RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1972
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/gm80qf99h
BOOK REVIEWS

215

passages in TTCLT dealing with two separate aspects of ancient bronzes into one short paragraph. This is only one example of the jumbled passages which are scattered throughout the book. Such passages can only serve to confuse the translator who in the present case has succumbed unquestioningly to the apparent difficulty and made literal readings of the "O" text.

There is yet another source of confusion in the "O" text. These are the misprints—which are obvious to those acquainted with the texts from which the KKYL is derived. In the passage just referred to there is a misprint in “O” which substitutes a non-existent character for "grain". What should read as "not a grain of grit” is translated as "not a trace of grit" through intelligent interpretation. A more serious error arises in another passage which describes the brush strokes representing water as "grain" (ku, i.e., comma-like shaped) strokes rather than “crêpe de Chine” (hu ✯, i.e., undulating surface) strokes. This again is literally translated.

There are other types of errors caused by other types of difficulties (some of them mentioned already at the beginning of this review), but enough has been said to show that the securing of original and early texts is only one of the many aspects of the preliminary work which needs to be done before a satisfactory translation can be made. There is also the question of the very worth of the KKYL as a work of scholarship. For surely it is not "a pioneer work of epochal importance, for it was the earliest comprehensive and systematic treatise on Chinese art and archaeology". This honour should be accorded the TTCLT which predates the KKYL by more than a century, if it is to be accorded to any one book of this kind which is extant. To be fair to Sir Percival David, it must be said that he was well aware of the existence of TTCLT and other similar early books, but this knowledge did not shake his faith in the KKYL. The most recent Chinese study of the KKYL, by Chang T'ieh-hsüan, also accepts without question the general importance and great value of the book.

But why was the KKYL so widely received and taken seriously for the entire Ming period and into the Ching, and even until now? The answer must be that it was published at a time when printed literature was for the first time available to a much wider public, whereas the TTCLT just missed the period of the great flourishing of the printing industry and was little known to most scholars and
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
THE HONG KONG REGION

109

plexities of local settlement and the absorption of the aboriginal dwellers of the area in the past thousand years. For a general account, readers are referred to the works by Lo Hsiang-lin (1959, 1963), K.M.A. Barnett, (1957, 1967) and the earlier writings of Krone (1859), G.N. Orme (1912) and S.F. Balfour (1941) cited in the references to this article.

Introduction*

For present purposes the Hong Kong region is defined as the present British Crown Colony of Hong Kong (403.7 square miles)1 and the immediately adjoining parts of Kwangtung province with which there has been intermittent official concern following the establishment of Hong Kong 134 years ago. This takes in the districts round the market town of Sham Chun north of the present Sino-British frontier, occupied by British troops between 16th May and 13th September 18992, and the areas of Mirs and Bias Bays to the east of the Colony that were often visited by British naval forces in their suppression of piracy in local waters during much of the 19th century and well into the 20th3. (See map).

At the time the British occupied Hong Kong island in 1841, the whole of this area, less Bias Bay, formed part of the Hsin-an district of the Kuang-chou prefecture of Kwangtung province. The place names and geographical features of the region are shown in many contemporary and earlier Chinese sources, whilst the large scale European map produced in 1866 by Msgr. Volontieri, an Italian missionary of the Propaganda, provides rather more local detail4.

In time the British came to occupy a greater part of Hsin-an district. Their occupation of Hong Kong island in January 1841 was converted into possession by the Treaty of Nanking in August 1842. British territory was extended by the lease in perpetuity of Kowloon under a deed dated 20th March 1860 and the cession of the same area by article VI of the Convention of Peking 24th

1 CR1971, p. 204; this figure includes recent reclamations.

2 See Groves, pp. 52-55.

3 For the early period see Fox and Dalrymple Hay. Two expeditions to Bias Bay in March and September 1927 were noted in AR1927, K16: and as late as 1947 piracy in Mirs Bay kept Hong Kong fishermen in port; CR1947, p. 46.

4 The KTTS of 1865 provides more detailed maps of Hsin-an and its adjoining areas than are given in the district and prefectural histories (HNHC and KCFC); see the general chart at pp. 1-2 of the opening volume. For the Volontieri map, which includes Chinese characters, see Ronald C. Y. Ng (1969) pp. 141-148 and Hayes (1970) pp. 193-196.

* For the place names of Hong Kong see A Gazetteer of Place Names in Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories, Hong Kong Government Printer, 1960: hereafter styled Gazetteer.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
THE HONG KONG REGION

111

October 1860, and again by the lease of the New Territories by the Convention of Peking in June 18981.

The population of the region was probably around 100,000 in 1898, including boat people. These persons inhabited — in round figures — a thousand villages and a number of market centres. Seven hundred of these settlements were located within the present New Territories of Hong Kong, with many others around Sham Chun and in Hong Kong island and Kowloon. The Punti or Cantonese-speaking element accounted for rather more than half the land population, with Hakka speakers comprising most of the remainder. The boat population, mainly Tanka, lived afloat in the main.2

Descriptions of the geography and climate of the present British Crown Colony are generally applicable to the Hong Kong region. They have long been given in the Hong Kong annual reports. The most recent is supplied in the opening sections of chapter 18 of the report for 1974.3

1. The Hong Kong Region in the wider scene: some historical and geographical considerations

In Ch'ing times Hsin-an was one of the 14 hsien of the Kuang-chou prefecture. The designation fu or 'prefecture' was adopted only at the start of the Ming dynasty but the area of Canton and the Delta had long been administered under various designations that changed through the centuries and with dynastic change. The oldest of its hsien, Nan-hai, was established in the Sui dynasty in the year 590-591; the next, P'an-yu in 703-704 during the Tang; with the rest becoming separate districts at various times until the first year of Wan Li of the Ming (1573-1574) when, finally, Hsin-an was created from one of the former commanderies of Tung-kuan district (a hsien of 973-974) established in the 27th year of the first Ming ruler (1394-1395).

1 The relevant documents are given in Alabaster, III, pp. 2-4 and 6-8. 2 See Baker 1968: 3-4. Also the Colony Census for 1911 in SP1911: 103(27-36) and (37-38), though it does not list all the villages of the Southern District of the New Territories or of New Kowloon.

3 CR1974, pp. 176-178.

4 See e.g. TCITC 41/1 and KCFC 6/10.

5 KCFC 6/1-10 and YCKC 4/1-9.

6 KTTC 2/93 and KTKKCY 1/1. The administrative areas to which the Hsin-an district belonged from the Ch'in dynasty (221-207 B.C.) onwards are shown in KCFC 6/24 and in HNHC 1/1. The date of the establishment of the commandery is given as Hung Wu 27 in HNHC 1/3, KTKKCY 1/1, TCITC 41/3 and KTTC 2/93, but as Hung Wu 14 in KCFC 6/24.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1974
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/x633mp077
THE HONG KONG REGION

115

Various local accounts show that many craft came from northeast Kwangtung and elsewhere for the seasonal fishing. The presence of pirate fleets, sometimes in very large numbers, was also a feature of the local scene.

This activity, and the importance it gave to the local seaways is reflected by the Chinese records. The Kuang-tung K’ao-ku Chi-yao gives what at first appears as a disproportionately large amount of space to the subject of coastal defence.3 The provincial gazetteer devotes many pages to maps of the coast line and the off-shore islands, and it is significant that these are included in the coastal defence section and not in that dealing with administrative boundaries.4 Another long work, the Kuang-tung T'u-shuo, which deals with the administrative geography of the province, gives maps that show the outer islands in the districts on each side of the Pearl River delta. Some of these maps showing outlying areas are blank, for all but a corner of a page, but have still been included. It also lists the garrisons and naval forces responsible for the area.

In the Hong Kong region, Lantau and the islands are the subject of much of an article by Hsü Tei-shan on Hong Kong and its past, included in the compendium to the exhibition of Kwangtung Culture assembled at the University of Hong Kong in 1940.6 As is to be expected, the fall of the Sung takes up much of his attention,7 but he then considers Lantau itself. Hsü's discussion on one of its Chinese names, Tai Yue Shan, is relevant here because it

1 Orme, para 53; CR 1947, p. 10.

2 Lo-shu Fu, p. 597 has a long note on pirates in the Ladrones c. 1779-1810.

3 KTKKTY 30/1-11. See also chuan 28 on military matters.

4 KTTC, vol. 2, pp. 2394-2433, especially 2406-2410 for the islands between and outside Hong Kong and Macau, the Ladrones. Two chüan, 123-124, (pp. 2359-2442) deal with coastal defence. The district maps for the Delta are in chuan 83, Hsin-an at pp. 1454-5 and Hsiang-shan at 1464-5. The late Ming work Wu-pei Chih lists posts, garrison strengths and ships for the Central, East and West lu of Kwangtung; chüan 215/12-13, 15-16 and 17, 18 being of special relevance to Hsin-an and the adjoining area. The maps for the outlying parts of the Canton Delta are in chüan 210/9-10 and 215/6-7. For this work see Franke, p. 209. Ku Yen-wu's celebrated T'ien-hsia chün-kuo li-ping shu has eight chüan (97-104) on Kwangtung, much of which is devoted to military organisation and defence.

5 See the general map at the beginning, 1-2, and detailed maps under reference chuan 11-12/7-9.

6 KTWW, pp. 425-426,

7 ibid. He gives a clear exposition of the various problems surrounding the identification of the various places at which the last struggles of the Sung occurred.
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134

JAMES HAYES

Sung Hok Pang, 'Legends and Stories of the New Territories, Part III, Kam Tin', The Hong Kong Naturalist, in six instalments between December 1935 March 1938.

'Ts' in Fuk (), being an account of how part of the coast of South China was cleared of inhabitants from the first year of Hong Hei (4) 1662 to the 8th year of Hong Hei 1669', The Hong Kong Naturalist, Vol. IX, Nos. 1 and 2, November 1939, pp. 37-42.

Szczesniak, Boleslaw, The Opening of Japan. A Diary of Discovery in the Far East, 1853-1856 (by Rear Admiral George Henry Preble. U.S.N.). Norman, Arizona, University of Oklahoma Press.

Tronson, I. M., Personal Narrative.... London, Smith, Elder, 1859.

Waley, Arthur, Yuan Mei, 18th Century Chinese Poet, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1956.

Williams, S. Wells, A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, Shanghai, American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1874.

OFFICIAL REPORTS

Annual Departmental Reports from 1946 on, published by the Government Printer, Hong Kong. [ADR]

Administrative Reports, being annual departmental reports, 1909-1940, published by the Government Printer under this head, and bound together in series in the library of the Colonial Secretariat, Hong Kong. [AR]

Earlier annual reports by departments bound into Sessional Papers (Papers presented to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong), printed in Hong Kong by the Government Printer and available in the library of the Colonial Secretariat, Hong Kong. [SP]

Annual Colony Reports from 1946 on, published in Hong Kong by the Government Printer, [CR]

Hong Kong Hansard. The proceedings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong were published in yearly volumes under this title from the early 1890s on, by a number of publishers, and the Government Printer after the Pacific War. [Hansard]

In Chinese

Chang lineage of Pui O, South Lantao, Hong Kong ********* * Family Record A. Copied in manuscript in the 1930s from an earlier version.

Chang lineage of Pui O, South Lantao, Hong Kong **4❀❀**❀ **, Family Record (not identical with the above as it came from another branch of the family) ✯✯✯✯. In manuscript. Last compiled in 1927.

Chin Wen-mo (preface) #. Gazetteer of the Hsin-an District ### 13 chuan, revised edition, 1688. [HNHC 1688]

Chou K'uang B, Ch'eng Yeh-chung and others. Summary of historical researches on Kwangtung ★★***. 46 chuan, 1894. [KTKKCY]
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1984
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/5h73wh572
NCH: North China Herald

SA: Shanghai Almanac Adv. Advertisement

d.d. dated

Adv. NCH 26.6.1852.

2 NCH 6.4.1861.

NCH 10.12.1864.

NCH 4.2.1865.

5 NCH 18.3.1865.

NCH 6.5.1865.

7 Adv. NCH 26.1.1861.

4 Adv. NCH 17.1.1863.

9

Adv. NCH 3.8.1861.

223

10 Adv. NCH 20.9.1862 and earlier (d.d. 14.6.1862).

11 China Directory 1874.

12 He does not yet appear in the list published by the NCH 3.8.1850; CR January 1851 mentions him as a resident of Shanghai,

13

Adv. NCH 1.1.1853.

14

NCH 31.1.1852,

15 NCH 25.9.1852,

to

NCH 14.1.1854.

17

Adv. NCH 14.3.1857.

14

Adv. NCH 22.3.1861.

19 NCH 13.6.1863.

20

Adv. NCH 3.12.1853.

21 NCDHL 1890.

22 China Directory 1874.

23

SA 1856.

24 Adv. NCH 13.6.1857.

25

Cf. Liu Kwang-ching: "Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China 1862-1874” (1962), p. 179, note 9; Eldon Griffin: “Clippers and Consuls” (1938), p. 94,

n. 21 and p. 306, n. 6; NCH 28.1.1858, 26.1.1861; see also Hao Yen-p'ing: “The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China" (1970), p. 26ff.

26 CR January 1850, Jan. 1851.

27 NCH 8.4.1854, 21.11.1863, 5.12.1863; SA 1856. Probably not the whole period because his partnership in Russells was interrupted.

28 NCH 6.4.1861,

29

NCH 13.6.1863.

JNCBRAS, Vol. VI (1871).

31 JNCBRAS, Vol. XII (1878).
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224

J.H. HAAN

32

13

Letter of Cordier in JNCBRAS, Vol. XXXV (1902), p. xi.

Arts of Asia (Hong Kong), May-June 1976, p. 65 (illustration) and p. 72.

14 Portraits in "Boston and the China Trade” (1970), no. 23; and Liu, o.c., between pp. 78 and 79.

35

36

Liu, o.c. p. 179, n. 9; BS. IV 2520.

Adv. NCH 11.8.1860.

37 NCH 21.11.1863, 31.12.1864, 8.7.1865.

38

Maybon & Fredet: "Histoire de la Concession française de Changhai” (1929), p. 318, 445.

NCH 13.6.1863.

39

40

BS III, 2274.

41 NCH 4.2.1865.

42

43

JNCBRAS, Vol. I (1865); Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xiii.

CR Jan. 1837,

44 CR Jan. 1847.

45

CR Jan. 1845 (in Macau).

46 See e.g. NCH 3.8.1850; SA 1853-1856.

41 NCH 16.8.1856; cf. also S.C. Lockwood: “Aug. Heard & Co. 1858-1862” (1971), p. 19.

41 Griffin, o.c., p. 306-307, n. 6; S. Couling: "Encyclopedia Sinica" (1917), p. 187; "Guide to the microfilm edition of the Forbes Papers" (1969), p. 15, 18.

Adv. NCH 3.1.1863.

50 NCH 24.9.1864.

51 Maybon & Fredet, o.c., p. 445-446.

52

BS III, 2274.

53 JNCBRAS, Vol. X (1876), Vol. XVII (1882), p. x.

34 JNCBRAS, Vol. VII (1873), p. i.

55 JNCBRAS, Vol. VIII (1874), p. i; Vol. IX (1875), p. i.

56 JNCBRAS, Vol. V (1869), p. v-vii,

57 Ibid. p. ix-x.

58 Portrait in "Boston and the China Trade", no. 24; Liu, o.c., between pp. 78 and 79.

59 Couling, o.c., p. 187; Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xviii; BS I, 480; “Guide to microfilm edition of the Forbes Papers", p. 18.

60 Adv. NCH 14.4.1855.

61

SA 1856.

62 NCH 9.1.1858.

63

G.B. Endacott: "Government and People in Hong Kong 1841-1962" (1964), p. 251.
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225

Adv. NCH 7.1.1854; according to Griffin, o.c., p. 306, n. 6 partner 1850-1859.

64

65

Adv. NCH 27.1.1855, 7.1.1860.

66

C.J. Dudgeon "The Battle of Muddy Flat" in United Empire, June 1914, p. 480; NCH 8.4.1854 only “Mr. Gray".

67 F.L. Hawks Pott: "A Short History of Shanghai”, (1928), fac. p. 81.

68

CR Jan. 1847.

69

NCH 3.8.1850; SA 1853, 1854, 1855.

70

Adv. NCH 24.4.1858.

71

Adv. NCH 20.11.1858.

T2

Adv. NCH 12.1.1861.

73

Adv. NCH 7.1.1860; Griffin, o.c., p. 306, n. 6: till 1866.

74 Notification 6.4.1865; in NCH 15.4.1865.

75 CR Jan. 1844.

76

CR Jan. 1846, Jan. 1848.

77

CR Jan. 1849.

Griffin, o.c., p. 306, n. 6; NCH 27.1.1855.

79

Adv, NCH 20.11.1858.

80

Adv. NCH 12.1.1861.

81

NCH 18.8.1860.

12 Obituary by Henri Cordier in T'oung Pao, Vol. VII (1907), p. 123-124.

Adv. NCH 3.10.1857.

14

Adv. NCH 1.1.1859.

05

Maybon & Fredet, o.c., p. 289.

16

Ibid., p. 445.

17

JNCBRAS, Vol. 1 (1865), p. 146.

18 Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xvi and obituary (see note 82).

49

For Hanbury School see e.g. A. Wright: “Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai and other Treaty Ports of China” (1908), p. 489.

90 BS IV, 2557.

91

Lockwood, o.c., p. S.

92 Adv. NCH 7.6.1862.

93 Adv. NCH 5.1.1856; see also Wright, o.c., p. 612.

94 NCH 31.12.1864, 8.7.1865.

95 NCH 3.8.1850.

96 Adv. NCH 5.8.1854.

97

Adv, NCH 19.1.1861.

** NCH 21.11.1863, 31.12.1863.

99

CR Jan. 1847.
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J.H. HAAN

100

CR Jan. 1848.

101

102

100

NCH 3.8.1850; see also G. Lanning: "The History of Shanghai" (1921), p. 467.

Adv, NCH 6.11.1858.

SA 1853-1856; NCH 8.4.1854.

104

NCH 25.9.1852.

105

NCH 23.4.1853, 29.4.1854, 31.3.1855.

106

Adv. NCH 19.11.1859.

107

CR Jan, 1851.

108

Adv. NCH 8.7.1854.

109

Adv. NCH 3.7.1858.

110

Adv. NCH 19.11.1859; for Reiss & Co. cf. Lanning, o.c., p. 466.

J||

Adv. NCH 5.5.1860 and 12.8.1865.

J12

CR Jan. 1845.

113

CR Jan. 1847.

114

NCH 25.9.1852.

115

116

In NCH 2.3.1861 a W. Keswick is mentioned.

Adv. NCH 15.7.1862.

117 NCH 19.12.1863.

NCH 20.1.1866.

119

NCH 10.6.1865.

(20

Endacott, o.c., p. 251.

[2] Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xvii,

122 CR Jan. 1847 and subsequent years; CR Jan, 1851; in Shanghai, Cf, also NCH 3.8.1850 (Shanghai).

123

SA 1854.

124

SA 1855.

125

SA 1854, 1855; NCH 8.4.1854.

126

Griffin, o.c., p. 369.

127 Ibid., p. 481.

128

NCH 3.8.1850; SA 1853, 1854.

129 Adv. NCH 23.3.1864.

13:0

NCH 5.8.1865; cf. also Liu. o.c., p. 33.

131 See F.H.H. King & P. Clarke: “A Research Guide to China Coast Newspapers 1822-1911" (1965), p. 77, 122-133.

132 E.S. Elliston: "Shantung Road Cemetery 1846-1868” (ab. 1947), p. 21.

133

NCH 3.8.1850.

134

Adv. NCH 13.10.1855.
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135

NCH 31.3.1855.

136

137

CR Jan. 1848, Jan. 1849, Jan. 1850.

Adv. NCH 1.4.1854.

134

Adv. NCH 11.8.1855.

119

Adv. NCH 17.5.1862.

140

227

NCH 31.3.1855, 14.3.1857.

141 Polt, o.c., fac. p. 81.

1414

"Dictionary of National Biography” (1900), Vol. XIII, p. 202-203; A. Wylie: "Memorials of Protestant Missionaries” (1867), p. 25ff; NCH 11.4.1857; Couling, o.c., p. 344.

143 See: J.H. Haan: “De opkomst van de Internationale Settlement te Shanghai 1845-1865" (The Rise of the International Settlement at Shanghai) Unpublished manuscript, University of Amsterdam, 1977, p. 167-169.

144 NCH 13.9.1851; SA 1855.

145

146

J.C. Harris: “Couriers of Christ" (1931), fac. p. 112.

Wylie, o.c., p. 25ff; BS I, 74; III 1596-1597.

Obituary by Henri Cordier in T'oung Pao, Vol. III (1902), p. 338.

147

148

SA 1855, 1856.

149

Adv. NCH 19.1.1861.

150

China Directory 1874.

151

See: Edward LeFevour "Western Enterprise in Late Ch'ing China" (1970), passim.

152

King & Clarke, o.c., p. 98; see also p. 137 (year of death should be 1902 instead of 1891).

153 JNCBRAS, Vol. VI (1871), p. ix.

154

JNCBRAS, Vol. VIII (1874), p. i.

155

BS III, 2365; IV, 2557.

156

CR Jan. 1847.

157

Adv. NCH 27.8.1853.

158

NCH 12.4.1856, 14.3.1857, 9.1.1858, 15.1.1859. Replaced by Whittal (NCH 13.6.1863).

159 NCH 26.9.1857; Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xii.

160

Death reported in Report 1863 Trustees Trinity Church (NCH 10.12.1864).

161 CR Jan. 1842, 1843, 1848 (Macau), 1847 (Canton), 1848 (ibid), 1849 (ibid), 1850 (ibid).

162 Elliston. o.c., p. 25.

SA 1854, 1855, 1856; adv. NCH 3.1.1857.

163

164

CR Jan. 1851.

165

Notification in NCH 17.8.1861.

166

NCH 10.6.1865.
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228

J.H. HAAN

107

BS III, 2274.

160

JNCBRAS, Vol. VI (1871), p. xv.

169

NCH 5.12.1864; see also Elliston, p. 26.

170

Adv. NCH 26.5.1855, 15.1.1859.

171

NCH 9.1.1858.

172

NCH 23.1.1858; already elected 24.9.1857 but on Oct. 16 he refused this post (Cordier, Letter, (see n. 32) p. xii; NCH 26.9.1857).

173

Pott, o.c., fac. p. 81 (here he is wrongly called Rankin).

174

175

Adv. NCH 31.1.1863.

176

JNCBRAS, Vol. XIII (1879), p. v.

177

BS III, 2274.

178

SA 1862.

179

NCH 23.1.1858.

180

CR Jan. 1847 till Jan. 1850.

181

NCH 3.8.1850; SA 1853.

182

Adv. NCH 13.5.1854.

183

NCH 31.1.1852.

184

NCH 25.9.1852.

185

Adv. NCH 2.4.1864.

186

CR Jan. 1841.

187

CR Jan. 1848 (Shanghai), Jan. 1850, Jan. 1851 (Canton).

Adv. NCH 24.1.1857.

188

189

CR Jan. 1847.

190

NCH 3.8.1850; SA 1853, 1854.

191

NCH 10.9.1853.

192

193

194

CR Jan. 1841; King & Clarke, o.c., p. 153.

CR Jan. 1849.

Adv. NCH 10.1.1852.

195

Adv. NCH 19.4.1851.

196

Adv. NCH 31.5.1862.

197

Adv. NCH 7.1.1854.

198

King & Clarke, o.c., p. 77, 153.

199

200

NCH 24.4.1852.

China Directory 1874, Hong Kong p. A38.

201

JNCBRAS, Vol. I (1865), p. 146.

202

NCH 2.4.1864.

203

Adv. NCH 24.4.1858.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1984
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/5h73wh572
204

SA 1862.

205

NCH 23.1.1858.

205

208

207

JNCBRAS, Vol. VIII(1874), p. x.

BS III, 2274; NCH 24.3.1866.

CR Jan. 1847.

209

Adv. NCH 27.9.1856.

210

Ibid.

211

Liu. o.c., p. 183, n. 55.

212

King & Clarke, o.c., p. 157.

213

BS III, 2262.

214

NCH 10.6.1865.

215

JNCBRAS, Vol. II(1866), p. 182.

214

SA 1862.

217

SA 1856.

218

NCH 4.2.1865.

219

CR Jan. 1845.

220 Adv. NCH 30.8.1851.

221 Adv. NCH 28.7.1860.

122

NCH 25.9.1852.

123

Adv. NCH 2.10.1852.

124

Adv. NCH 13.6.1857.

125 JNCBRAS, Vol. XVII(1882), p. xi.

126

127

NCDHL 1890, p. 115.

BS III, 2290.

228 Adv. NCH 22.3.1856.

229

Adv. NCH 31.1.1863.

230

Adv. NCH 30.11.1861.

231 CR Jan. 1845 ("J.H. Wynch").

232

Adv. NCH 30.8.1851.

233

Adv. NCH 8.8.1857.

234

NCH 31.1.1852.

235

NCH 31.3.1855.

136 NCH 14.3.1857.

229
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1997
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/wp98g7579
12

Health were listed provision & operation of maternity homes, ante- & post-natal clinics and health visiting. Under Education came provision & operation of primary & secondary schools, adult education & evening institutes. Under Welfare were recreational facilities, youth clubs, community centres, sports facilities, public swimming pools, homes for the aged, infants' crêches, refuges for street sleepers, distribution of relief, entertainment (band concerts, Chinese drama & opera), pleasure grounds, playgrounds and bathing beaches. The Miscellaneous category added declaration of one-way streets, parking zones, closing of streets as playgrounds (after consultation with Police), traffic warden services, provision & management of car parks, amenity provision (eg public fountains & tree planting), museums & art galleries, and undertaking of functions (such as collection of water rates & various fees) as agents of the central government.

This list went much farther in involvement of representative bodies in the affairs which closely and legitimately concerned the ordinary man and woman in the street, as well as extending what was already delegated to the Urban Council into most of the colony's growth areas. Apart from suggesting that the list might be added to in the light of experience, the bold proposition was made that in future no central department should be permitted to establish new local machinery without proving that the activity could not be carried out by a Local Authority. The report stated that it was not envisaged that the new councils should be independent Education Authorities; but it was clearly hoped that in the fullness of time the Education Department would regard local authority schools as a main component of the grant-aided system, and indeed relinquish its own primary schools to the councils. Finally, as a carrot for those in the NT who might be willing to contemplate change, it was pointed out that rural district councils should take over agricultural extension schemes, forestry lots, fish-ponds, local public works (footpaths, bridges, piers etc), local ferries, village layouts & housing schemes, and local water supplies & irrigation.

This would all have to be paid for. Local authorities should have financial responsibility, including revenue-raising powers. Local accountability to tax-payers and freedom from stifling dependency on central grants (with their inevitable consequential frictions) were essential to success. New structures would increase the administrative costs of the colony overall, and it might well be that some areas would
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794
188

cults. Popular religion is an amalgam of Chinese peasant beliefs with shamanism and the use of magic. The reason for the interdict on popular religion, apart from the reference to it as "purely superstition," would appear to be because it is not in any way an organised religion with a controlling malleable body and having to obey orders in a chain of control.

In the first flush of the Communist victory in 1949-1950 temples in a great many places were closed down, taken over and used for community purposes such as granaries, police and even local military barracks, schools or créches, or destroyed. The few that remained, having been allowed to lie unused and untouched, were mostly laid waste during the Cultural Revolution [1966-1976] when the young Red Guards saw it their duty to destroy all elements of old ways. Since the early 1980s more and more religious establishments within Mainland China have opened or, in the majority of places, re-opened. They have been refurbished and new statuary made to replace those destroyed during the early days of communist rule or during the Cultural Revolution.

Many temples have now been renovated and restored to their old glory with statuary created by young artisans guided by the elderly whose memories of the iconographic detail has proved, on the whole, to be comparatively poor. As an example we can see in Kuan Hsien near Chengtu in Szechuan province, the former image of the major local deity, Li Ping, the official who designed and arranged the irrigation system which made the Chengtu plain the major agricultural region it is today. Previously he was portrayed as a standard scholar-official, sitting, dressed in robes and cap but without a unique characteristic. Today, however, he is depicted as a politicised middle-aged man, standing in a Stakhanovite pose typical of the nineteen fifties and sixties. This in no way inhibits devotees today from kneeling before and revering him.

Many of the new images depict dynastic scholars, officials or women, with well formed and not unattractive heads and faces, and swathed in silken robes which conceal a basic frame constructed of slats of wood unlike pre-1949 images the bodies of which were made in the whole. The images of small children usually accompanying the image of maternity goddesses are almost without exception modern children's dolls without their clothes whereas during dynastic times the children were all equally well carved as the major deities. It is worth adding how truly hideous and garish some of the new edifices are.
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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-1998
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/1g05n0794
191

industry. It was common, so it claimed, for construction teams to hold Taoist rituals, including the sacrifice of oxen before work began.*

On the other side of the coin, according to the Bureau of Religious Affairs, about 200 Taoist temples have been re-opened to the public in China since the 1980s and seven Taoist provincial associations have been established. One of these temples is the former Taoist Cheng-i sect centre, the Heavenly Master Sect temple [T'ien-shih Miao] on Dragon and Tiger Mountain, Lung-hu Shan, in Kiangsi province. It was burned down in 1945 and work on rebuilding it did not begin until 1983. This consisted of the renovation of the main hall and the re-sculpturing of the images of the San Ch'ing, the Three Pure Ones, and fourteen other clay statues. Other sites nearby have also been renovated, including the Shang Ch'ing Palace, where the Immortals lived, and the Lien-tan Ch'ih, the Furnace [where pills of immortality were made]. It is interesting to read that both local and central authorities donated more than half a million yuan towards the project.

About the same time as the iconoclastic campaign began, a ban was also imposed in Tsingtao, the port in southern Shantung, on the manufacture, sale and burning of funeral objects in a bid to curb a resurgence in superstition.

...

Despite all of these reports of the destruction of illegal temples and the crackdown on superstition, my daughter and I during the years 1995-1997 have visited a number of temples both urban and rural in remote areas of China as well as in cities and towns which, without doubt, fall under the category of superstitious religious establishments. We have not only been guided to several such temples by policemen but also in one instance we found the local party cadre actually lived with his mother inside a small popular religion temple. The only instance where a member of a temple staff had reason to explain that an activity was banned because it was superstition happened in the suburbs of Shanghai. When we asked why there were no oracular blocks on the altar with which to obtain the deity's answers to questions posed by devotees, we were told by the temple guardian that this particular practice was superstition and not permitted, whereas other routine rituals seen in temples in Hong Kong and Taiwan were. A Chinese scholar recently explained that in his view illegal temples are the structures built without permission because local State authorities have not had the quid pro quo erection of a village school, crèche or health centre paid for by the villagers with the same sum funded for the project as

Page 225

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RASHKB Journal 皇家亞洲學會香港分會學刊 | RAS-2002
https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/mp4901278
118

Kong PRO control no. MM-0477)

'Hong Kong Devil's Peak, 2-6" B.L. Gun Battery, Details of No. 1 Emplacement - Gough Battery' chopped by the Inspector General of Fortifications dated 28.5.70 (with a Public Record Office reference WO78/4140 RP3578) (Hong Kong PRO control no. MM-0469)

'Hong Kong Devil's Peak, 2-6" B.L. Gun Battery, Details of No. 2 Emplacement - Gough Battery' chopped by the Inspector General of Fortifications dated 28.5.70 with a Public Record Office reference WO78/4140 RP3578 (Hong Kong PRO control no. MM-0470) Colonel Robertson, L. (28.7.1914), Devil's Peak: Copy of the Original Design prepared by Lt. A. F. Day and coloured by him to show progress up to 1.7.1913. 1:120 sketch drawn by Colonel L. Robertson, Chief Engineer, South China Command, (WO78/5432), PRO441(1). Colonel Robertson, L. (28.7.1914), Devil's Peak Redoubt as Constructed. 1:120 sketch drawn by Colonel L. Robertson, Chief Engineer, South China Command, (WO78/5432), PRO441(2).

(b) On military operations

Hong Kong Government, History of the War in the Far East. Confidential File CR5751/47, Colonial Secretariat, Hong Kong Government, PRO HKRS163-1-656.

History of the Part Taken by the 5th BN 7th Rajputs in the Defence & Fall of H.K. Against the Imperial Japanese Army, Dec; 8th - 25th. (WO172/1692), PRO16947.

Royal Artillery Report on Operations in Hong Kong in Dec 1941. PRO17849.
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