lam Wai-Ling, M.A., is the Marketing Communications Manager SE Asia for Philips Semiconductors. The article is an edited version of her master's dissertation. Janet George, Ph.D., is a senior lecturer at the Department of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Sydney. She has researched deeply into various aspects of Hong Kong's early maternity services. Keith Stevens, B.A., served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He has an abiding interest in Chinese deities and temples and has written numerous articles for the Journal. Gerald Choa, M.D., was a former Director of Medical & Health Services of the Hong Kong Government and Pro-Vice Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has written extensively about early Hong Kong medical figures and services. Patrick Hase, B.A., Ph.D., is a council member of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong Branch) and a former editor of the Journal. He has written extensively on early life in the New Territories. Mary Pang, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Business and Management at the City University of Hong Kong. Dan Waters, M.Phil., Ph.D., is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government and a council member of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong Branch). He has written extensively on the history and culture of Hong Kong. Geoffrey Roper, is a retired Assistant Commissioner of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. He chairs the Activities Committee of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong Branch). vi ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1993 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/66833t302 6 November 20 November 18 December 20 December 1994 18 January 22 January 19 March Swire Marine Laboratory, Cape D'Aguilar Discovering Trim Sha Tsui- Historical Quiz - Battle of Hong Kong Walk - Wong Nei Chung to Tai Tam with visit to Sai Wan Commonwealth War Cemetery Exhibition of Sand Mandala - Fung Ping Shan Museum, HK University Three Historic Buildings of Central (Helena May, Government House, Christian Science Church) Exhibition of Archeological Discoveries of Ancient Yue Tribes in Southern China - Museum of History University of Science and Technology and Tin Hau Temple, Joss House Bay Visits Outside Hong Kong 1994 December Guangzhou I expect many of you can think of several highlights, but for me the most significant and colourful event was the trip to Guangzhou and our trip on leaky sampans from one side of the Pearl River to the other, to look at Danes Island and the Military Academy at Whampoa; the whole trip was a memorable occasion and we have to thank Dr. Joseph Ting and our friends in Guangzhou for organising it so superbly. But none of these events could take place without some organisation behind them, and for this we have to thank the Programme Committee and particularly Mr. Peter Leeds, the Chairman. Peter used to be, I believe, in Transport; in fact, he gave a lecture to the Society about two years ago on the history of transport in Hong Kong. Clearly, anyone who has organised transport in Hong Kong has some very gifted organisational skills, and the Society has been very fortunate over the last three years to have him at the hub of the wheel, so to speak, of the Programme Committee. It is therefore with great regret that I have to report that due to his anticipated long period of absence from Hong Kong next year, he feels he will not be able to carry on his present role. Fortunately, however, I am pleased to report that Mrs. Rosemary Lee has agreed to take on the role, and I have promised her that she will obtain all the support the Council and I hope other members can give her. XI ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1993 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/66833t302 78 reporting has still not been up to desired standards Doubts over the performance of some non-party-member journalists are hinted as the cause of the unachieved standards (Zhongguo Xunwen Nianjian, 1985–99) 16 Training Journalists into self-conscious mouthpieces of party and people is a principle laid down by the education authorities (Zhongguo Xinwen Nianjian 1986 8) The New China News Agency has carried out a campaign on political-ideological background of press cadres to promote a sense of responsibility in them towards the evolutionary targets of the Party, so that they would concur with central party policies, and act as mouthpieces of the Party (Zhongguo Xinwen Nianjian 1987 5) Although recently, advertisements do appear in the various provincial as well as nationwide papers and also on television etc, the small amount of them in comparison to the gigantic media labour machinery and the low price charged to users suggest that a large proportion of the revenue must come from the producers themselves In fact, many scholars have argued and confirmed that sport closely portrays real life Sport is closely related with the social order, and if sports does not represent the real social order, it represents idealized versions of that order, and as such it takes on for them an aura of the sacred" (Hargreaves, 1982 33) Sport has the potential to expand our knowledge of a form of human behaviour that spans the gap between the playful, spontaneous, and expressive and the formal, institutionalized, bureaucratic, and work-like dimensions of life. [Also, it helps disclose] several layers of reality and thus has the potential to further our understanding of this segment of society (Snyder & Spreitzer, 1983. Epilogue) 19 The author exemplified these functions by citing evidence from international sporting events Taiwan gained a place in international affairs by getting the Little League Baseball world title. The Commonwealth Games, the Pan-American Games all strengthened regional ties and national identities Since those who have achieved something displayed dominance, nations are seen striving to become the best International propaganda could be launched by emphasizing the success a nation has achieved. The Chinese Ping Pong diplomacy and the African boycott in 1976 Olympics are two diverse branches of sport policies that shoulder political errands Sports as international events could pose as a stage for nations to show their ideologies. The massacre of Mexican students, the Israeli massacre are good examples Politicians could reinforce their humanity and reduce their distance with commoners by relating themselves to sports, an activity widely practised among people 20 Although sports events appear to be without the political circle, they are actually not Sports is closely related with politics Political battles are often transcended to the sport arena But sport is not inherently political, [rather] it becomes [so] because of its utility as a widely observed medium for ideological expression' (Figler, 1981. 229) As such, sports events as data for the present study could avoid losing argumentative power for face, a social-psychological matter, to political considerations while still maintaining a glimpse of the total life conditions 21 The second largest paper, Gongren Ribao has a total distribution of 808,821,000 (average 2,221,700 per issue) in 1986, less than half of those for People's Daily All figures quoted here are released in the 1987 Zhongguo Xinwen Nianjian ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1994 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zk522640g 138 redevelopment, and spoke to each group in turn on their history and background. The first time around, a small donation had turned away the indignation of an old female resident, who had noisily enquired what we were up to. Also, we were entertained on each occasion by the Kowloon City Kaifong Association in its office inside the City, and given its side of the story. The opportunity would not recur. At the time of writing (June 1994), all the buildings within the Walled City boundary (less those of historic interest) have been demolished and their residents compensated and rehoused, and a four-week long archaeological investigation has been completed, uncovering the inscribed granite slab over the old South Gate.25 Other Aspects of the Society Two Letters The RAS has seldom been politically motivated. On the rare occasions that we have made representations to the authorities, this was done to support some worthy public cause, like the need for a proper Museum of History.26 The only occasion on which the Society has campaigned vigorously on a local issue has been in the past few years, against the government's intended removal of the Public Records of Hong Kong to Tuen Mun New Town, and to press in lieu for a more suitable premises in a convenient location.27 However, on two other occasions, in the exceptional circumstances of the time, special representations were made on behalf of the Society, because in both cases Hong Kong's future was seen to be involved. Following the Tiananmen Square incident in mid-1989, which threw Hong Kong into an emotional turmoil the like of which had never been seen, the RAS Council met to discuss the position. It was decided to send a letter to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London, urging it to stand firm in its dealings with Beijing, in the interests of Hong Kong and its people. **Sad to say, there was no response; and despite sending a follow-up copy some weeks after, not even so much as an acknowledgment. In the second instance, again in 1989 and just before the period allowed for public comment on the draft Basic Law had elapsed, in my capacity as President of the Society, I sent a personal letter to the Chairman of the Consultative Committee for the Basic Law, Later reproduced in the RAS ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1995 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/95941j25g CONTRIBUTORS Edwin Haydon is a retired Registrar of the Hong Kong Supreme Court. D.H. Liu is a member of the Society with a deep interest in Chinese opera. Alfred Y.K. Lau is a member of the Society with an interest in early colonial Hong Kong. David Faure is a member of the Society, a noted sinologist and a former Editor of the Journal. He is now with the University of Oxford. Anne and Stephen Selby are members of the Society and noted sinologists. Stephen is currently Director of Intellectual Property of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Richard Webb is a member of the Society and a former Administrative Officer of the Hong Kong Government now in business in the Republic Of Ireland. John Hodgkiss, Ph.D is a member of the Society and the Head of the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity at the University of Hong Kong. He is a noted authority on mangroves and kindred flora. R.G. Horsnell is a member of the Society and a Chief Property Services Manager with the Architectural Services Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Keith Stevens, B.A. served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He has an abiding interest in Chinese temples and deities and has written numerous articles for the Journal. Dan Waters, M.Phil, Ph.D is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government. He is a long-time Member of Council of the Society, and became President in 1997. He has written prolifically on the history and culture of Hong Kong. Peter Vine, LL.D (Hons) is a solicitor in private practice and a prominent resident of Hong Kong since 1947. He is currently, inter alia, President of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Society of Notaries. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1995 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/95941j25g 200 3 and four belong to German prisoners. The remainder are Allied servicemen's graves. The headstones, including those of the Chinese Labour Corps members, are of the usual Portland Stone with the Commonwealth War Grave standard segmental curve on the top (see Plates 1 and 2). This distinguishes them from graves for civilians which are curved but with a piece notched out at each top corner. Stones for Royal Air Force graves are 'winged', with curved tops sweeping upwards slightly at each side.* Few if any of the Chinese who served in Europe in the First World War, one assumes, were Christians. There are no crosses on their gravestones. Of the two Chinese graves in this cemetery one is unnamed (see Plate I), although there is an army number. This is not unusual. When Chinese labourers were first recruited, pigtails, which could still be found in China at the time, were cut off. Thumbprints were then taken and numbered wristlets were riveted on. The inscription on the first gravestone reads, in Chinese and English, 'Faithful unto death'. The second headstone (see Plate 2) is in memory of Wong Fuk-hing with the proverb, 'A good reputation endures forever.' Wong came from Shan Tung Province, Yeung Sun county. A Chinese person's native place is important enough to be inscribed on his or her headstone. Traditionally, Chinese like to be buried on their native soil. Not far from Foncquevillers Military Cemetery is an old farm house which, in 1916, stood near the front line of the First Battle of the Somme, the largest land battle Britain has ever fought. Some 57,470 British soldiers were killed on July 1, 1916, the first day of this action. The cellar at the time, linked by a tunnel to the trenches which crisscrossed the area, served as a battlefield operating theatre. On March 19, 1916, two British soldiers were shot at dawn, close by, for desertion. Although my son and I visited this old house owned by Avril Williams, which now serves as a guest house and English tea rooms, she was unfortunately not at home. Her daughter showed us around. The chief reason that Avril Williams came here, from England, was so she might visit and tend the graves of those who fought and died: 'So we might continue to live the way we do.' On the headstone of Private George Palmer's grave, who was killed in 1917, a request from his mother is inscribed. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1997 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/wp98g7579 A. Trevor Clark, C.B.E., L.V.O., M.A., F.S.A.Scot., served in Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service in Nigeria, and then in Hong Kong from 1960 to 1977, being seconded to the Western Pacific for constitutional duties from 1972. Since retirement to Britain he has been an elected local government councillor, and a member of non-departmental public bodies and trusts, especially museums, and has contributed book reviews on Hong Kong affairs to various publications. Dan Waters, M.Phil., Ph.D is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government. He is a long-time Member of Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (HKSARBRAS) and became President in 1997, having acted since the year before. He has written prolifically on the history and culture of the HKSAR. Keith Stevens, B.A., served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He is an authority on Chinese temples and deities, and Chinese history generally, and has written prolifically on these subjects. Jennifer W. Welch, M.A. now lives with her husband in Hong Kong having spent a number of years in Singapore, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Australia. Her interests are varied and include French culture and language, China and the Chinese, porcelain and history. Kwok-shing CHAN is a post-graduate student at the Department of Anthropology, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Thomas Kvan, M.A., M.Arch., is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Architecture, University of Hong Kong. Justyna Karakiewicz, A.A. Dipl., F.R.S.A., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Architecture, University of Hong Kong and an urban designer who has designed towns and landscapes in Malta, France and England, amongst others. ix ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1997 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/wp98g7579 ARTICLES THE DICKINSON REPORT: AN ACCOUNT OF THE BACKGROUND TO, AND PREPARATION OF, THE 1966 WORKING GROUP REPORT ON LOCAL ADMINISTRATION TREVOR CLARK Much commentary on Hong Kong's internal affairs before its return to China focused on the alleged anomaly of having delayed the introduction of a wider franchise until the very last years of a century-and-a-half's span of power. There was also dispute over whether the evident split of faith among the indigenous Hong Kong leadership was in reality between those openly "pro-China" and those supposedly "anti-China"; or whether it was not more truly between those who are "pro-Hong Kong's people" and those simply (and more pragmatically) "pro-business." It is in this context that the death of William Vivian Dickinson MBE(Mil) reminded his past colleagues of 'The Dickinson Report', otherwise known as Report of the Working Party on Local Administration'. The recent discussion and controversy over institutional changes make a backward glance at this document and its provenance a matter for poignant reflection. It will be remembered that Britain's immediately post-war Labour Secretaries of State for the Colonies had required all Governors to accelerate the long-accepted progress towards dominion status, as independence with full membership of the Commonwealth had been known: pressures from the United States of America and the new institutions of the United Nations had demanded no less. Attlee's government was happy to require action, by way primarily of building upwards from local government reform, coupled with improved labour and trades union legislation, and attention to education - all this backed by development and welfare plans funded by acts of parliament, which had started with the ground-breaking Colonial Development & Welfare Act passed in the dark wartime year of 1940. Hong Kong had been treated no differently, and Sir Mark Young had returned as Governor after the Pacific War with plans for appropriate initiatives. These included a Municipal Council, with Mayor, 30 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1997 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/wp98g7579 4 aloof on his return. The present writer can vouch for his active approval of an African-inspired experiment whereby departmental administrative officers in the urban areas would collect and transmit upwards a monthly 'intelligence digest' of local opinion, morale and responses to government action or inaction, and of attitudes to prominent local figures and to Chinese or foreign affairs: this was meant to supplement what was collected in their own specialist manners by the HK Police Special Branch (SB), the New Territories Administration (NTA), the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO)'s Political Adviser (PA) and the Security Liaison Officer (SLO). Some of what was collected may have been too near the knuckle, some was rather too easily discounted as mere "gossip," important though that might be as a reflection of influential belief at the grass roots, and some may have hurt the dignity of those who had the existing duty of intelligence-gathering. The governor was persuaded to drop the experiment as proving trivial. But Trench also showed interest in another interloping proposal that, in the absence of any generalist government institutions to supplement the Secretary for Chinese Affairs (SCA)'s advisory staff (who liaised with the various kai fong (Neighbourhood) Welfare Associations, Clansmens' Associations and Residents' Associations, which were often self-perpetuating), District Officers (DOs) should be appointed in the urban areas; these should have certain executive functions, fewer than those of their colleagues in the New Territories so as not to encroach on the licensing prerogatives of the Urban Council, but sufficient to ensure that all should know of their existence and, above all, of where their offices were. Primarily they should oversee and co-ordinate the activities of the various professional and technical departments in their bailiwicks, but also, like paternalistic mandarins, inquire into, report upon and seek answers to the needs and concerns of the inhabitants. This suggestion was effectively smothered by a DCS who was unable to understand what such DOs might achieve in a city that existing institutions did not already adequately do: the concept of such junior, peripheral, government officers being responsive to people, as opposed to being mere executive agents responsible for essential infrastructural public services, was alien. Apart from the SCA's and District Commissioner New Territories (DCNT)'s contacts with often self-appointed élites, there was little by way of direct exchange with the man in the street: the same DCS once said, "Government must, of ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1997 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/wp98g7579 157 Bearing in mind the RASHKB is sometimes seen as supporting the "establishment”, in October 1989, four months after the Tiananmun incident, Dr James Hayes, then our President, wrote to the Chairman of the Consultative Committee for the Basic Law (Hayes 1989: xvi). As no reply was received a copy was then sent to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in London. Again, no reply was forthcoming. In this letter, put very simply, the President wrote that the RASHKB hoped to be able to continue its activities in the interests of Hong Kong long after 1997. Indeed, members hoped to be able to carry on in the same way as they had been able to operate before 1997. The letter went on to say that the Branch's particular functions are to increase the common stock of knowledge and understanding of Hong Kong and to build a bridge between the Chinese and expatriate sectors of the local community, promoting social interaction and friendship among residents. Like a number of other societies in Hong Kong, over the years the RAS has in its own way contributed to peace and stability. It has helped to nurture the growing sense of territory identity, for example, that has formed especially since the end of the 1960s. In spite, however, of trying to recruit more Chinese members, especially in recent years, the Branch has had limited success. I am pleased to say, a few months after the handover of the Territory to China, the Branch is continuing to operate along similar lines as in the past. For the RASHKB, in other words, it is "business as usual”. It is accepted that the world, including Hong Kong, changes in various ways, and our Branch will need to keep its ear to the ground and move with the times. Although we remain basically an English-speaking Society, we did conduct some lectures in Cantonese during the winter of 1995-96. These were held in conjunction with the Exhibition, Hong Kong Going and Gone mounted jointly by our Branch and the Antiquities and Monuments Office. Our Society, which has a long and honourable history, consists mainly of active members who make up a generally friendly, cosmopolitan body of people with similar interests. In spite of the fact ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794 council member of HKBRAS. Robert Nield, F.C.A., F.H.K.S.A., is a certified public accountant with PricewaterhouseCoopers, and the Hon. Treasurer of HKBRAS. Penny Robbins and Meredith Tong-Draper are longstanding members of HKBRAS who have taken a very active role in recent activities, both locally and on the mainland. Geoffrey Roper, B.A., is a retired Assistant Commissioner of the (Royal) Hong Kong Police Force and a former long serving council member of HKBRAS. Ronald Bishop Smith, lives in Portugal and is a private researcher into 16th century Portuguese history, notably the exploits of the Portuguese into the Middle and Far East, and China. He has written prolifically on this subject and is one of the very few people familiar with 16th century Portuguese paleography. Keith Stevens, B.A., served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He is an authority on Chinese temples and deities, and Chinese history generally, and has written prolifically on these subjects. Dan Waters, M.Phil., Ph.D., is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government. He is a long-time council member of HKBRAS and has been President since 1997. He has written prolifically on the history and culture of the HKSAR. Jennifer Welch, M.A., now lives with her husband in Hong Kong having spent a number of years in Singapore, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Australia. Her interests are varied and include French culture and language, China and the Chinese, porcelain and history. xi ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794 281 FIRST WORLD WAR LABOUR CORPS CEMETERIES IN FLANDERS BRIAN C. FAWCETT This note follows on from that written by Dan Waters. There are several cemeteries in Flanders in which members of the Chinese Labour Corps are buried, some containing as few as two or three graves; one of the largish is that of the Indian and Chinese British Cemetery at Ayette, which was a scene of fighting in 1918. Whilst on a battlefield tour in July, 1998, my wife and I were fortunate to make a very short visit to Ayette Cemetery. This is reached down an unmade dirt-track off the D919 about 16 kilometres south of Arras. It contains the graves of ten soldiers of the Indian Army, forty-two men of the Indian Labour Corps, one German prisoner, twenty-seven men of the British Chinese Labour Corps and six men of the French Chinese Labour Corps. Instead of the Cross of Sacrifice, there is a pagoda-shaped shelter at the back. A double flight of steps leads to the gravestones, those of the Chinese being on the left and those of the Indians on the right. Unfortunately during our fleeting visit I was unable to view all the gravestones but noted that, whereas the British Chinese Labour Corps gravestones were engraved with Chinese and English characters, giving the man's number and date of death, with a suitable inscription, those for the French Chinese Labour Corps had a small plate inserted therein giving the man's name, date of death and "Mort pour La France.” The shape of the gravestones is also different, those for the French being more rounded at the top. I was unable to read the Chinese characters but for anyone interested details of each grave are recorded in the memorial registers which can be found in the cemeteries, or may be obtained, for a fee, from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.2 As with all Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries it was in immaculate condition, the grass being cut and the flowers ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794 282 well attended. Regrettably, I do not think that this cemetery is often visited. On leaving, I noticed large, white rose bushes in flower near the steps on the Chinese side, which I thought brought that final symbolic touch. I wanted to visit this cemetery as my family and I have had connections with China for many years, from the birth of my maternal grandmother. In paying respects at this cemetery, I was also thinking of and paying respects to the fallen of the British Chinese Labour Corps in other cemeteries in Flanders. NOTES 1. Dan Waters, The Chinese Labour Corps in the First World War: Labourers Buried in France, HKBRASJ Vol. 35, p. 199 2. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission HQ, 2, Marlow Road, Maidenhead, Berks SL6 7DX, U.K. Page 315 Page 316 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794 374 The Statue of the Chinaman at Rathkeale, West Limerick.Courtesy of J.R. Patterson (late Foreign & Commonwealth Office) Page 405 Page 406 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1999 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/s178b887x 118 (Liddell Hart 1999); "I suggested, and he appeared to agree, that it would be better to risk its loss by holding it too lightly than to strengthen it so much as to make it, morally, a "Verdun" or "Port Arthur" with great danger to our prestige if lost." 9 Some veterans complained about the lack of sympathy of London with colonial subjects, as evidenced in Colonel Anthony Hewitt's comments in his foreword to the work of Ko and Wordie (Ko and Wordie, 1996). Hewitt's passing comment is mild compared with the criticism of military historians of the allied countries. Vincent (1981) and Ferguson (1980), Cameron (1991) and most Chinese authors such as Yip (1982); Yuen (1988) and Tse (1995) criticised the British Government for being totally unprepared for the invasion of the Colony. The critical views expressed in English works in this period were pertinent to post-war claims for compensation by ex-servicemen in Commonwealth countries. The prevailing Chinese position is that Hong Kong should and could have been defended. An odd view is Tse (1995) who argued that Japan made a strategic mistake by taking the Colony, as it would serve no useful military purpose. Bell's archive research (Bell, 1996) established that Hong Kong was not treated as an outpost but "an integral component of an offensive strategy” based on faith in the superiority of the Royal Navy and the certainty of Hong Kong's relief. However, Bell's offensive strategy view is hardly consistent with the absence of fighters or bombers in the Colony before the outbreak of the Battle. "Britain did not have enough men, or enough guns, tanks, ships and aeroplanes for the war against Germany. So it was impossible to send sufficient men and supplies for the defence of Hong Kong. These included the men of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps. These men - English, Chinese, Eurasians, Portuguese and others - whose homes were in Hong Kong, prepared to defend the Colony from attack.” (Stokes, 1965, p.89) Though it is highly questionable whether the Scottish, Canadian and Indian soldiers in the "others category" mentioned by Stokes would regard Hong Kong as their permanent homes, Stokes' description is ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n Charles and Diana Slater are active members of HKBRAS. Keith Stevens, B.A., served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office before his retirement in 1991. He is an authority on Chinese temples and deities, and Chinese history generally, and has written prolifically on these subjects (keith.stevens@chgods.freeserve.co.uk). Dan Waters, M.Phil., Ph.D., is a retired Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government. He is a long-time council member of HKBRAS and has been President since 1997. He has written prolifically on the history and culture of the HKSAR (benefit@netvigator.com). Jennifer Welch, M.A., now lives with her husband in East Yorkshire having spent a number of years in Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Australia. Her interests are varied and include French culture and language, China and the Chinese, porcelain and history. xiii ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 47 therefore separated into their own camps, for their own protection and also so that they could not mix with the British troops in general. They were supervised by their own British officers and NCOs. In death Chinese members of the CLC were buried in separate cemeteries or, if buried in cemeteries with Commonwealth dead, in separate areas apart from them. However, deceased British officers and NCOs serving with or transferred to the CLC were buried amongst other Commonwealth fallen. In life and in death the Chinese were isolated [reflecting the attitude of Europeans towards Asians in general and non-Christians in particular] In mid-September 1917, Alec Paton, stationed at Zillebeke, Ypres, and serving with the Royal Garrison Artillery, obtained permission to visit Reninghelst to meet Claude Betts, a friend who had been promoted to company commander in the CLC. Before leaving Paton was in conversation with one of his officers who commented that he thought 'it would be a good idea to use Chinese as infantry, there being so many of them.' Adding that he wondered what the Germans would do if they saw ten thousand Chinamen coming over the top? In reply a wag said 'Run and bring their washing, I should think.' Claud Betts had learnt a few Chinese phrases as his labourers could speak no English and they were cunning enough to pretend they could not understand sign language if such meant work. As Alec Paton was passing through Reninghelst he noticed a sign, erected by HQ for the troops, which read ‘DO NOT SPEAK TO THE CHINESE.' Underneath, also in large letters, a wit had written, 'WHO THE HELL CAN?’. Once again, to quote from the Directorate of Labour's Notes: Complaints. The Chinese, in China, are accustomed to seek redress of grievances by means of written petitions: locked petition boxes should be provided. The Notes also included the following facts regarding the Chinese: a] The Chinese coolie has an inherent contempt for foreigners b] He comes here purely and simply for money, with no interest in the war. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 51 young for demobilisation, he volunteered to join the HQ of the CLC instead of serving with the Army of Occupation of the Rhine, and served with them until being demobilised. In February 1920 he volunteered for repatriation duty and from Le Havre assisted to escort 1000 labourers on the S.S. Melita to St John's, Newfoundland, a voyage lasting five days. Seven days journey by Canadian Pacific Railways took them to Vancouver City and then by ferry to the quarantine station at William Head on Vancouver Island, where they were joined by another 5000 coolies who were also awaiting repatriation. After quarantine, with 12 British officers and other ranks, 4730 coolies sailed on the M. S. Dollar to Qingdao, a crossing of twenty-one days, where the coolies were demobilised. Mellor then sailed via Shanghai, Hong Kong [staying two months], the Suez Canal to London, where he was demobilised in late 1921. Again, a further confusion in these figures of those who died arises, as, according to a list of names provided by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, of those labourers who have graves, world-wide, the number buried is 1952. Their list also includes, separately, names and graves of non-nationals [i.e. Brits, etc.] who were either serving with or were attached to the CLC from other regiments and these totalled 58. A total of 191 Chinese from the Corps served later with the Slavo-British Legion in Northern Russia in 1920. Between March and December 1919, 50,861 labourers were repatriated with shipments continuing for several more years. About 60 men remained behind in France to carve inscriptions on the tombstones of their dead fellow workers, and this may explain why some of the characters on the stones are unusual, if not incorrect. We understand that headstones are today replaced at fairly frequent intervals providing an enduring picture of well-cared for military cemeteries. The stones are produced nowadays in France by a team working for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission [CWGC] using automatic laser guided tools. This means that the Chinese characters are taken from identical templates which may explain why the character that we saw for the surname Liu has two different forms, each of which is identically turned out on headstones but without any apparent reason for the use of the popular version on some and the obscure version on many more. According to the CWGC a typical headstone would bear one of five phrases engraved both in Chinese and English, the name of the corps, number and date of death in English and the name and province of the casualty in Chinese. We only ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 52 found four such phrases." They added, in answer to a question, that the CWGC commemorates all members of the Commonwealth forces who died in conflicts regardless of the circumstances of their death. Those who died following sentences given by Courts Martial are commemorated in exactly the same way as anyone else. Officers and NCOs supplied by the British consisted of volunteers from the British Army as well as British officer-candidates from China, consisting of missionaries and members of the China Customs Service from Treaty Ports. Some were promoted from the ranks. Those from the Chinese Customs Service in Shanghai include Arthur H H Abel, who was gazetted as a 2Lt in May 1918; George B Appleton, who enlisted with the 16th Bn Middlesex Regt in February 1915 and transferred to the CLC in April 1917 as a sergeant, being promoted to 2Lt in May 1918; Charles N Cross, who in August 1917 joined the CLC as a 2Lt, transferred to the Royal Air Force in July 1918 and transferred back to the CLC in March 1919 as a captain; Arthur HF Edwardes served with the CLC from April to July 1917 as a 2Lt, and in August 1917 was promoted acting captain commanding No 59 Company CLC in Belgium; Ernest N Ensor, enlisted in December 1914 in the 9th Bn Royal Irish Fusiliers and, after promotion through the ranks, to captain in August 1916, was transferred in July 1917 to command No. 27 Company CLC. Amongst his medals, and being Mentioned in Despatches, he was awarded the Order of the Wen Hu, Fifth Class, for military services. Hugh G Lowder served in various Army battalions before transferring to the HQ CLC from which he was demobilised in March 1920 in the rank of captain. He also received the Order of the Wen Hu, Fifth Class, in 1919. Walter Moore served two and a half years with the CLC, from June 1917 to October 1919. John Murphy served with the Royal Marine Artillery, first in German New Guinea and German West Africa, then in France and also on HMS Warspite. In September 1917 he transferred to the Army and from the Armistice to May 1920 he was attached to the CLC conducting coolies from France back to China. Norman Travers was commissioned as a 2Lt into the CLC in May 1917 and was attached to the Royal Flying Corps, with Chinese, on forward aerodromes, subsequently working also in the forward area in trench, ammunition and lines of communication, finally assisting clearance of the devastated areas. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 58 it was there that he first had dealings with the Chinese whom he came to like and respect. He was elected to the Tsing Chung-hui tong [secret society], pledging to serve Sun Yat-sen, to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and liberate the Chinese people. He joined the Canadian infantry and in 1917 landed in England, later being sent to France. He was seconded to the CLC, though the opinion he gained of the Chinese with whom he served, of a lower class to those he met and had business dealings whilst in Canada, was not very high. He rejoined his own unit in March 1918, was wounded and returned to Canada in February 1919. Later he went to China where he joined Dr Sun Yat-sen and, after his death, his son, Sun Fo. He obtained the nick-name "Two Gun Cohen” after an aide of Dr Sun saw him draw both his guns after a fracas in Canton. Dr Sun first called Cohen 'Colonel', then by his surname and then by the nickname of 'Mah Kun by which houseboys and coolies called him, being the next they could get to "Morris Cohen.” But all this is another story! Observations and Places Visited Returning now to our Friend's reconnaissance expedition, the first stop was at the extensive Duisans British Cemetery, Etrun, where one member of the CLC, Yang Feng-yung, 91948, is buried: he died on 4 December 1918. A beautiful American boxwood tree, flowering when we were there, stands behind this lone grave. Ayette Indian and Chinese Cemetery also holds graves of members of the French Chinese Labour Corps. Their members tended to come from southern China and their duties were similar to those of the British CLC. The French graves here are of a similar shape to the British but with only their romanised name and the inscription Mort pour La France [Died for France]. I have not carried out any research concerning the French and their recruitment of Chinese and other nationalities who assisted in their fight for freedom. The 34 British CLC gravestones conformed to the usual Commonwealth War Graves Commission shape with each bearing the service number and/or name in Chinese and romanisation, the date of death and details of their place of birth in Chinese. The inscriptions in English, a straight translation of the ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 60 remembered that the cemeteries and memorials are primarily places of individual commemoration and excessive signage can detract from this. There are many cemeteries and memorials in Belgium and France where members of the Commonwealth forces are buried and commemorated. The Menin Gate at Ypres commemorates over 54,270 who died in the Ypres Salient, from October 1914 to the 15/16th August 1917, and who have no known grave. Those who died from 17 August 1917 to the end of the war and have no known grave, over 34,880, are commemorated on panels at Tynecot, which is also the largest Commonwealth cemetery in the world with 11,856 graves. In France, the memorial at Thiepval commemorates over 72,000 Commonwealth members who died on the Somme and who have no known grave. At none of the above are there any names of members of the CLC. At Etaples, there are over 11,400 graves of World War I, including that of one Chinese member of the CLC, Fu Puzhen, 9436, a Ganger of the 56th Company. As Keith Stevens remarked, Fu here, alone, represents his countrymen with a population amounting to a quarter of the world's total. The last cemetery the Friends visited was Les Baraques Military at Sangatte, south of Calais. Of the 197 named CLC members buried there virtually all were from Shandong province and the metropolitan area of Zhili. Only two came from other provinces, Anhui and Hubei. There were several seamen commemorated who most probably would have been Cantonese from the south and recruited by the Royal Navy in Hong Kong. There are also graves of British personnel who served with or were attached to the CLC. We saw the grave of 2Lt E S Burley, Army Labour Corps, attached to the Chinese Labour Corps, who died on 15th February 1919, aged 44 years, whose parents came from London, England and whose wife lived in South Africa. On a later personal visit to this cemetery, with my wife, we located the grave of Gunner M E Barnes of the 43rd Company, Royal Garrison Artillery who transferred, in the rank of corporal, to the 135th Labour Company, Chinese Labour Corps Royal Garrison Artillery. He died on 19th November 1919, aged 49 years; and was a native of Lewes in Sussex. Also the grave of Private M Cooper of the 2nd/6th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry, who transferred to the 88th Labour Company, ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 61 Chinese Labour Corps. A native of Pudsey, he died on 16th February 1919. And also the grave of Lt AE Player of the Labour Corps, attached to the Chinese Labour Corps. He died on 10th July 1919. We also saw the graves of twenty-three seamen from the SS British Sovereign, amongst which were those of Ah Ling and Doe Gai [no Chinese characters on their gravestones] who died on 7th September 1918. There is also a grave of a member of the Japanese Merchant Marine Service, 1st Class Engineer Yioshto [or Yiosto as it appears on the gravestone], who died on 31st December 1918. His name is not listed nor his grave location shown in the cemetery register which, I believe, is only used for British and Commonwealth personnel. It is listed on the CWGC Foreign National register database. The CWGC has written to the Japanese Embassy, London, to ascertain the correct spelling of his name and await their reply. In our wanderings in this cemetery, my wife and I also saw the grave of a young civilian who was buried alongside those who had fought and died in the War. He was Joseph Leng, who drowned at Audricq on 2 October 1917 whilst visiting his father, Sapper J Leng. He was only seven years old and on his gravestone his parents have had carved the epitaph 'Suffer little children to come to me.' Also in this cemetery are five graves containing the remains of men of the CLC who were 'shot at dawn'. Their gravestones carried the usual epitaphs and were in every way indistinguishable from other CLC gravestones. Wang Enrong (Wang En Jung in Wade-Giles romanisation) [10299] 29th Company CLC was executed on 26 June 1918, together with Yang Jingshan (Yang Ching Shan in Wade-Giles romanisation) [10272] also of the 29th Company CLC, from Liaocheng county of Shandong province, for murdering a French woman at her estaminet [coffee house] during a robbery. The former's gravestone only carries his number and the inscription ‘Faithful unto Death' whilst that of the latter bears the inscription ‘A Noble Duty Bravely Done.' St Zhao Gongyi [Chao Hsing I (Chao Kung-i) in Wade-Giles romanisation] [46090], 161 Company CLC, from Jinan county in Shandong, having murdered a fellow-countryman, possibly as a result of gambling, was executed on 9th August 1918 and Hui Yihe [Hui I He (Hui I-ho) in Wade-Giles romanisation] [42476], 112th Company CLC, Page 105 Page 106 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 74 Office, Kew, London, to ascertain details from their records. This I leave to more qualified people. I thank the staff of the Reading Room at the Imperial War Museum for their help and assistance in locating and providing material in their archives from which I obtained some details for this article and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Maidenhead, for information supplied by them. To David Mahoney thanks are due for the various tit-bits sent to me. I also thank Mr. D. Fletcher, of the Tank Museum, Bovington, Dorset, and the Imperial War Museum, London, and also others listed for their permission to reproduce photographs from their archives. All other photographs were taken by myself. I would especially like to thank Keith Stevens for being my mentor and for all his assistance in deciphering the Chinese characters on the gravestones, translating the notebooks held at the Imperial War Museum in London, together with his invaluable comments and suggestions for this article. Without his encouragement and pressure this article would not have been written! Finally, I thank my wife, Claudine, for her patience, companionship and for acting as interpreter on our many visits and also for translating various articles written in her native French. Any errors or omissions are my responsibility. "What, indeed, were the Chinese doing in France during the First World War? Noyelles and Tungkang As far as we were concerned the story began when we were touring the British military cemeteries in northern France where Chinese Labour Corps members had been buried during or immediately after the First World War. In one small village, Noyelles-sur-Mer, we were surprised to see a pair of Chinese white stone lions mounted on small plinths within the small village square - albeit it was close to what is known as the Chinese Cemetery in which the largest number of Chinese had been buried - and so we sought an explanation. The immediate response was, as far as we could make out, that in 1994 the pair of Lions had arrived unannounced, borne by four Chinese who proclaimed that they were bringing them from the town of Tungkang in recognition of their twinning with the village of Noyelles on the Somme. Again, as far as we could understand, once the lions ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 88 Bradley [Shanghai] Appx E to CLC in France Chinese Labour Corps Cemeteries Details from list of names from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, showing the graves of labourers and of other nationals who were serving with or attached to the CLC. This list does not include names on memorials. Chinese Other nationals (non-Chinese) BELGIUM Brandhoek New Military No 3, Ieper 1 Croonaert Chapel, Heuvelland 1 Dozinghem Military, Poperinge 3 2 Gwalia, Ieper 4 Haringhe (Bandaghem) Military, Poperinge Kezelberg Military, Wevelgem Klein-Vierstraat British, Heuvelland Kortrijk (St Jean) Communal, Kortrijk Lijssenthoek Military, Poperinge 4 8 35 3 Mendinghem Military, Poperinge 8 7 New Irish Farm, Ieper Poperinge New Military, Poperinge Poperinge Old Military, Poperinge Reninghelst New Military, Poperinge Westoutre British, Heuvelland CANADA Halifax (Fort Massey), Nova Scotia 1 EGYPT Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery, I FRANCE 1 I 7 3 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n 93 Waters, D. D: The Chinese labour Corps in the First World War : Labourers buried in France : Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Vol. 35 : 1995 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 2 Marlow Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 7DX United Kingdom Tel: 44-1628 634221 Fax: 44-1628 771208 Imperial War Museum NOTES 1 3 Lambeth Road, London, SE1 6HZ Tel. 020 7416 5000 Liang Shiyi (1869-1933). Chinese government official and financier. Under the Qing government, amongst his financial dealings, he helped found the Bank of Communications (1907). He was President of the Board of Communications (1912), Chief Secretary in the Presidential Office and General Manager of the Bank of Communications, acting Finance Minister (1913-1915); Director-General of the National Revenue Administration and Director-General of the Domestic Loans Office. He was linked with Yuan Shikai and in 1916 fled to Hong Kong. He formed the Wei Min Corporation for the recruitment of Chinese labourers to serve in France, as a proponent of China's entry into the war. Returning to Beijing in 1918, he was made Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Communications; Speaker of the National Assembly; Director of the Domestic Loan Bureau (1920); and Prime Minister (1921-1922). After exile (1922-1925) he again served in the Beijing Government under both Duan Jirui and Zhang Zuolin. He retired to Hong Kong in 1928 after the Northern Expedition reached Beijing. This was usually referred to by “real” soldiers as the Crosse and Blackwells, as this British provision company had a very similar crest. Lt Col. Bryan Charles Fairfax, a Yorkshireman, was born on 12th September 1873, the second son of Col. T.F. (or L?) Fairfax of the Grenadier Guards and passed through the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, being commissioned on 8th March 1893 into the Durham Light Infantry (DLI). He was posted to the 2nd Battalion, then serving in India. In 1898 he volunteered for service with the newly raised 1 Battalion, The Chinese Regiment of Infantry, stationed in Weihai ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n suggest that this is interchangeable with "Faithful unto death”. These phrases were: A noble duty bravely done 95 勇往直前 A good reputation endures forever 流芳百世 Though dead he still liveth 難死猶生 鞠躬盡瘁 Faithful unto death 12 These figures reflect the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists. 13 X is illegible in the place name. - 14 The CWGC list gives his name as Wu Shieng-sheng; however, there is no such word as Shieng and his first personal name could just as easily be Hsiang or Sheng. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2000 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/nk328168n DESIGNATORY LETTERS AFTER AN RAS MEMBER'S NAME DAN WATERS 205 'As an RAS member, am I entitled to put letters after my name?' Occasionally, your Branch receives such enquiries. We are also sometimes asked if our Hong Kong members are Fellows Although RAS members of our London Headquarters are given the title of Fellow, that has never been the practice with the Hong Kong Branch since it was reconstituted in 1960. There are other Royal societies in Hong Kong, however, which do use the term 'Fellow.' The Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Commonwealth Society is one example. Indeed even when the Hong Kong Branch of the RAS was first established, from 1847 to 1859, the title 'Member' and not 'Fellow' was used. It would also appear from records that the title 'Member' was used in the North China RAS Branch in Shanghai. Regarding putting letters after one's name. That splendid reference book, Things Chinese or, Notes Connected with China, is of special interest. The author was the noted sinologist J Dyer Ball MRAS (Member of the Royal Asiatic Society) as he styled himself. One notes straightaway that he used the title Member and not Fellow. That is probably because he was a member of the North China Branch. Interestingly, Dr James Hayes points out that the famous missionary, sinologue-author, J Edkins DD, in his booklet on Opium (published by the Presbyterian Mission Press, in Shanghai, in 1898), styles himself, 'Honorary Member of the Asiatic Society (sic) London and of the Japanese Branch'. I have sought the views of RAS Head Office, London, on this subject. They say they cannot find any official statements sanctioning the placing of RAS after one's name. They suspect it has not been encouraged. Head Office also mentions that, in Professor Beckingham's History of the Royal Asiatic Society, he does not refer to Fellows being called anything else nor does he refer to the use of designatory letters. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2001 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g Imperial Ideals and Chinese Practical Common Sense in Chan Lau Kit-ching and Peter Cunich (eds.), An Impossible Dream: Hong Kong University from Foundation to Re-establishment, 1910-1950 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2002). Governor Frederick D. Lugard and the Hong Kong Chinese featured prominently in this article (ahylin@hkucc.hku.hk). Professor Norman Miners, was the former Head of the Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Hong Kong. He is probably best remembered for his seminal work The Government and Politics of Hong Kong, first published in 1975, which ran to five editions. Robert Nield, F.C.A., F.H.K.S.A., is a certified public accountant and was a former partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers (Hong Kong). He is a Vice-President and the Treasurer of HKBRAS (hiflyer@netvigator.com) Kirsty Norman is an active member of HKBRAS. Keith Stevens, B.A., served with the British Army and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office until his retirement in 1991. He is an authority on Chinese temples and deities, and Chinese history, and has written prolifically on these subjects. His articles are noted for the splendour of the illustrations (keith.stevens@chgods.freeserve.co.uk). Dr Elizabeth Kenworthy Teather gained her B.A.(Hons) and Ph.D. in the Department of Geography at University College London. She is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. Born in Britain, she spent some years overseas as a teenager (Iraq and Cyprus), emigrated to New Zealand in 1973 and moved to Australia in 1984. She joined the Department of Geography and Planning at the University of New England, NSW, Australia, in 1988. She has a second Honours degree in Theatre Studies completed in 1986, and is also a Licentiate of the Royal Schools of Music (Singing - Performance). From 1995-1997, 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 she was Scholar in Residence, David C Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University Dan Waters, M.Phil., Ph.D., is a retired assistant director of education of the Hong Kong Government. He has written prolifically on the culture and history of Hong Kong. He is the immediate past-president of HKBRAS (benefit@netvigator.com). Jenny Welch, M.A., now lives with her husband in Hong Kong having spent a number of years in Singapore, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Australia. Her interests include French culture and language, China and the Chinese, porcelain and history. xiii ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2001 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g # ARTICLES ## INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE COLONIAL EMPIRE AND THE IMPERIAL ECONOMIC CONFERENCE AT OTTAWA 1932 ### NORMAN MINERS It is generally agreed that the development of manufacturing industry in the colonial empire was very limited. A recent study of colonial development describes progress before independence as derisory.1 Joseph Chamberlain spoke of the colonies as a great underdeveloped estate that must be developed with imperial assistance for the sake of the local population and also for the benefit of the whole world. Similar sentiments were expressed by Lord Lugard, Lord Milner, Leopold Amery and many others. But development was seen primarily as the expanded production of foodstuffs, raw materials and minerals. Colonial governments encouraged the production of cash crops for export and built the roads, railways and harbours to transport produce to markets overseas, but they were unwilling to spend their limited tax revenues to assist the establishment of local industries. The attitude of the British government was that the colonies were essentially agricultural and producers of primary commodities in a complementary partnership with the industrialised nations, chiefly the United Kingdom. The artificial encouragement of manufacturing was contrary to the prevailing ideology of free trade and the belief that the state should not intervene to distort the free play of economic forces. Expatriate trading firms were interested in the profits to be made from exports and imports rather than the processing of primary products or manufacturing for the local market. Indigenous businessmen were few and faced formidable obstacles such as the small size of the local market, unskilled and untrained labour, lack of access to long-term credit from foreign banks and competition from established imports from the metropolis. It is said that the industrial development of the colonies was deliberately restrained by the British government, which was unduly deferential to commercial interests who objected to local manufacture displacing exports from Britain. It has also been claimed that colonial governors were reluctant to put forward schemes for industrial development because they believed they should act as trustees for the native peoples and avoid the disruption of traditional society by the social effects of industrialisation.3 The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.30, No.2, May 2002, pp.53-76 PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2001 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g 21 Kenya 33 per cent, Nigeria 58 per cent, Ceylon 52 per cent, Jamaica 60 per cent. 7. For example Nyasaland in 1929 raised the duty on imported soap from 5 shillings to 7 shillings to protect a newly established factory. In 1931 the duty was increased to 8 shillings a cwt. The Colonial Office first heard of these increases in 1932 when Unilever complained. Memo IDC(37)No.7, T160/763/F14811/2. 8. CO137/780. Georgina Waylen, 'Colonial Policy towards industrialisation between the wars: the case of Jamaica', Manchester Papers in Politics (University of Manchester, Nov. 1987, mimeo). 9. In 1931 a local company proposed to establish a cement factory in Kenya which required a protective tariff and a guarantee that a very high anti-dumping duty would be imposed on Japanese cement which dominated the market. The Colonial Office refused the request for protection on the advice of the Board of Trade because the local factory if successful would take over government orders, depriving British cement manufacturers of the last remnant of the market. CO533/417/18. In 1933 the Colonial Office rejected a scheme to erect a cotton spinning and weaving factory in East Africa which required a capital subscription of £500,000 from the governments of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika. IDC(37)No.8, T160/763/F14811/2. A proposal for a soap factory in the Windward Islands was disallowed because it involved the colony being given a preference over the UK in other colonies from which the copra was to be exported. IDC(37)No.7, T160/763/F14811/2. 10. Hong Kong Blue Book 1846 (PRO, CO133/3), 226, stated ‘A large number of Chinese are employed in their respective shops and houses in the exercise of industrial trades and manufactures and there are scarcely any ordinary wants of the inhabitants which do not meet with a ready supply within the town.' 11. These dates are taken from the Return of Manufactures, Mines and Factories in the Blue Books compiled every year for submission to the Colonial Office. Not all the manufacturing enterprises were successful: the cotton spinning factory closed in 1914 and removed its machinery to Shanghai. But new manufacturing ventures soon took their place. Sir William Robinson (governor 1891-98) in his first address to the legislative council spoke of the advantages that would accrue from a further encouragement of local industries. 'The community may rely upon my aid and assistance in fostering in every legitimate way the development of such enterprises.' Hong Kong Legislative Council Debates, 25 Jan. 1892, 97. This was done by selling public land by private treaty at a discount for industrial development, H.K. LegCo. Deb., 4 Dec. 1893, 1–2. 12. CO129/379, 377-384 and 392-755. 13. Hong Kong Blue Book 1930. Blue Book 1932. The largest factory was that of the Green Island Cement Company which could employ 1,470 men when working at full capacity. 14. Statistics on imports and exports were first collected in 1918. Publication was discontinued in 1925 and resumed in 1931, but no distinction was made between re-exports and domestic exports until 1959. Estimates of gross domestic product were not made by government statisticians until 1961. Domestic exports have been calculated from Hong Kong Trade Returns 1932, compiled by the Imports and Exports Department (Hong Kong, 1933), CO133/103, by identifying all categories where exports exceeded imports, on the assumption that the surplus must represent Hong Kong domestic production. This calculation certainly understates local production since it does not take account of manufactures consumed locally. Also the trade figures do not include the very large volume of goods smuggled into China to avoid payment of customs duty. 15. Memorandum in Clementi to Cunliffe-Lister, 20 Sept. 1933, CO323/1232. 16. Report of the Commission appointed by the Governor to Enquire into the Causes and Effects of the Present Trade Depression in Hong Kong, February 1935 (Hong Kong, 1935), 88-89, CO129/554/5. 17. Trade Depression Report, 75. 18. W.K. Hancock, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs Vol II, Problems of Economic Policy 1918-1939, Part 1 (Oxford, 1940), 87. 19. CO129/344. CO129/370. CO129/392. 20. F. V. Meyer, British Colonies in World Trade (Oxford, 1948), 9–11, 18–19. 21. Hancock, 125. Meyer, 10-11. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2001 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/zg651950g 279 167 HKGG Notice 725 of 16th September 1947. 168 Present Wong Chuk Hang Road. 169 HKGG Notice 721 of 16th September 1947. 170 Present Chai Wan Road. 171 HKGG Notice 720 of 16th September 1947. 172 Report of the Urban Council and Sanitary Department for the financial year 1st April, 1948-31st March, 1949, p. 29. 173 The cemetery was later renamed 'Sai Wan War Cemetery'. This cemetery was and still is managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. There is another military cemetery located just below Sai Wan War Cemetery. Established in 1967, the new military cemetery is not related to Sai Wan War Cemetery, nor the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 174 This was the pre-war Chai Wan Cemetery, not to be confused with those established in the area in the early 1960s. 175 HKGG Notice 214 of 13th March 1947. 176 HKGG Notice 381 of 13 May 1947. 177 Annual Departmental Report by the Chairman of the Urban Council and Head of the Sanitary Department for the financial year 1950-51, p. 11. 178 Later regazetted as Sandy Ridge Cemetery and Sandy Ridge (Urn) Cemetery in 1950. 179 Annual Report by the Chairman of the Urban Council and Head of the Sanitary Department for the year ended the 31st March, 1950, p. 8. 180 Annual Departmental Report by the Chairman of the Urban Council and Head of the Sanitary Department for the financial year 1950-51, p. 38. 181 Annual Report by the Chairman of the Urban Council and Head of the Sanitary Department for the year ended the 31st March, 1950, p. 8. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 Polo. Later in the year it is hoped to arrange an away visit to Bath (China Artefacts and Porcelain Museum) and Bristol (British Empire and Commonwealth Museum). If any members in Hong Kong are in the United Kingdom we hope you will be able to join us. Finally, the Friends convey its very best wishes to all members of the Society in Hong Kong for your Annual General Meeting; we look forward to a year of future expansion and interaction. DAVID GILKES CHAIRMAN MARCH 2003 XXXV ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 HONG KONG BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY LIBRARY ADDITIONS LIST 2002/2003 Bate, Henry Maclear, 1908- Report from Formosa. New York: Dutton, 1952. Bickley, Gillian, 1943- The development of education in Hong Kong 1841-1897: as revealed by the early education reports of the Hong Kong government 1848-1896. Hong Kong: Proverse Hong Kong; Aberdeen: Aberdeen & NE Scotland Family History Society, 2002. Braidwood, W. G. Speech delivered by the Chairman, W.G. Braidwood, Esq. at a meeting of members held in Shanghai on 30th November, 1945. British Empire and Commonwealth Museum Voices and Echoes: a Catalogue of the Oral History Holdings of the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum, Bristol: British and Commonwealth Museum, 1999, 2nd ed. Bushell, Stephen W. Chinese art. London: H.M.S.O., 1924. (2 vols) Changing flags [sound cassette] Hong Kong: s.n., 1997) The China directory for 1874, new series. Hong Kong: China Mail. Annual. Clinton, David The Lion in the East: the Story of Kong George V School 1900-2002. Hong Kong: Parents-Teachers Association (PTA), the School (KGV) and the Former Pupils Association (FPA), 2002. Coates, Austin, 1922- Invitation to an Eastern Feast. London: Hutchinson, 1953. I removed the incomplete last line "liti" as it appears to be a fragment and not a complete entry. I corrected "H.M.$.O." to "H.M.S.O." to fix the spelling error. The rest of the text has been reformatted into HTML using tags for paragraphs. was removed as per rule 12 to keep the output clean without any extra explanation. The corrected output remains: HONG KONG BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY LIBRARY ADDITIONS LIST 2002/2003 Bate, Henry Maclear, 1908- Report from Formosa. New York: Dutton, 1952. Bickley, Gillian, 1943- The development of education in Hong Kong 1841-1897: as revealed by the early education reports of the Hong Kong government 1848-1896. Hong Kong: Proverse Hong Kong; Aberdeen: Aberdeen & NE Scotland Family History Society, 2002. Braidwood, W. G. Speech delivered by the Chairman, W.G. Braidwood, Esq. at a meeting of members held in Shanghai on 30th November, 1945. British Empire and Commonwealth Museum Voices and Echoes: a Catalogue of the Oral History Holdings of the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum, Bristol: British and Commonwealth Museum, 1999, 2nd ed. Bushell, Stephen W. Chinese art. London: H.M.S.O., 1924. (2 vols) Changing flags [sound cassette] Hong Kong: s.n., 1997) The China directory for 1874, new series. Hong Kong: China Mail. Annual. Clinton, David The Lion in the East: the Story of Kong George V School 1900-2002. Hong Kong: Parents-Teachers Association (PTA), the School (KGV) and the Former Pupils Association (FPA), 2002. Coates, Austin, 1922- Invitation to an Eastern Feast. London: Hutchinson, 1953. ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 26 Elias, TO, 1962, British Colonial Law, Stevens & Sons, London Elton, Lord, 1945, Imperial Commonwealth, Collins, London Emerson, Rupert, (1937) 1966 Malaysia, A Study of Direct and Indirect Rule. University of Kuala Lumpur Press, Kuala Lumpur Fox, Grace, 1940, British Admirals and Chinese Pirates 1832 - 1869, Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner & Co Ltd, London Freedman, Maurice, 1950, 'Colonial Law and Chinese Society' in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 80 Friedman, Lawrence M, 1964, 'Law and its Language', George Washington Law Review 33 Furnival, JS, 1956, Colonial Policy and Practice, New York University Press, New York Ginsburg, N, and Robers, C F, 1958, Malaya, University of Washington Press, Seattle Greenburg, Michael, 1951, British Trade and the Opening of China 1800 to 1842, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gullick, JM, 1964, Malaya, (2nd edition), Ernest Benn Ltd, London Hall, D G E, 1975, A History of South East Asia, (3rd edition), Macmillan Press Ltd Hall, 1937, The Colonial Office, a History, London Hickling, R H, 1992, Essays in Singapore Law, Pelanduk Publications (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia Hooker, MB, 1976, The Personal Laws of Malaysia. An Introduction. Oxford University Press Hooker, MB, 1969, "The Relationship between Chinese Law and Common Law in Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong', Journal of Asian Studies 28 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278 324 old Colonial Office in Great Smith Street. Sir Christopher Cox, who headed the interview panel, said: 'Waters, you would be more suitable teaching building subjects in Hong Kong than in Trinidad. Go away and think about it!' Rose, Rose I Love You was the first song originating in the People's Republic of China to become popular in Britain. Yet the composers never received royalties. They could not afford to be seen drawing money from a capitalist country. And as I listened to the refrain in Merry England, it all tied in. Serving in the Colonial Service in Hong Kong seemed terribly exciting and romantic. It made me think of Camp Coffee, Zam Buk ointment and other similar branded goods with scenes of Empire on bottles and tins which I grew up with as a child. 'You're not going to the Far East?!' an acquaintance exclaimed. 'The Communists have just acquired half Korea. There's fighting in Vietnam and Malaya. Hong Kong will be the next to fall!” In spite of adverse comments I accepted the offer from the Colonial Office which was shortly to become Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service. After all a considerable amount of a map of the world was still coloured red. Hadn't Winston Churchill proclaimed: 'I have not become the King's first minister to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire'? At the time I could have been posted to any one of something like 55 different colonies or dependent territories within the British Commonwealth. For me, 'Go East young man!' was the watchword. Nevertheless, some said that the Hong Kong Royal Naval Dockyard was shortly to be closed down. So, in spite of discouraging remarks, I "burned my boats,” sold the family business as a going concern, and went shopping. I spotted cabin trunks made of sheet metal. 'Oh no," the shop assistant exclaimed, 'you only need those, Sir, if you are going to some humid place like Hong Kong!' 'I'll have two!' I replied. Shipboard In the early 1950s, if one flew to Hong Kong, one normally went by seaplane, landed on water and slept the night in a hotel. The journey took five days. But up until 1959 most of us travelled by sea. The Page 390 Page 391 ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2003 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2v242g390 Roderick O'Brien, LL.B. (Adelaide), M.A. (Hong Kong), Postgraduate Certificate in Ethics (Griffith), has been a life member of HKBRAS since 1976. He is an Australian lawyer, and currently teaches international law at the Northwest Institute of Politics and Law in Xian, China, where he lives. He travels widely in China. Jonathan Parkinson, was born in Trinidad in 1939 and educated in England. He started his maritime career in the shipping business in Sarawak between 1960 and 1964, and thereafter was based in the Bahamas, South Africa, Belgium and the U.S.A. He retired to Johannesburg in 1987 where he spends many hours a week happily engaged in aspects of Naval research (jmp@iafrica.com). Keith Stevens, B.A., was born in 1926 on Merseyside, Great Britain where he lived until he enlisted in the Royal Navy during World War II. He later transferred into the Indian Army and then in 1948 joined the British Army as a career soldier. He read Chinese at both London and Hong Kong Universities, before going onto a second career with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office serving, altogether, more than 25 years in the Far East. He first became interested in Chinese iconography in 1948 and has been compiling a Who's Who of Chinese deities for more than 30 years. He has visited around 3,500 temples in Mainland China, Taiwan, the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions, and across South-East Asia, gathering material. His personal collection includes more than 1,000 images (statues) of Chinese deities, 30,000 photographs of temples and their images, and he has documented the legends and folk law surrounding approximately 2,500 gods. In addition he has written prolifically on modern Chinese history. His publications include Chinese Gods: The Unseen World of Spirits and Demons and Chinese Mythological Gods (chgods@btopenworld.com). Elizabeth Kenworthy Teather, Ph.D. (Lond.), LRSM, FRGS, was previously Senior Lecturer in the School of Human and Environmental Studies, University of New England, Australia. She was Scholar in Residence in the David C Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University (1995-97, 1999-2000 and 2001-02). She now lives in Canberra, Australia, where she is enjoying the delights of the University of the Third Age (courses on the Silk Route in 2003 and Chinese History in 2004). A summary of her research into deathspace xviii ================================================================================ RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2003 https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/2v242g390 2003 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FRIENDS OF THE HONG KONG BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY (UK) Although the number of Friends' activities during the past year cannot compete with those in Hong Kong, it is nevertheless pleasing to report that the quarterly meetings which have taken place have been of a very high standard. They started in May 2003 with a bold and forthright talk by Dr. Francis Wood, entitled 'Marco Polo and Me.' Dr. Wood is curator of Chinese Collections at the British Library and author of 'Did Marco Polo Go To China?' and 'No Dogs, Not Many Chinese: Treaty Port Life in China 1843-1943.' Her talk was very convincing and one was left in no doubt that there are still many unanswered questions about Marco Polo's trips to China. The second event took 35 Friends to Bath and Bristol for two days in early October, 2003. Bath has an excellent Museum of East Asian Art, originally set up by Mr. Brian McElney, who lived in Hong Kong for many years in the 1960s and 70s. He became a well-known collector of Chinese artefacts. The museum now houses a wide range of Far Eastern art, including items from South Korea and Japan. Our visit coincided with the very well presented exhibition 'Death and Burial: The Chinese and the Afterlife.' The Friends were particularly impressed by the emphasis on education and the museum's outreach to local schools. The day ended with a very authentic Chinese meal at the Cathay Rendezvous in Bristol. The following morning the Friends met at the Empire and Commonwealth Museum, which was opened in Bristol three years ago, with a great deal of local and overseas backing, including the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. It was particularly pleasing to see Dr. Dan Waters' name inscribed in the entrance hall. The exhibition portrayed in very enlightened and balanced ways a history of the Commonwealth countries, as seen by many of the local people who lived there. The items on display showed that the build-up of Empire and Commonwealth was a remarkable achievement, but there were clearly some aspects which did not come up to the high ideals many expected - this precipitated a lively topic for discussion during the lunch that followed after the visit and the subsequent river cruise through the old town of Bristol. xlvi ================================================================================